4.2.1 Form
The term “form” is used to analyze whether the prefixes in English and Pakpak Dairi Language are able attached to the bases begin with phoneme
consonant, or vowel. Sometimes there are prefixes in both of languages that begin with consonant or vowel only.
English Pakpak Dairi Language
There is no prefix which only can be attached to the base forms started
with vowel phonemes.
The prefixes which only can be attached to the base forms started
with consonant phonemes
1. Prefix a-
a- + moral î amoral m r l a- + bed î abed ’bed
2. Prefix be- bi:
be- + friend î befriend bi:frend
be- + come î become
There is no prefix which only can be attached to the base forms started
with vowel phonemes.
The prefixes which only can be attached to the base forms started
with consonant phonemes
1. Prefix se- se-
se + sapo
î
sesapo s sapo ‘one house’
se + galas
î
segalas s g l s ‘one glass’
Setia Jojor Solin : A Contrastive Analysis Of Prefixes In English And Pakpak Dairi Language, 2008 USU Repository © 2008
bi:kam 3.
Prefix fore- f : fore- + tell î foretell f :tel
fore- + speak î forespeak f :spik
The prefixes which can be attached to the base forms started with vowel
and consonant phonemes
1. Prefix mis- mis-
mis- + spell î misspell mis’spel
mis- + idea î misidea misai’di
2. Prefix un- n
un- + happy î unhappy n’hæpi
un- + easy î uneasy n’i:zi 3.
Prefix under- nd under- + cut î undercut
The prefixes which can be attached to the base forms started with
vowel and consonant phonemes
1. Prefix i- i:
i- + dapet î idapet i:dapet ‘to be found’
i- + aleng î ialeng i:ale ‘to be fetched’
2. Prefix ki- ki
ki- + kutu î kikutu kikutu ‘serch for louse’
ki- + embah î kiembah kiembah ‘to bring’
3. Prefix me- me
me- + buat î memuat
Setia Jojor Solin : A Contrastive Analysis Of Prefixes In English And Pakpak Dairi Language, 2008 USU Repository © 2008
nd k t under + arm î underarm
nd ra:m 4.
Prefix super- su:p super- + market î supermarket
su:p ma:kit super- + add î superadd
su:p ræd 5.
Prefix dis- dis- dis- + count î discount
dis’kaunt dis- + appear î disappear
dis pi memuat ‘to take’
me - + aleng î mengaleng me ale ‘to be fetch’
4. Prefix mer- m r-
mer- + dalan î merdalan merdalan ‘to walk’
mer- + ende î merende merend ‘to sing’
5. Prefix pe- pe
pe- + ekut î pengekut pe g kut ‘follower’
pe- + bunuh î pemunuh pemunuh ‘killer’
6. Prefix per- p r
per + langi î perlangi perla i ‘swimmer’
per + inang î perinang perina ‘the owner of mother’
Setia Jojor Solin : A Contrastive Analysis Of Prefixes In English And Pakpak Dairi Language, 2008 USU Repository © 2008
7. Prefix ter- t r-
ter- + eluh î tereluh ter luh ‘to be cried’
ter- + jemak î terjemak t rj mak ‘to be held’
From the data above analysis, it can be conclude that: • In English and in Pakpak Dairi Language, there is an affix which
formed by a single phoneme. That is prefix a- in English and prefix i- in Pakpak Dairi Language.
• In English, there is no change of base form after attaching prefixes. • In Pakpak Dairi Language, there is change of base form after
attaching prefixes me- and pe-. Ü When prefix me- attached to base form started with vowel
phonemes and consonant g and k, it will be meng-. Ü When prefix me- attached to base form started with consonant b
and p, it will be mem-. Ü When prefix me- attached to base form started with consonant
phonemes l, m, n and r it will be menge- Ü When prefix me- attached to base form started with consonant
phonemes d, j, c, n and t, it will be men-.
Setia Jojor Solin : A Contrastive Analysis Of Prefixes In English And Pakpak Dairi Language, 2008 USU Repository © 2008
Ü When prefix pe- attached to base form started with vowel phonemes and consonant g and k, it will be peng-.
