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CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
This chapter consists of theories which are used to analyze and solve the problems in this study. There are two main parts in this chapter which are review
of related theories and theoretical framework. In the review of related theories, the researcher reviews theories related to the study and directly relevant with the
study. In the theoretical framework the researcher clarifies the theories used to answer the problem.
A. Review of Related Theories
1. Psychological Approach
The approach used in the study is psychological theory. The psychological approach is used because it has much to contribute to the understanding of
literature and that it permits a conceptual clarity that cannot be derived from literature alone Paris, 1997. The use of this approach is to look and analyze the
personality of Adeline when she faces problems and situations in her life. In this part, Adeline is facing the agony where she never finds the affection from anyone
around herself. Moreover, this approach is chosen to help the researcher to understand the character easier. The basis of this approach is the idea of the
existence of human consciousness, impulses, desires, and feeling about which a person is unaware but which influence emotions and behavior.
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Psychoanalysis is a branch of psychology which deals with an unconscious mind. It was introduced by Freud. It argued that literary works express the
author‟s secret unconsciousness and anxiety. It is also a manifestation of the author‟s own neuroses. Psychoanalysis seeks the evidence of unresolved
emotions, psychological conflicts, and ambivalences Barry, 2009.
2. Theory of Adolescence
Today, adolescence refers to a transitional period between childhood and adulthood that typically begins with the onset of puberty and lasts until the ages of
18 to 21, when the individual enters young adulthood. Originally, the term “adolescence” was made popular by psychologist, Hall in his 1904 study
“Adolescence,” in which he formally defined the developmental Zarrett Eccles, 2006.
Based on Ruffin‟s 2009 theory, there are three kinds of development occur in adolescence.
a. Physical Development
There are some signs of physical development of Adolescent. Those signs are rapid gains in height and weight, continued brain development, and
development of secondary sex characteristics such as growth of pubic hair, menarche, voice changes, and growth of underarm hair.
b. Cognitive Development
Besides physical development, there is a cognitive development which occurs in adolescence. This development is the thinking skills of adolescent.
Adults may recognize that adolescent is having better thinking skills. There are
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