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2. The second was the English teacher of SMP Institut Indonesia. The writer
wanted to obtain as much information as possible through an interview about the students’ needs from the teacher’s perception. In other words, the English
teacher of SMP Institut Indonesia was as the interviewee for the pre-design survey. Several teachers were also involved as the respondent in the post-
design survey. The questionnaire was aimed to obtain their opinions about the designed materials in order to improve them.
3. The other participants were English lecturers of the English Education Study
Program of Sanata Dharma University. The lecturers together with the English teachers of SMP Institut Indonesia were as the participants in post-
design survey to fill post-design questionnaires. The questionnaires were aimed to obtain the participants’ feedback to check whether the designed
materials were appropriate for Grade VIII students of SMP Institut Indonesia or not.
C. Research Instruments
This research used two kinds of instruments which conducted in pre- design study and post-design study.
1. Pre- Design Study
In this pre-design study, the writer applied the first step of R and D that is Research and Information Collecting. Here the writer used an interview checklist
and a pre-design questionnaire as the instrument.
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There are two kinds of interview according to Ary et al 1972: 174. The first is structured interview in which the respondents are restricted to answer only
on the questions attached. The questions in this type of interview are called closed-questions. The other kind of interview is called unstructured interview. The
unstructured interview is more flexible and informal. The respondents may give the answers freely. The questions which are used in this interview are called open-
ended questions. The interview which was used in this pre-design study was unstructured
interview. This means that the interviewee may answer the questions freely. Besides, they also may add their views, beliefs, opinions, and other information.
The purpose of conducting this interview is to get some information about the students’ background knowledge and also the teaching learning process conducted
in the writing class. All the data gathered from this interview are used to design the materials.
The other instrument used in this study was pre-design questionnaires. In his book, Ary et al 2002; 175 says that there are two kinds of interview. They
are open-form questionnaire and closed-form questionnaire. In the open form questionnaire, the respondents are not given suggested answer. So, they have
freedom to give their answer. While in closed-form questionnaire, the respondents are given suggested answer to help them answering the questions.
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In this study, the writer used closed-form questionnaires. The questionnaires are conducted in pre-design survey in order to know the problems
faced by the students in learning English.
2. Post- Design Study
The other questionnaire was also constructed in post-design survey to obtain evaluation and suggestions about the product designed. The questionnaire
was distributed to the teachers of SMP Institut Indonesia and also the lecturers of Sanata Dharma University. This questionnaire aimed to get comments, feedback,
and suggestions, to the designed materials. The comments, feedback and suggestions would be useful to revise the design so that the material would be
appropriate for grade VIII students of SMP Institut Indonesia.
D. Data Gathering Technique
