Classification of Types of Error
have...I have a great day”. From the example, the speaker repeats the words “I have” until twice. So, the sentence belongs to repetition.
d Corrections
Corrections are like false starts, but they contain an explicit correction such as “I mean”, “rather”, “Eh”, “I’m sorry”, etc. The
example of correction is “Novita, your long name? Your long name? Full name I mean”.
e Stutters
Stutters are type of speech errors. It occurs when the speaker speak rapidly the same sound or syllable. The examples of Speakers
who stutter speak rapidly the same sound or syllable such as 1 Father. Who...whos...woo...woo...who is her father? 2 I...I...I
standing in here be a teacher and you student.
f Unretraced False Start
Unretraced false starts are correction of a word. The example of unretraced false starts in this research is “We say ...OK let’s wish
hamdallah together”. Firstly, the speaker says “we say” but he think not correct. So, the speaker corrected by saying “OK let’s wish
hamdallah together”.
g Retraced False Start
Retraced false starts are repetitions of one or more words before the corrected words. The example of retraced false stars in this
research is “Aya you come...you become leader from group two”. The speaker corrected the words “you come” by using the words “you
become”. Before corrected the words, there is repetition in the word “you”.
2 Errors in the Morphological Level
The researcher also analyzes the types of errors in the morphological level. The researcher divide it into 2 part namely
vocabulary errors and errors in the choice of words.
a Vocabulary Error
Vocabulary error is error that is produced by speakers with insert Indonesian language. The speaker uses Indonesian language to
continue her utterance. The example of vocabulary error is “You please, you Chacha sini, please, you give your friend clue and
describe about that thing”.
b Error in the Choice of Words
Errors in the choice of words are one of types of errors in the morphological level. It occur when the speaker less knowledge about
grammatical structure. The
researcher gives the example
as “Charismatic, do you like it is?” This sentence “do you like it is” is
wrong sentence, because the words “it is” is use for noun. But, here charismatic is one of the characteristic of people. So, the words “it is
“must be changed into the words “him or her”.
3 Errors in the Syntactical Level
Here, the researcher not only analyzes error in the speech production and error in the morphological level, but also errors in the
syntactical level. Obviously the types of error appear in the data are omission of bound morpheme “-s” in plural form, addition of bound
morpheme “-ing”, omission of to be, addition of preposition, and addition of article.
a Omissions of Bound Morpheme “-s”
According to James 1998: 94-112 in Fauziati 2011:145, omission is type of error which is characterized by the absence of an
item that must appear in a well-formed utterance. In this case, the
writer finds the wrong sentence like “Thank you for all student”. It is un-corrected form, because “all student” is plural that should be
followed by morpheme “-s”. So, the right sentence is “Thank you for all students”.
b Additions of Bound Morpheme “-ing”
Addition is a type of errors which are characterized by the presence of an item, which should otherwise not appear in a well-
formed utterance James, 1998:94-112 in Fauziati 2011:145. From the data, the researcher finds the un-corrected form in this sentence
“Now, we will talking about family and we have to describe him or her through speaking”. It belongs to un-corrected form, because
“will” as modal, and should be followed by verb 1.
c Omissions of To Be
In this case, the writer forget to give “to be” in the sentences. The researcher finds some utterances containing omission of to be
such as 1 what your favorite writers? 2 I in junior high school like you.
d Addition of Preposition
From the data, the researcher finds some utterances containing addition of preposition such as 1 Do for your assignment
in the next meeting 2 In here Joko and Ani get married.
e Addition of Article
The researcher finds some utterances containing addition of article as follows 1 I will make a groups 2 I need one or three a
students to describe the name of job.
f Misuse of To be
In this case the researcher finds some utterances containing misuse of to be as follows 1 Our lesson today is greeting and
introducing. There is error in the choice of words like the word “is
“must be changed into the word “are”, because the object more than one 2 All of you is the diligent students. There is error in the choice
of words in the word” is”, because “is” for singular. But, here the subject is more than one. So, the word “is “must be changed into the
word “are”.