class. The data of this research are utterances containing spoken errors taken from transcription of video Microteaching.
In this research, the method of collecting the data is documentation. The researcher collects the data by using some procedures such as 1 Collecting the
videos of Microteaching from lecture 2 Watching and listening the videos 3 Writing the transcription based on the videos 4 Identifying the data that include
the utterances of errors 5 Selecting the data based on the types of errors. In analyzing data, the research uses descriptive qualitative technique,
Sugiono 2009 in Miles and Huberman 1984: 91. The techniques are as follows 1 Data Reduction. It refers to the process of selecting, focusing,
simplifying, abstracting and transforming data that appear in notes, transcripts, documents, etc. And it includes identification the data, selecting the data whether
error or not error utterance 2 Data Display. Data displays are an organized way of compressing information and assembling it in ways that help to draw
conclusions. Data display includes a Describing the data utterance containing errors based on the type of error using speech error and error analysis theory b
Counting the number of each type of error c Selecting the dominant of the error based on the frequency of the errors data d Explanation the source of each
utterance containing of error in the data 3 Conclusion Drawing and Verification. Conclusion drawing involves stepping back to consider what the
analyzed data mean and to assess their implications for the questions at hand. Verification, integrally linked to conclusion drawing, entails revisiting the data as
many times as necessary to cross-check or verifies these emergent conclusions. Conclusion drawing and verification includes make the conclusion from the
research result to answer the problem statements in this research.
C. Research Finding and discussion 1. Research finding
Based on the problem statements, the researcher divides this research finding into 4 steps, namely classification of types of errors, the frequency of
error, the dominant error, and the sources of error.
a. Classification of Types of Error
The researcher analyzes the types of error made by English department students in Microteaching class. The researcher divides the types of errors into
3 parts namely speech errors, errors in the morphological level, and errors in the syntactical level.
1 Speech Error
Speech error is one of parts in the speech production. The types of speech errors appear in the data are silent pause, filled pause, repeats,
unretraced, retraced, corrections, and stutters.
a Silent Pause
Silent pause is a period of no speech between words. The example of silent pause is “The color of things in our classroom
is....black and white”. From this sentence, the researcher find silent pause between words “is” and “black”, because there is no speech
stop for few minutes.
b Filled Pause
Filled pause is a gap filled by ah, er, ee,em,uh. The example of utterance containing filled pause is “Ee...I ‘am feeling not so good,
because I feel so cold today”. The sentences belong to errors namely filled pause, because there are gap filled like “ee” in the each
sentences.
c Repeats
Repetitions are repeating one or more words in a row. It commonly occurs in the speech. The example of repetition is “I
have...I have a great day”. From the example, the speaker repeats the words “I have” until twice. So, the sentence belongs to repetition.
d Corrections
Corrections are like false starts, but they contain an explicit correction such as “I mean”, “rather”, “Eh”, “I’m sorry”, etc. The
example of correction is “Novita, your long name? Your long name? Full name I mean”.
e Stutters
Stutters are type of speech errors. It occurs when the speaker speak rapidly the same sound or syllable. The examples of Speakers
who stutter speak rapidly the same sound or syllable such as 1 Father. Who...whos...woo...woo...who is her father? 2 I...I...I
standing in here be a teacher and you student.
f Unretraced False Start
Unretraced false starts are correction of a word. The example of unretraced false starts in this research is “We say ...OK let’s wish
hamdallah together”. Firstly, the speaker says “we say” but he think not correct. So, the speaker corrected by saying “OK let’s wish
hamdallah together”.
g Retraced False Start
Retraced false starts are repetitions of one or more words before the corrected words. The example of retraced false stars in this
research is “Aya you come...you become leader from group two”. The speaker corrected the words “you come” by using the words “you
become”. Before corrected the words, there is repetition in the word “you”.
