Form Prefix ter- ter-

4.2.1 Form

The term “form” is used to analyze whether the prefixes in English and Pakpak Dairi Language are able attached to the bases begin with phoneme consonant, or vowel. Sometimes there are prefixes in both of languages that begin with consonant or vowel only. English Pakpak Dairi Language There is no prefix which only can be attached to the base forms started with vowel phonemes. The prefixes which only can be attached to the base forms started with consonant phonemes

1. Prefix a-

a- + moral î amoral m r l a- + bed î abed ’bed

2. Prefix be- bi:

be- + friend î befriend bi:frend be- + come î become There is no prefix which only can be attached to the base forms started with vowel phonemes. The prefixes which only can be attached to the base forms started with consonant phonemes 1. Prefix se- se- se + sapo î sesapo s sapo ‘one house’ se + galas î segalas s g l s ‘one glass’ Setia Jojor Solin : A Contrastive Analysis Of Prefixes In English And Pakpak Dairi Language, 2008 USU Repository © 2008 bi:kam 3. Prefix fore- f : fore- + tell î foretell f :tel fore- + speak î forespeak f :spik The prefixes which can be attached to the base forms started with vowel and consonant phonemes 1. Prefix mis- mis- mis- + spell î misspell mis’spel mis- + idea î misidea misai’di 2. Prefix un- n un- + happy î unhappy n’hæpi un- + easy î uneasy n’i:zi 3. Prefix under- nd under- + cut î undercut The prefixes which can be attached to the base forms started with vowel and consonant phonemes

1. Prefix i- i:

i- + dapet î idapet i:dapet ‘to be found’ i- + aleng î ialeng i:ale ‘to be fetched’

2. Prefix ki- ki

ki- + kutu î kikutu kikutu ‘serch for louse’ ki- + embah î kiembah kiembah ‘to bring’

3. Prefix me- me

me- + buat î memuat Setia Jojor Solin : A Contrastive Analysis Of Prefixes In English And Pakpak Dairi Language, 2008 USU Repository © 2008 nd k t under + arm î underarm nd ra:m 4. Prefix super- su:p super- + market î supermarket su:p ma:kit super- + add î superadd su:p ræd 5. Prefix dis- dis- dis- + count î discount dis’kaunt dis- + appear î disappear dis pi memuat ‘to take’ me - + aleng î mengaleng me ale ‘to be fetch’ 4. Prefix mer- m r- mer- + dalan î merdalan merdalan ‘to walk’ mer- + ende î merende merend ‘to sing’

5. Prefix pe- pe

pe- + ekut î pengekut pe g kut ‘follower’ pe- + bunuh î pemunuh pemunuh ‘killer’ 6. Prefix per- p r per + langi î perlangi perla i ‘swimmer’ per + inang î perinang perina ‘the owner of mother’ Setia Jojor Solin : A Contrastive Analysis Of Prefixes In English And Pakpak Dairi Language, 2008 USU Repository © 2008 7. Prefix ter- t r- ter- + eluh î tereluh ter luh ‘to be cried’ ter- + jemak î terjemak t rj mak ‘to be held’ From the data above analysis, it can be conclude that: • In English and in Pakpak Dairi Language, there is an affix which formed by a single phoneme. That is prefix a- in English and prefix i- in Pakpak Dairi Language. • In English, there is no change of base form after attaching prefixes. • In Pakpak Dairi Language, there is change of base form after attaching prefixes me- and pe-. Ü When prefix me- attached to base form started with vowel phonemes and consonant g and k, it will be meng-. Ü When prefix me- attached to base form started with consonant b and p, it will be mem-. Ü When prefix me- attached to base form started with consonant phonemes l, m, n and r it will be menge- Ü When prefix me- attached to base form started with consonant phonemes d, j, c, n and t, it will be men-. Setia Jojor Solin : A Contrastive Analysis Of Prefixes In English And Pakpak Dairi Language, 2008 USU Repository © 2008 Ü When prefix pe- attached to base form started with vowel phonemes and consonant g and k, it will be peng-. Ü When prefix me- attached to base form started with consonant b and p, it will be pem-. Ü When prefix me- attached to base form started with consonant phonemes l, and r it will be penge- Ü When prefix me- attached to base form started with consonant phonemes d, j, c, n and t, it will be pen-. From the above analysis I get a conclusion that the prefixes in English and Pakpak Dairi Language are partly correspondences in form. 4..2.2 Distribution The term “Distribution” deals with the type of the word-class category of the bases which are able to be attached by the affixes. In this analyzing, I analyze whether each prefixes in English and Pakpak Dairi Language can be attached to the class-word category, such as to a noun, verb, adjective, adverb or numeral. English Pakpak Dairi Language The prefixes that can be attached to verb:

