learnt through short functional spoken texts and short essays in the form of narrative texts. In the second semester, students are expected to have speaking
skills to deal with understanding and expressing short functional spoken text to interact with the surrounding environment, simple conversation for transactional
and interpersonal, and short essays in the form of narrative and recount texts.
4. The Roles of the Teacher and Students in Speaking
A teacher is one of aspects in the teaching and learning process in the classroom. He or she plays some roles in maintaining the classroom activities.
Harmer 2001: 58-62 states that there are eight roles of a teacher in classroom activities: controller, organizer, assessor, prompter, participant, resource, tutor, and
observer. The first role is a teacher as a controller. It means that the teacher is in
charge of the class and of the activity taking place in a way that is substantially different from a situation where students are working on their own in groups. The
second role is a teacher as an organizer. In this role, the teacher organizes the students to do learning activities in the classroom. He or she gives the students
information, tells them how to do the activity, divides them into pairs or group, and ends the activity when the time is up. The third role is a teacher as an assessor.
The teacher is an assessor of the students in the classroom. He or she gives assessment for the students by giving feedback about what the students have done,
handing out grades, or saying whether the students can pass to the next level or not.
The next is a teacher as prompter. In this role, the teacher prompts the students in order to continue an activity when there is a problem. The fifth role is a
teacher as a participant. In this role, the teacher is not dominating the teaching and learning process because he or she is only a participant. This role is usually in
discussion where the students are more active than the teacher. The sixth role is a teacher as a resource. When the students need information during the learning
activity, the teacher is a resource that gives explanation about the information needed by the students. The seventh role is a teacher as a tutor. The teacher is a
tutor in classroom when the students are doing a long project. In this case, the teacher combines his role as a prompter and a resource. The last role is a teacher as
an observer. The teacher observes what the students do during the learning process.
According to Breen and Candlin in Nunan 1989: 87, there are three main roles of a teacher. The first role is facilitator; the second role is participant; and the
last role is observer and learner. Beside a teacher, there are also students in the teaching and learning
process. Students take important role in the teaching and learning process. In the teaching and learning process, the students become the subject of teaching and
learning process. Nunan 1989: 80 explains the roles of the students in the teaching and learning process as follows:
