6
CHAPTER II THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
This chapter discusses some theories to support the topic of the study. The first, theory about writing includes the understanding of writing from some
experts. Then, theory about descriptive as the y variable in this study, it describes what descriptive text is and some features in descriptive text. The last is theory
about scaffolding technique as x variable, it describes the definition, and advantages of the scaffolding.
A. Writing
1. The Understanding of Writing
Talking about writing, most people did a writing. When they are asked what is writing, they may answer that writing is one way to communicate each
other through a paper and a pen. Actually, The role of writing in foreign language was explored. Some of them gave their understanding of writing in internet, book,
and also magazine of language discussion. There are so many understandings of writing that can be found. For example, Heaton said that writing skills are
complex process and sometimes difficult to teach, requiring mastery not only grammatical and rhetorical devices but also of conceptual and judgmental
elements.
1
But we know and believe that writing is a skill that anyone can learn to manage. In addition, Raimes gave her complex opinion about writing, she states
that: Writing reinforces the grammatical structures, idioms and
vocabulary that we have been teaching our students. They also have a chance to be adventurous with the language, to go beyond
what they have just learned to say, to take risks. So, when they write, they necessarily become very involved with the new
language, the effort to express ideas and the constant use of eye, hand, and brain isan unique way to reinforce learning.
2
1
J.B Heaton, Writing English Language Test, New York: Longman, 1990, p. 135
2
Ann Reimes, Techniques in Teaching Writing, New York: Oxford University Press, 1983, p. 3.
From Raimes we know that the more complex opinion stated that writing is a process of getting new language where should be transformed into a writing.
So that, writing requires meaningful communication to someone, whether this audience consists solely of the writer or is a group of someone beyond the writer.
Based on all those definitions above, we can conclude that writing is cognitive process to express thoughts to others in written form. Some people
considers that writing is a difficult thing to do. Person who wants to construct a writing should work hard, and a good writing just can be reached by work harder.
Hence, writing needs a routine rehearsal in order to have a good writing skill.
2. Stages in Writing Process
Writing is a product from some proceses. Here are some steps in writing based on Bob Brannan
3
: a.
Prewriting This steps can do by several technique such: Freewriting, clustering,
brainstorming or listing, asking a journalist‟s questions, using patterns of
development, writing journalblog entries and considering audience. b.
Organizing Ideas In this step, the writer is asked to organize hisher idea in order to move to
next step. In organizing ideas, the writer can make an outline. There are two kinds of outline: rough and formal outline.
c. Drafting
The writer starts to write the writing without focussing on the grammatical, just focuss on how to transfrom the idea into a writing.
d. Revising
After finishing the draft, the writer can do some revising especially in grammatical.
3
Bob Brannan, A Writer’s Workshop, Crafting Sentence, New York: McGraw-Hill,
2010, p.3.
Kategori