1. Prefix a-

a- + sleep î asleep ’sli:p The prefixes that can be attached to verb:

1. Prefix i- i:

i- + dapet î idapet Setia Jojor Solin : A Contrastive Analysis Of Prefixes In English And Pakpak Dairi Language, 2008 USU Repository © 2008 a- + go î ago gou 2. Prefix be- bi: be- + come = become bi:k m be- + take î betake bi:teik 3. Prefix mis- mis- mis- + take î mistake mi’steik mis- + calculate î miscalculate miskælkjuleit 4. Prefix un- n un- + forget î unforget nf ’get 5. Prefix under- nd under- + wear î underwear nd rwear under- + cut î undercut nd k t 6. Prefix fore- f : i:dapet ‘to be found’ i- + buat î ibuat i:buat ‘to be taken’

2. Prefix ki- ki

ki- + kurak î kikur kikurak ‘to dig’ ki- + sarut î kisarut kisarut ‘to bite’ 3. Prefix me- me me- + buat î memuat memuat ‘to take’ me - + aleng î mengaleng me al ‘to fetch’ 4. Prefix mer- m r- mer- + dea î merdea merd a ‘to sell’ mer- + tasak î mertasak mertasak ‘to cook’ Setia Jojor Solin : A Contrastive Analysis Of Prefixes In English And Pakpak Dairi Language, 2008 USU Repository © 2008 fore- + see î foresee f :si: fore- + speak î forespeak f :spik 7. Prefix dis- dis- dis- + appear î disappear dis pi dis- + count î discount dis’kaunt 8. Prefix super- su:p super- + abound î superabound su:p r b n super- + add î superadd su:p ræd The prefixes that can be attached to Noun:

1. Prefix a-

a- + mattress î amattress 5. Prefix pe- p pe- + ekut î pengekut pe gekut ‘follower’ pe- + bunuh î pemunuh pemunuh ‘killer’ 6. Prefix per- p r Per- + buru î perburu p rburu ‘hunter’ per + langi î perlangi p rla i ‘swimmer’ 7. Prefix ter- t r- ter- + tutung î tertutung tertutu ‘to be burned’ ter- + jemak î terjemak tej m k ‘to be holded’ The prefixes that can be attached to Noun:

1. Prefix i- i:

Setia Jojor Solin : A Contrastive Analysis Of Prefixes In English And Pakpak Dairi Language, 2008 USU Repository © 2008 mætris a- + moral î amoral m r l