Ü When prefix me- attached to base form started with consonant b and p, it will be pem-.
Ü When prefix me- attached to base form started with consonant phonemes l, and r it will be penge-
Ü When prefix me- attached to base form started with consonant phonemes d, j, c, n and t, it will be pen-.
From the above analysis I get a conclusion that the prefixes in English and Pakpak Dairi Language are partly correspondences in form.
4..2.2 Distribution
The term “Distribution” deals with the type of the word-class category of the bases which are able to be attached by the affixes. In this analyzing, I analyze
whether each prefixes in English and Pakpak Dairi Language can be attached to the class-word category, such as to a noun, verb, adjective, adverb or numeral.
English Pakpak Dairi Language
The prefixes that can be attached to verb:
1. Prefix a-
a- + sleep î asleep ’sli:p
The prefixes that can be attached to verb:
1. Prefix i- i:
i- + dapet î idapet
Setia Jojor Solin : A Contrastive Analysis Of Prefixes In English And Pakpak Dairi Language, 2008 USU Repository © 2008
a- + go î ago gou 2.
Prefix be- bi: be- + come = become bi:k m
be- + take î betake bi:teik 3.
Prefix mis- mis- mis- + take î mistake
mi’steik mis- + calculate î
miscalculate miskælkjuleit 4.
Prefix un- n un- + forget î unforget
nf ’get 5.
Prefix under- nd under- + wear î underwear
nd rwear under- + cut î undercut
nd k t 6.
Prefix fore- f : i:dapet ‘to be found’
i- + buat î ibuat i:buat ‘to be taken’
2. Prefix ki- ki
ki- + kurak î kikur kikurak
‘to dig’ ki- + sarut î kisarut kisarut
‘to bite’ 3.
Prefix me- me me- + buat î memuat
memuat ‘to take’ me - +
aleng î mengaleng me al
‘to fetch’ 4.
Prefix mer- m r- mer- + dea î merdea merd a
‘to sell’ mer- + tasak î mertasak
mertasak ‘to cook’
Setia Jojor Solin : A Contrastive Analysis Of Prefixes In English And Pakpak Dairi Language, 2008 USU Repository © 2008
fore- + see î foresee f :si: fore- + speak î forespeak
f :spik 7.
Prefix dis- dis- dis- + appear î disappear
dis pi dis- + count î discount
dis’kaunt 8.
Prefix super- su:p super- + abound î
superabound su:p r b n super- + add î superadd
su:p ræd
The prefixes that can be attached to Noun:
1. Prefix a-
a- + mattress î amattress 5.
Prefix pe- p pe- + ekut î pengekut
pe gekut ‘follower’ pe- + bunuh î pemunuh
pemunuh ‘killer’ 6.
Prefix per- p r Per- + buru î perburu
p rburu ‘hunter’ per + langi î perlangi p rla i
‘swimmer’ 7.
Prefix ter- t r- ter- + tutung î tertutung
tertutu ‘to be burned’ ter- + jemak î terjemak
tej m k ‘to be holded’
The prefixes that can be attached to Noun:
1. Prefix i- i:
Setia Jojor Solin : A Contrastive Analysis Of Prefixes In English And Pakpak Dairi Language, 2008 USU Repository © 2008
mætris a- + moral î amoral m r l
2. Prefix be- bi:
be- + friend î befriend bi:frend
be- + devil î bedevil bi:devl 3.
Prefix mis- mis- mis- + behavior î misbehavior
misbi’heivyer mis- + government î
misgovernment misg’ v n 4.
Prefix under- nd under- + cover î undercover
nd k v under- + weight î
underweight nd weit
5. Prefix fore- f :
fore- + word î foreword i- + pangkur î ipangkur
i:pa kur ‘to be dug’ i- + labang î ilabang i:laba
‘to be nailed’ 2.
Prefix ki- ki ki- + kutu î kikutu
kikutu ‘serch for louse’ ki- + labang î kilabang
kilaba ‘to nail’ 3.
