Significance of the Study

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CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

One of the most important things to help learners to communicate successfully is speaking. The richer vocabulary the learners have, the better the learners can communicate in speaking. Using Picture Series is a good way to teach speaking. The use of this media contributes for the new method of English teaching and learning. This chapter aims at providing some theoretical background of the study.

A. Theoretical Review 1. English Language Teaching

English as a foreign language means that English has a function as a foreign language in the countries where English is not the official language, but it still has a significant role to play. Determining an effective teaching and learning process requires some considerations to include. Especially when it is related to the teaching of a foreign language, specifically the language instructors or teachers should realize the aspects of the teaching learning process in order to plan the more appropriate lesson for their learners. Related to the process of language teaching, the role of the teaching materials is also significant. Therefore, this aspect of the teaching and learning process should also be known well by the English teachers. In this case, Richards and Renandya 2002: 84 provides some criteria for the effective teaching materials in language teaching. First, the language used must be authentic and realistic as well. Next, the classroom materials will usually seek to include an audio visual component. In this modern and technologically complete world, the language learners need to develop the ability to deal with written as well as spoken genres. Furthermore, the effective teaching materials should focus learners’ autonomy. In line with this, the materials have to be flexible enough to cater to individual and contextual difference. Lastly, learning needs to engage learns both affectively and cognitively. Related to process of teaching a language, Stern 1991: 75 mentioned some aspects which can influence the way of teaching. They are present below; a. the learners’ informal childhood language learning first and second language, b. the way we were taught languages at school and how we responded to, c. other formal and informal second language learning experiences, d. what people in the learners’ world think and say about languages, e. language training at University or college, or other language related, f. any formal language teacher training the learners may have had, g. the learners’ past and present language teaching experiences; h. discussions with other language teachers, conferences, in service training, meeting of language teachers’ associations, i. reading on the language pedagogy including books or articles in professional or popular reviews Furthermore, Stern, In Hall 2011:184 also gives a model and the example about the immediate and wider social context of ELT includes a range of issues that may affect teaching, learning, and the L2 classroom. The first on is the linguistic factors. The examples of the factors are the extent to which multilingualism is accepted as the norm. The next factors are like the perceived economic, political and cultural status of English or a particular variety of English and consequently, its relationship with other languages in community. The next ones are the historical political factors. For example, policy shifts towards or away from, teaching based on attitudes towards the British Empire and imperialism or towards current US influence in the world. The next one is the geographical factors, for example the central and South American economic and technological developments. For example, English may be seen as important for economic developments or from a very different perspective. The cost of ELT materials and technological equipment e.g computers, and the economic resources available will affect teaching and learning in many contexts. The last ones are the educational factors. As English nowadays is also changing, there can be some dilemmas for the English language teaching classroom. As Stern in Hall: 2011 notes for English language teaching and for all language teaching, society and culture are more than background and even more than context. Due to this, therefore, for the