Lakoff and Johnson 1980: 6-7 stated that “metaphors as linguistic expressions are possible precisely because there are metaphors in a person’s
conceptual system.” In addition, Lakoff and Johnson 1980: 7 as well proposed that “metaphorical linguistic expressions can be used to study the nature of
metaphorical concepts and to gain an understanding of the metaphorical nature of people’s activities.”
2.3 Theoretical Framework
In this study, the bases of the theory applied in analysing the problem would be taken from the conceptual metaphor proposed by Lakoff and Johnson
1980, completed with Kövecses 2002; 2005, and supported by Lakoff 1987; 1993. Since they clearly share similar understanding on metaphor, they are all the
sun of the study that enlightens the analysis during the process. Additionally, Metaphorical Identification Procedure would be applied as well in order to
support the analysis of the meaning identification of the metaphorical expressions found.
2.3.1 Kinds of Metaphor
Lakoff and Johnson 1980 suggested that in English Language, there are three types of conceptual metaphor, namely structural metaphor, orientational
metaphor, and ontological metaphor. The efforts in discussing the three types are presented as below.
2.3.1.1 Structural Metaphor Lakoff and Johnson 1980: 3-9 stated that “structural metaphor is that one
case where one concept is metaphorically structured in terms of another.” In order to understand how this type being used, let consider the structural metaphor TIME
IS MONEY as below: 1.
Who do you need to start spending more time with? Warren, 2002: 128
2. We must prove it by investing time in them. Warren, 2002: 127
3. You’re running out of time. Lakoff and Johnson, 1980: 8
4. Why did I waste so much time? Warren, 2002: 51
From the previous examples, it can be seen that there is a switch of position between time and money metaphorically. Additionally, the metaphorical
concepts TIME IS MONEY, TIME IS INVESTMENT, TIME IS VALUABLE COMMODITY could be proposed. Moreover, this type of the conceptual
metaphor is as well working on LIFE IS A JOURNEY We’ll just have to go our separate ways, TIME IS A MOVING OBJECT The time for action has arrived,
IDEAS ARE FOOD I can’t digest all these facts, LOVE IS A RAPTURE I’m drunk with love, etc. In the further study, there will be discussions about
Metaphorical Highlighting and Utilisation Kövecses, 2002: 79-91, and Even Structure Metaphor Lakoff, 1993: 217.
2.3.1.2 Orientational Metaphor
Being different with structural metaphor, the term called as the orientational metaphor holds the regard as the understanding that one concept
