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Dependent Variable Independent Variable

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3.3 Research Variables

According to Rahmawati 2010 citing from Saul McLeod 2008 a variable is anything that can vary, i.e. changed or be changed, such as memory, attention, time taken to perform a task etc. Everything that is used by the researcher to do the research that can change something else or can be changed by something else or it can differ something are called variables. In this research, the researcher uses two kinds of variables; those are dependent and independent variables.

3.3.1 Dependent Variable

The dependent variable is a variable that cannot be observed on its own. Brown 2005:10 stated that: A dependent variable is observed to determine what effect, if any, the other types of variables may have on it. In the other words, it is the variable on focus - the central variable – on which other variables will act if there is any relationship. Thus, a dependent variable cannot be identified in isolation. According to Kendra Cherry the dependent variable is the variable that is being measured in an experiment. For example, in a study on the effects of tutoring on test scores, the dependent variable would be the participants test scores. Dependent variable is the main discussion in this research. It will be examined by searching and studying its relation with other variable. It is the result that be influenced by the independent variable. The definition of dependent variable from Brown 2005:10 is used. It stated that dependent variable is the variable on focus and become the central variable of study. 44 The dependent variable of this research is the students’ reading skill achievement that is refers to the students’ total score of the reading test in the post-test.

3.3.2 Independent Variable

Independent variable is a researcher-defined variable. Independent is variable selected by the researcher to determine their effect on or relationship with the dependent variable Brown, 2005:10. Kendra Cherry states that the independent variable is the characteristic of a psychology experiment that is manipulated or changed. For example, in an experiment looking at the effects of studying on test scores, studying would be the independent variable. Researchers are trying to determine if changes to the independent variable studying result in significant changes to the dependent variable the test results. This variable will be studied and it will influence other certain variable that become the main discussion. Kendra Cherry’s definition is used in this study. It stated that independent variable is the variable that is manipulated and changed. In this research, the independent variable is the use of teaching technique that is CIRC and Jigsaw to teach recount text.

3.4 Hypothesis

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