Prefix me- me me- + labang î mengelabang
me elaba ‘to nail’ me- + sori î menori menori
‘to comb’ 4.
Prefix mer- mer- mer- + bapa î merbapa
merbapa ‘have father’ mer- + kaka î merkaka
merkaka ‘have sister’
Setia Jojor Solin : A Contrastive Analysis Of Prefixes In English And Pakpak Dairi Language, 2008 USU Repository © 2008
f :w :d fore- + head î forehead
f :hed 6.
Prefix un- n un- + belief î unbelief
nbi’li:f un- + balance î unbalance
n’bæl ns 7.
Prefix super- su:p super- + market î supermarket
su:p ma:kit super- + men î supermen
su:p mæn 8.
Prefix dis- dis- dis- + advantage î
disadvantage dis d’va:ntid dis- + belief î disbelief
disbi’li:f 5.
Prefix pe- pe pe- + sori î penori penori
‘the way to comb’ pe- + labang î pengelabang
pe elaba ‘the way to nail’ 6.
Prefix per- per per- + juma î perjuma
perjuma ‘owner of field’ per- + sapo î persapo
persapo ‘owner of a house’ 7.
Prefix ter- ter- ter- + labang î terlabang
terlaba ‘to be nailed’ ter- + daroh î terdaroh
terdaroh ‘to be bled’ 8.
Prefix se- se- se- + galas î segalas segalas
‘one glass’ se + sapo î sesapo sesapo
Setia Jojor Solin : A Contrastive Analysis Of Prefixes In English And Pakpak Dairi Language, 2008 USU Repository © 2008
The prefixes that can be attached to adjective:
1. Prefix be- bi:
be- + calm î becalm bi:ka:m be- + foul î befoul bi’faul
2. Prefix mis- mis-
mis- + appropriate î misappropriate
mis’ ’pr uprieit 3.
Prefix un- n un + happy î unhappy
n hæpi un + expensive î unexpensive
n ik’spensiv 4.
Prefix dis- dis- dis- + honest î dishonest
disonist dis- + courteous î
discourteous disk :ti s ‘one house’
The prefixes that can be attached to adjective:
1. Prefix mer- mer-
mer- + lolo î merlolo merlolo ‘to excite’
mer- + kelsoh î merkelsoh merk ksoh ‘to sadden’
2. Prefix per- per
per- + mela î pemela perm la ‘diffident’
per- + keleng î perkeleng perkele ‘lover’
Setia Jojor Solin : A Contrastive Analysis Of Prefixes In English And Pakpak Dairi Language, 2008 USU Repository © 2008
5. Prefix super- su:p
Super + fine î superfine su:p fain
Super + cilious î supercilious su:p ’sili s
There is no prefix that can be attached to numeral.
The prefixes that can be attached to numeral:
1. Prefix per- per
per + sada î persda persada ‘combine become one’
2. Prefix ter- ter-
ter- + sada î tersada t rsada ‘each one get one’
ter- + dua î terdua terdua ‘each one get two’
From the above analysis, it can be conclude that: • In English, all of prefixes above can be attached to verb and noun.
• In Pakpak Dairi Language, there is only one prefix that cannot be attached
to a verb. That is prefix se-.
Setia Jojor Solin : A Contrastive Analysis Of Prefixes In English And Pakpak Dairi Language, 2008 USU Repository © 2008
• In Pakpak Dairi Language, all of prefixes can be attached to noun. • From the English prefixes above, there are just five prefixes that can be
attached to adjective. They are: prefix bi-, mis-, un-, dis-, and super.
• There are just two prefixes in Pakpak Dairi Language that can be attached
to adjective. They are prefix mer- and per-.
• In English, there is no prefix that can be attached to numeral. • In Pakpak Dairi Language, there are just two prefixes that can be attached
to numeral. They are prefix per- and ter-.
From the above analysis I get a conclusion that the prefixes in English and Pakpak Dairi Language are partly correspondences in distribution.
4.2.2 Function