13 From the explanation of those five studies above, there are some differences
between those studies and this study. First, in this research researcher wants to know the effectiveness of CIRC to teach reading materials especially the recount
text materials. Second, this CIRC is not be compared by traditional or conventional teaching technique but it is compared by another cooperative
learning technique that is JIGSAW. So, the result of this study shows us which is more effective between CIRC and JIGSAW to teach recount text. Third, this
research wants to know the effectiveness of CIRC if it is compared by JIGSAW to teach recount text materials for the Senior High School Students.
In this study, the researcher is curious about how the use of “CIRC” to teach
recount text and the significance of the improvement as a result of it in teaching learning process. Therefore, the researcher is conducting an experimental research
to find out the answer.
2.2 Theoretical Review
This part contains the theoretical reviews which are taken from the experts in order to support and help the researcher to conduct this study.
2.2.1 Cooperative Learning Technique
Guntur Arif Santoso 2011 states that cooperative learning is an approach or set of strategies specifically designed to give encouragement to students to work
together during the learning process. This approach or technique gives students more chances to work in group with their friends to discuss materials, so they not
only depend on their teacher but also they develop materials and improve their
14 own comprehension by doing discussion in group. Students feel free and not shy
to ask to their friends if they have troubles to understand materials. They solve their difficulties by discussing and also search other sources, while teachers only
give the explanation, guidance, and more additional information when students need it.
Stephen Balkcom 1992 states that Cooperative learning is a successful teaching strategy in which small teams, each with students of different levels of ability, use
a variety of learning activities to improve their understanding of a subject. This technique divides students into several small groups or teams that each group
consists of students with different levels of ability. With this technique, the low level ability students who have not understand enough about materials and also
feel afraid and shy to ask teachers to explain again carefully, they can ask their friends who have high level ability to explain again and help them to improve
their comprehension. This technique also creates a good cooperation because students with different levels of ability have a different ways to solve the problem,
so the discussion becomes more effective. Then, this technique uses a variety of learning activities that make students feel more fun, more comfort, do not get
bored, and finally they understand the materials easily. Guntur Arif Santoso 2011 states that cooperative skills so necessary in doing,
such as respect other people’s opinions, encourage participation, ask questions, encouraged friends to ask, taking turns and sharing tasks. By grouping the
students, it makes students have the good attitudes like respect others opinion,
15 encourage to share their own opinion, etc. that help students to achieve better
learning result. Citing Roger 1992, Miftahul Huda 2011 stated that cooperative learning is a
group learning activity organized in such a way that learning is based on the socially structured change of information between learners in group in which each
learner is held accountable for their own learning and it motivates to increase the learning of others. From that definition, it can be told in another way that to
increase and improve students ’ learning result is not only become teachers’
responsibility but also it is students ’ responsibility. They have to work as a group
in order to discuss or solve problem which is faced, so they are responsible not only to their own result but also the result of all their friends in learning process.
Citing Johnson and Johnson 1998, Miftahul Huda 2011 said that cooperative learning means “working together to accomplish shared goal.” Students as the
members of learning process make some effort together to solve problem and finally achieve the same goal among them and solve problem in learning process.
Students work in group, work together, help each other in order to find the best way to solve problem and find the answer of problem. It is very different with the
competitive learning which is every student only think about themselves to get the best result or the best score. they try to find the best way to solve the problem and
improve their own ability without paying attention to others. It makes students work individually to achieve their own purpose in learning process. Citing
Açıkgöz 1992, p. 246, Ali Göçer 2010:441 said “cooperative learning comprised the efforts of small groups of students, by assisting each other in
16 learning towards a common goal”. The purpose of cooperative learning is to
achieve the same or common goal for all of students and improve their ability. There is no competition among them; instead they assist each other in learning
process. In the end, the researcher concluded that cooperative learning is the approach or
strategy in teaching learning process that gives more chances to students to cooperate with their friends, discuss some materials together, share their own
opinion and finally gain the best comprehension for themselves. There are many cooperative learning techniques such as Jigsaw, Think pair share,
Think pair solo, snowball throwing game, CIRC Cooperative Integrated Reading and Composition, etc. but this research will only tell deeper about the JIGSAW
