10 they do Blair and Gerber 52. These traits are what we call characters, while the
technique used by the author to make these qualities is known as characterization.
2.1.2.2 Methods of Characterization
Barnet, Burto, and Cain state that there are four points to be considered when we want to describe some persons in the story or novel 229. They are what the character
says, what the character does, what the other characters say about the character, and what others do. The first two points are the inner factors and the other points are the
outer factors. Murphy 161-173 points out nine ways of how an author may reveal the
characters’ personality and traits to the readers. First is personal description. It means the author describes the characters’ physical appearances directly. Second is character
as seen by others which means the author uses other characters’ opinion to describe. We can know the main character by understanding other characters’ saying or thought about
him or her. Third is speech. From what a character says the author can give the reader some clues to his or her character. Fourth is past life which means the author gives a
clue to the character’s past events. It helps the readers in having picture about his past lives and relating what the character did with his future life.
Fifth is conversation of others. The author gives a clue to a character from the conversation of other characters and what they say about him describe to the reader
about the character’s personality. Sixth is reaction which means the author lets the reader recognize the character through his behaviour in various situation and events.
Seventh is direct comment from the author to the character. Eighth is thought. The author gives his direct knowledge to the readers of what the character is thinking about
in his story. Last one is mannerism. The reader can understand the character’s PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
12 interest in the mythopoeic approach attempt to find particular recurrent patterns of
human thought, which are considered sharing the same universal belief to certain community mind. Those recurrent patterns are found expressed in ancient myths and
folk rites and are so basic to human through that they have meaning for all men. Last is the psychological approach. This approach involves effort to locate and demonstrate a
certain recurrent pattern. The theory of human psychology is used in this study as the references to analyze the character’s behaviour that could be referred to the
psychological as the references of human beings. Through this approach, the character’s thought and behaviour can be analyzed more profoundly.
Those five approaches have their own values, limitation, strengths, and weaknesses. The readers may choose the most suitable approach in order to gain better
understanding of literary works because not all approaches are suitable to be applied in every study.
2.1.4 Human Motivation.
Petri states motivation as the concept we use when we describe the forces acting on or within an organism to initiate and direct behaviour 3. Bootzin et. al. say that
motivation can be stimulated either from external condition, which is called incentives or from internal condition, which is called drives 368. Meanwhile, Jung 4 says that
motivation includes terms that refer to such diverse states as desire, wishes, plans, goals, intents, impulses, and purposes. Some of these states imply a deliberate and calculated
process involving reason.
2.1.4.1 The Causes
Human motivation occurs because of human needs. When people need or want PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
14 sources. If a person lacks of this needs, he will feel anxious and tense.
The fourth needs are esteem needs which are one-step above belongingness and love. There are two categories of the esteem needs; self-respect and esteem from other
people. Self-respect from others includes such concept as prestige, recognition, acceptance, attention, status, reputation, and appreciation. Self-esteem includes such
needs such as desire for confidence, competence, mastery, adequacy, achievement, independence, and freedom.
Self-actualization needs are on the top level. They are important aspects in human motivation. Self-actualization needs include concerns not only with one’s selfish
interests but also with issues that affect the well-being of others, and even of all humanity. Malsow describes that a person with this need tends to show his or her
abilities to others.
2.1.4.2 Kinds of Motivation
According to Huffman, Vernoy and Vernoy 401 there are two forms of motivation: intrinsic and extrinsic. Intrinsic motivation means the desire to perform an
act for its own sake. While extrinsic motivation means the desire to perform an action because of external rewards or avoidance of punishment.
As cited by Petri 315, Hunt points out that the organisms are still motivated even though when major needs are absent. Under conditions of low need, organisms
still display exploratory behaviour, curiosity, and manipulative behaviours. In addition, these behaviours are intrinsically motivated. He says that the concept of intrinsic
motivation suggests that we may often be motivated in a task, not because of some external reward associated with the task, but because the behaviour itself is rewarding.
Meanwhile, Staw as cited by Petri 315 also defines intrinsic motivation as the value or PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
