c. Relational idioms
Relational idioms aim at connecting different parts which ensure that the is course is cohesive and coherent.
2.8 The Concept of Meaning
The concept of meaning is quite essential in translation theory – after all, the
whole process of translation is from start to finish concerned with meaning. It is generally agreed among scholars that meaning is crucial importance in translation:
translations are said to have the same meaning as the original texts. Otherwise, what kind of meaning do we exactly refer to by this? According to Newmark
1977, as quoted by Chesterman 1989: 134, meaning is complicated, many- levelled, a network of relations. Larson 1984: 36 states that translation aims at
transferring the meaning of a text in one language to another language - but before the translator may do so, heshe must know that there are various different types
of meanings. The concept of meaning cannot therefore in translation theory refer to one specific type of meaning, but rather, there are several different types of
meanings. There are three types of “meaning” that can be determined in the analysis of
meaning of the source text, Nida and Taber 1969 distinguish three different
types of meaning which should be considered in the process of translating;
grammatical, referential and connotative meaning.
1. Grammatical Meaning
According to Nida and Taber ibid.: 34, grammar is usually understood as a mere set of arbitrary rules about how words are put together. However, since the
same grammatical construction can be used to express various different relationships, it inevitably can have a number of different meanings ibid: 35.
Hence, grammar does carry some meaning, too. For example:
“Did you go” and “you did go” Both of sentences can be altered with the same pattern of intonation, but the
grammatical difference of order provides quite a different meaning. 2.
Referential meaning On the other hand, is indicated by words which refer to objects, events and
relations ibid.: 56. For example:
He will chair the meeting He was condemned to the chair
3. Connotative meaning
Refers to people‟s emotional reactions to items of a language, since each
word also carries a set of associations ibid.: 91. Sometimes, the associations surrounding some words become so strong that
people avoid using them at all. This is what is called verbal taboos. There are
positive and negative taboos. Negative taboos associate feelings of revulsion, or disgust, against words such as those, which refer to a certain organ of a body and
functions. On the other hand, there are positive taboos, associated with feeling of fear:
certain words often names of the powerful beings are also regarded as powerful, and the misuse of such words may bring destruction upon the hapless users.
a. Example for negative connotative:
On my flight to Los Angeles, I sat next to this babe. She was absolutely
stunning.
The word babe is refers to a woman. Using the words chick
or babe to refer to a woman often carry a negative connotation,
especially if women are part of the audience. b.
Example for possitive connotative: You need to be confidance when you are looking for a job.
Using the word “confident”, as same as secure, proud, mean that show feelings in a person, or someone thinks very highly of themselves.
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD
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