II. LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Palm Kernel Meal PKM
Palm oil Elaeis guineensis Jacq. industry has two main products, crude palm oil CPO and palm kernel oil PKO and several by products, empty fruit
bunch, palm fiber, sludge, and palm kernel meal PKM. CPO is processed from fresh fruit of E. guineensis by extraction process. Fiber and sludge are by product
of this process. Palm kernels are processed to produce PKO and by product of this process is PKM Figure 1 Hem et al. 2008; Poku 2002.
Figure 1. Production of palm oil and it’s by product Hem et al. 2008; Poku 2002 The by product from this industry is more abundant than the main product.
Every 100 tons of fresh fruit bunch produced 24-28 ton CPO and 4 tons of palm kernel oil. It means that 72-76 fresh fruit weight will become the by-product of
palm oil industry Poku 2002. In Malaysia, 3 million tons of palm kernels are processed at palm kernel crushing plant into 1.4 million tons of PKO and 1.6
million tons PKM Ng 2003.
2.1.1 The Content of PKM
As a by product from palm oil industry, PKM is usually used as a low cost source of protein in animal feed. It is because PKM still contained protein about
14.5-19.6 Alimon 2004; Hem et al. 2007. However, the utilization of PKM is limited for monogastric animal, like fish. It is because PKM content until 20 of
crude fiber Alimon 2004. PKM is rich in some essential amino acid for fish like arginine and leucine, but deficient in methionine. The complete nutrient content of
PKM is shown on Table 1. Table 1. Proximate analysis and amino acid content g16 g N of PKM
Nutrient content References
Alimon 2004
Hem et al. 2007
Sundu et al. 2008
Proximate analysis Dry matter
88.0-94.5 94.4
Crude protein 14.5-19.6
18 13.6
Crude fiber 13.0-20.0
21.3 Crude fat
5.5-8.0 32
11.1 Ash
3.0-12.0 2.7
Neutral detergent fiber NDF 66.8-78.9
62.6 Nitrogen-free extract
46.7-58.8 Amino acid content g16 g N
Alanine 3.83
Arginine 11.56
13.9 19.2
Aspartic acid 3.63
Cystine 1.13
Glycine 4.17
6.5 Glutamic acid
16.80 Histidine
1.91 2.5
3.2 Isoleucine
3.22 5.5
Leucine 6.07
6.4 10.4
Lysine 2.68
3.7 4.0
Methionine 1.75
2.7 1.7
Phenylalanine 3.96
3.6 6.4
Proline 3.31
Serine 4.11
7.8 Threonine
2.75 3.5
5.3 Tyrosine
2.60 2.4
Valine 5.05
5.7 7.7
Essential amino acid for fish
2.1.2 Utilization of PKM
As a by product, PKM still have some nutrient that can be utilize to various purpose. Zahari Alimon 2005 reported that PKM already used as a
mixed of feed ingredients for poultry, swine, sheep, goat, and dairy cattle. But due to some anti nutritional factor such as high fiber content about 20, the
utilization of this material was limited for feed ingredients, especially for monogastric animal Alimon 2004.
Some researcher tried to utilize PKM through various ways. Yopi et al. 2006 used PKM as a substrate to produce functional oligosaccharide such as
mannose and manno-oligosaccharide. Utilization of PKM for produc tion of -
glucosidase and -mannase by Aspergillus niger FTCC 5003 in solid substrate fermentation using an aerated column bioreactor was already tried by
Abdeshahian et al. 2010
a
2010
b
. To produce bioethanol, Cerveró et al. 2010 tried to hydrolyze fermented PKM using Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
2.2 Polysaccharides in PKM
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