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2.1.3.1 Borrowing.
This procedure is the simplest translation procedure. It is used usually when there is a metalinguistic gap in the target language, for example when a new technique or an unknown
concept is introduced. It can also be used to create a particular stylistic effect, for example to introduce an element of local, source language color to the target language: tortilla, tequila, and
sauna. Many old loanwords have later become a fixed part of the lexis of the borrowing language, for example word from English to French: alcool from alcohol, and redingote from
riding-coat. There are some possibilities that may occur in this procedure; first, borrowing with no change in form and meaning pure loanwords, the second, borrowing with changes in form
but without changes the meaning mix loanwords and the third, borrowing when part of the term is native and other part is borrowed, but the meaning is fully borrowed loan blends
Examples: a. Borrowing with no change in form and meaning pure loanwords
voucher → voucher
bonanza → bonanza
bank → bank
b. Borrowing with change in form but without change the meaning mix loanwords dividend
→ dividen accrual
→ akrual
credit →
kredit debit
→ debet
c. Loan blend nominal account
→ perkiraan nominal
bussines transaction →
transaksi usaha temporary investment
→ investasi sementara
There are other general statements about the understanding of borrowing giving by some linguists. Hockett 1958:402 defines borrowing as follow, “the feature which is
imitated is called the model; the language which is the model occurs, or the speaker of that language, called donor, the language which acquires something new in the process is borrowing
language. The process itself called borrowing. From the statement bellow, it can be understood
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that loan word or borrowing word should not be return, which means that the donor makes no sacrifice and does not have to ask for permission. So, there is nothing change because the donor
goes on speaking as before and only the borrower’s speech is altered. Lehman 1962:213 states, “The process by which word are imported into a language is known as borrowing.” Then, he also
concludes that the influence of one language on another, the result of which have been termed borrowing. Thus, based on those statements, the understanding of borrowing can be simplified as
a process whereby one language adopts a meaningful unit from another language, or a process in which one language adopts elements of another.
Hockett 1958:408-416 says that borrowing can be classified into three; they are loans, pronunciation borrowing, and grammatical borrowing.According to Bolinger 1975:421 that
both form and meaning in loanwords is borrowed, with whatever degree of adaptation to the phonology of the borrowing languages. The borrower may adopt the donor’s word along with the
object of practice: the new form in the borrower’s speech is then called loanword. The term loanword is used to denote words taken from foreign language and used it as though it were
native to the language into which it has been borrowed. Therefore, the acquisition of a loanword constitutes in itself a lexical change and probably should say it constitutes or entails a semantic
change. Loanwords are almost always free form words or phrases; bound forms are borrowed as such only with extreme rarity. Then they also show some phonemic substitutions, which occur
mainly depends on how those direct word borrowing from source language, assimilate into receptor’s language. Moreover, loanwords are direct borrowing from English whose overall
morphemic shape is recognizable English, and which do not show any fusion with receptor’s language.
If a speaker imitates someone else’s pronunciation of a word, which is already familiar to the borrower, we may speak of pronunciation borrowing. Usually the donor and borrowing
idiolects are mutually intelligible, and the motive is prestige. A style of pronunciation can also be imitated, usually for prestige reason, without specific reference to a particular word.
Besides, pronunciation borrowing can operated across language boundaries. Grammatical change can be brought about indirectly by borrowing-via sets of related
loanwords. Grammatical change is the change in the grammatical core, which includes forms, which collectively called ‘functors’ and some functors are separate words. If a functor in one
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language should be borrowed into another as a loanword, retaining its functional status, the immediate consequence to be a grammatical change in the borrowing language might be
naturally expected.
2.1.3.2 Borrowing Loan Blends
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