19 foundations in the general study of code choices. They are popularly known as the
components of the ethnography of speaking. In a conversation we might not find the factors to be activated all together. To certain degree this factors in choosing a code
might be also helpful to describe factors that influence other forms of language- contact-phenomenon, namely code switching and code mixing.
2.2.5 Code Switching and Code Mixing
Several scholars have attempted to define code-switching and code-mixing. Among them are Amuda 1989, Atoye 1994 and Belly 1976. For instance,
Hymes defines only code- switching as “a common term for alternative use of two or
more language, varieties of a language or even speech styles. “while Bokamba
1989 defines both concepts thus: “Code-switching is the mixing of words, phrases and sentences from two distinct grammatical subsystems across sentence
boundaries within the same speech even. Code-mixing is the embedding of various linguistic units such as affixes bound morphemes, words unbound morphemes,
phrases and clauses from a cooperative activity where the participants, in order to in infer what is intended, must reconcile what they hear with what they understand.
“Code switching is not a display of deficient language knowledge: a grammarless mixing of two languages. Instead it is a phenomenon through which its users express
a range of meanings. By code switching, which occurs mostly in conversation, the choice of speech alerts the participants to the interaction of the context and social
dimension within which the conversation is taking place. The phenomenon of code switching is examined from a conversational analysis perspective, and as such is
viewed as interactive exchanges between members of a bilingual speech community.
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20 Very often the expression code mixing is used synonymously with code switching
and means basically intra-sentential code switching. However, recent research has given new meaning to this term. Maschler 1998 defines code mixing or a mixed
code as “using two languages such that a third, new code emerges, in which elements from the two languages are incorporated into a structu
rally definable pattern”. In other words, the code mixing hypothesis states that when two code switched
languages constitute the appearance of a third code it has structural characteristics special to that new code.
Code Switching
Code switching is a situation where the speakers deliberately change a code being used, by switching from one to another. Code switching can be generally
defined as the phenomenon where in a bilingual or multilingual speaker shifts from one language to another in the course of a conversation. Among several definitionsof
code switching, the following two shouldgive the clarity needed to understand the concept.
Code switching has become a common term to alternate use of two or more languages, or varieties of language, or even a speech
styles. Dell Hymes, 1875
From the definition above, it is learned that code switching is found more with bilingual or multilingual, although monolinguals may actually be said to switch
from a variety or style or another. The definition also suggests that code switching could be found in a single conversation. In other words, if a bilingual people change
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21 from using Indonesian at home to using English at work or school, the act of
changing codes would not normally be classified as code switching. a.
Tag code switching, it happens when a bilingual inserts shorts expressions tag from different language at the end of hisher utterance. Here the example
below are taken from the dialogues done by the staffs. Elan : “aku duluan ya, see you tomorrow.”
b. Intersentential code switching, it happens when there is a complete sentence in
a foreign language uttered between two sentence in a base language. Here the example below is taken from dialogue done by the staffs.
Maylena
: “ Kelana, Iain suruh kau ke IOM, ask about the exact date for new
classes.” c.
Intrasentential code switching, it happens when a word, a phrase, or a clause of a foreign language is found within the sentence in a base language. The
example below is taken from the dialogue done by the staff. Kelana: “ Semua udah tahu kok kalo memang dia black hole nya.”
Code Mixing
Studying about code switching is usually followed by code mixing. Both of them are usually happened in bilingual society. Because of that, people sometimes
are difficult to different those. Many opinions mention about the differences between code switching and code mixing. But in certainly, code switching is used by its
functioning and by aware of speaker based on some reason. Code mixing is one of the other usages by bilingual people. According to
Istiati S 1985:18 cited by Mutmainnah 2008:46, code mixing is done by speaker not only in situation of the interaction happened but also in situation that have
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22 languages characteristic. Istiati stated Sumber dari campur kode bisa dating dari
kemampuan berbahasa, bisa pula datang dari kemampuan berkomunikasi, yakni
tingkah laku Mutmainnah, 2008:46. When the speaker uses code mixing because
of their habits to make easy in communication as the result of culture system, social system, or personality system in continuity, therefore that indication come from
behavior system. It means that this indication come from the ability of communication. There are some types of code mixing:
1. Intra-sentential switching code mixing This kind of code mixing occurs within a phrase, a clause or a sentence boundary,
Kelana:
“I started going like this. Terus dia bilang and then he said, look at the mark stamped on my skin.”
2. Intra-lexical code mixing This kind of code mixing which occurs within a word boundary, such as in
Maylena: “Yaudah laa, udah ter-scan juga kok.”
3. Involving a change of pronunciation This kind of code mixing occurs at the phonological level, as when Indonesian
people say an English word, but modify it to Indonesian phonological structure. For instance, the word ‘strawberry’ is said to be ‘stroberi’ by Indonesian people.
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23
Reason of Code Switching and Code Mixing
When code switching or code mixing occurs, the motivation or reasons of the speaker is an important consideration in the process. According to Hoffman
1991:116, there are a number of reasons for bilingual or multilingual person to switch or mix their languages. Those are:
1. Talking about a particular topic
