14 sources. If a person lacks of this needs, he will feel anxious and tense.
The fourth needs are esteem needs which are one-step above belongingness and love. There are two categories of the esteem needs; self-respect and esteem from other
people. Self-respect from others includes such concept as prestige, recognition, acceptance, attention, status, reputation, and appreciation. Self-esteem includes such
needs such as desire for confidence, competence, mastery, adequacy, achievement, independence, and freedom.
Self-actualization needs are on the top level. They are important aspects in human motivation. Self-actualization needs include concerns not only with one’s selfish
interests but also with issues that affect the well-being of others, and even of all humanity. Malsow describes that a person with this need tends to show his or her
abilities to others.
2.1.4.2 Kinds of Motivation
According to Huffman, Vernoy and Vernoy 401 there are two forms of motivation: intrinsic and extrinsic. Intrinsic motivation means the desire to perform an
act for its own sake. While extrinsic motivation means the desire to perform an action because of external rewards or avoidance of punishment.
As cited by Petri 315, Hunt points out that the organisms are still motivated even though when major needs are absent. Under conditions of low need, organisms
still display exploratory behaviour, curiosity, and manipulative behaviours. In addition, these behaviours are intrinsically motivated. He says that the concept of intrinsic
motivation suggests that we may often be motivated in a task, not because of some external reward associated with the task, but because the behaviour itself is rewarding.
Meanwhile, Staw as cited by Petri 315 also defines intrinsic motivation as the value or PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
15 pleasure associated with an activity as opposed to the goal toward which the activity is
directed. By contrast, extrinsic motivation emphasizes the external goals toward which the activity is directed.
These intrinsic and extrinsic motivations are linked with de Charms’ terms; origin and pawn Weiner 254. An origin person perceives his behaviour as determined
by his own choice. This is what we call a determined person. On the other side, a pawn person perceives his behaviour as determined by external forces beyond his control. The
concept of origin is associated with intrinsically motivated behaviour own forces, freedom, of movement, and the perception of situations as challenging. Conversely, the
concept of pawn is linked with extrinsically motivated behaviour induced forces, restriction of movement, and the perception of situations as threatening.
An experiment by de Charms is as an example Weiner 254. Children were given a task of building models. In the origin condition, they proceeded in any manner
they desired. In contrast with the pawn condition, they were told exactly what to do. And the subsequent questionnaire data revealed that origins enjoyed the task more and
were more interested in continuing the activity than were the pawns.
2.1.5 Influence
As cited by Schultz 415, Rotter says that if people perceive themselves as conscious beings, they are able to influence their experiences. It means our behaviour is
influenced by several factors. Mischel 530 – 531 states that there is a mutual influence between persons and conditions. And as human beings, people continuously influence
their environment as well as being affected by them in a mutual interaction. d4093153
in the
16 interpersonal context in which it is evoked, maintained, and modified.
2.1.5.1 Person and Person Interaction
Young 164 says that in the contact of human beings, people do not only have action and reaction, but also interaction. In other words, not only one’s act influences
other persons, but their acts in turn further affect one’s subsequent behaviour. Meanwhile, Mischel 455 says that people have the ability to control their environment.
He adds explanation in such diverse concepts as “will power,” “mastery,” and “competence,” and in their psychological opposites “helplessness,” and “hopelessness.”
Therefore, many aspects can be influenced through interpersonal interaction.
2.1.5.2 The Influence of Person and Person Interaction
One’s self-control, responsibility and leadership are some of the aspects that can be influenced by other person’s act. People believe that they have different self-control
and personal responsibility Mischel 479. As cited by Mischel 479, Rotter states that such perceptions involve a dimension of “perceived locus of control.” It is also called
“internal-external control of reinforcement.” Rotter proposes Schultz 423 the concept of locus of control in order to explain personality differences in our beliefs toward the
source of our reinforcement. Meanwhile, perceived locus of control means to influence the specific goal expectancy in any given situation Weiner 248.
Rotter in Introduction to Personality Third Edition Mischel 479 defines internal and external control of reinforcements. Internal control means “the perception
of positive andor negative events as being a consequence of one’s own actions and thereby under personal control.” Conversely, external control means “perception of
positive and.or negative events as being unrelated to one’s behaviours and hence PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