2. Prefix be- bi:

be- + friend î befriend bi:frend be- + devil î bedevil bi:devl 3. Prefix mis- mis- mis- + behavior î misbehavior misbi’heivyer mis- + government î misgovernment misg’ v n 4. Prefix under- nd under- + cover î undercover nd k v under- + weight î underweight nd weit 5. Prefix fore- f : fore- + word î foreword i- + pangkur î ipangkur i:pa kur ‘to be dug’ i- + labang î ilabang i:laba ‘to be nailed’ 2. Prefix ki- ki ki- + kutu î kikutu kikutu ‘serch for louse’ ki- + labang î kilabang kilaba ‘to nail’ 3. Prefix me- me me- + labang î mengelabang me elaba ‘to nail’ me- + sori î menori menori ‘to comb’ 4. Prefix mer- mer- mer- + bapa î merbapa merbapa ‘have father’ mer- + kaka î merkaka merkaka ‘have sister’ Setia Jojor Solin : A Contrastive Analysis Of Prefixes In English And Pakpak Dairi Language, 2008 USU Repository © 2008 f :w :d fore- + head î forehead f :hed 6. Prefix un- n un- + belief î unbelief nbi’li:f un- + balance î unbalance n’bæl ns 7. Prefix super- su:p super- + market î supermarket su:p ma:kit super- + men î supermen su:p mæn 8. Prefix dis- dis- dis- + advantage î disadvantage dis d’va:ntid dis- + belief î disbelief disbi’li:f 5. Prefix pe- pe pe- + sori î penori penori ‘the way to comb’ pe- + labang î pengelabang pe elaba ‘the way to nail’ 6. Prefix per- per per- + juma î perjuma perjuma ‘owner of field’ per- + sapo î persapo persapo ‘owner of a house’ 7. Prefix ter- ter- ter- + labang î terlabang terlaba ‘to be nailed’ ter- + daroh î terdaroh terdaroh ‘to be bled’ 8. Prefix se- se- se- + galas î segalas segalas ‘one glass’ se + sapo î sesapo sesapo Setia Jojor Solin : A Contrastive Analysis Of Prefixes In English And Pakpak Dairi Language, 2008 USU Repository © 2008 The prefixes that can be attached to adjective: 1. Prefix be- bi: be- + calm î becalm bi:ka:m be- + foul î befoul bi’faul 2. Prefix mis- mis- mis- + appropriate î misappropriate mis’ ’pr uprieit 3. Prefix un- n un + happy î unhappy n hæpi un + expensive î unexpensive n ik’spensiv 4. Prefix dis- dis- dis- + honest î dishonest disonist dis- + courteous î discourteous disk :ti s ‘one house’ The prefixes that can be attached to adjective: 1. Prefix mer- mer- mer- + lolo î merlolo merlolo ‘to excite’ mer- + kelsoh î merkelsoh merk ksoh ‘to sadden’ 2. Prefix per- per per- + mela î pemela perm la ‘diffident’ per- + keleng î perkeleng perkele ‘lover’ Setia Jojor Solin : A Contrastive Analysis Of Prefixes In English And Pakpak Dairi Language, 2008 USU Repository © 2008 5. Prefix super- su:p Super + fine î superfine su:p fain Super + cilious î supercilious su:p ’sili s There is no prefix that can be attached to numeral. The prefixes that can be attached to numeral: 1. Prefix per- per per + sada î persda persada ‘combine become one’ 2. Prefix ter- ter- ter- + sada î tersada t rsada ‘each one get one’ ter- + dua î terdua terdua ‘each one get two’ From the above analysis, it can be conclude that: • In English, all of prefixes above can be attached to verb and noun. • In Pakpak Dairi Language, there is only one prefix that cannot be attached to a verb. That is prefix se-. Setia Jojor Solin : A Contrastive Analysis Of Prefixes In English And Pakpak Dairi Language, 2008 USU Repository © 2008 • In Pakpak Dairi Language, all of prefixes can be attached to noun. • From the English prefixes above, there are just five prefixes that can be attached to adjective. They are: prefix bi-, mis-, un-, dis-, and super. • There are just two prefixes in Pakpak Dairi Language that can be attached to adjective. They are prefix mer- and per-. • In English, there is no prefix that can be attached to numeral. • In Pakpak Dairi Language, there are just two prefixes that can be attached to numeral. They are prefix per- and ter-. From the above analysis I get a conclusion that the prefixes in English and Pakpak Dairi Language are partly correspondences in distribution.

4.2.2 Function