Notes, addition, glosses The translation procedures of culture specific terms in on foreign shores

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rri m AA ; B or C ll AAD ; E ry F t GH A A I n t s r r t n instrum nt w s t r r r r r r w s t w i nti i t ultur i i t rm s in t m E t rw r t r r r n lyz t tr nsl tion pr s to tr nsl t t m s rom B s si into li J um nt instrum nts w r to i nsw r or t r r pr m s n t s r r t um nt instrum nts w r t print , rsion KL MNO F P Q L RS NO FT U VW F O P X GL YW G QF s PL Y L ZN L FT PGL [NF try i y \ ont r tion rv tion orm w r pi t in ] ] r , tion orm s w r m ploy to r , t urr n s ultur i i t rm s to l ssi y t t to i nti y t pro s to tr nsl t ultur i i t rm s rom B s si into li ] w s m ploy to l ssi y t ultur s i i t rm s in m s rom KL MNO F P Q L RS NO F s on ppropri t t ori ] w s to nsw r t irst r r pr m ultur i i t rm s in t m s _ `ab c d ef gh c i a gc j e k l z a g l ef `ab c d ef gh ce k l cb mk e n oc w na k p q rsttu v w h ck c ak c m l x c ia gc j ek l cb ykeyeb c d ` y o c w n a k p z f a n c { y cie { e j y | m a t c ri a l i ultur c | m}fi ti ef a l i ultur c | or j a niz a ti efz i d c a b z af d i o fic pt b | a f d j c stur c s a f d ha`l t b v ~a i h i a t c j ory is j iv c n a b yci i m i i ie d cz cv j vz c i ol ej y is j i x c n a ie d c ~ € z a f d m a t c ri a l i ultur c is j i x c n a ie d c   ‚ v w h c i d c nti m i i a tion will ` c d efc a s portr a y c d in t h c t a`{ c ` c low v ƒ„ … l † ‡ˆ ‰ ˆ ƒ „ …Š† ‹ Œ  ŽŠ  Ž  † ‘ ’“ † ” • Œ • ” ƒ † – — ˜ ™ „— † š ‹ › œ † w – „   ˜ ‰ž Ÿ Ÿ ¡¢ £¤¥ ¦¤ §¨ © ª «¨¬ ­® ­¬ ¯ ¨ § ° ª ± ­² ¨ ¢ ² ³ ¢ ¨ ° ª £´ ¦¨ µ ¢ § ­ ¨ ª ¢ ® £¤ ¥¦ ¤ § ¨ © ¶« ¨ ¬ ­® ­¬ ¯ ¨ § ° ª ·£¸ ¹ £º ¶£º ¸ » £ ¼½¾ ¿ ÀÁ Â Ã Ä ÅÆÁ Ç Á Ã È É Ê Ë un Ì Í Î Ë p Ë n Ï ÐÁ Ä ÑÃ Ò ÅÓ Á Æ Ó Å Ô È Â È Â Ô Á Ã Õ Ö ×Ø strow Ø r Ù oyos ÀÁ Ã Ú Å ÐÁ Æ Ñ Á Ã Û Á Ä ÑÃ Ü ÄÔ Á Ó Ý Þ ßÁ Ô Â à Á É á Ñ â Ä ãä å Á ã Á Ã È ä Ï Ë ru Ê Ë Ä Â å Á ã Á Ã È Õ Ö R æ n Ù r Ø s á Ñ â Ä à Á Ô Ñ çè Ô è à Á é Ý ê ot ë s ìíî ï ì ð ol ñò y óí ô ï ó õ t ë ri õ l í ultur ë ö í ô ï ö ñ ð i õ l í ultur ë î ÷ í ï î r ò õ niz õ tions ø ÷ ù ë õ s ø í ustom s ú û ü ï ú ë stur ë s õ n ù ü õ ýþ ts wa`{ c ÿ v _ w a s us c d to or j a niz c pro ic d } r c s w hl i h w c r c a ppli c d to tr a nsl a t c i ultur c b yc i i m i i t c rm s in a ll yec m s t ap c n m rom af d to sol x c t h c b cief d r c s c a r ih pr e `{ c m v wh c r c a r c r q m i m t cc n u tr a nsl a tion pro i c d }kc s i om pil c d m rom t h c st } dl c s e m i f a y a f d a r ` c ln c t q rs tu a lso oc wm a rk q rsttu z f a m c ly ` e rrowin j z ia l }c z lit c r a l tr a nsl a ti efz tr a nspositi efz m e d } {a ti efz v v y y y x t i nti i tion pr n n in t t t will wor k sim il rly to t t low +,- l . 0 1 + ,- 2. 3 4 5637. 8 9 6. : ; 3 + 6, : 2, ; . = 9 2 ; 9 6 . ? .7A 4 A7 + .6B: C D, : .8 3 E A, F G H , 6- .2.; C IJ K LM N O . w B , 6P C IJLLM M Q R SS TS S UV W X YV Z [ R W \ UR ] _` U X a b c d e f f g h b f i c j i j k d l j m n o j j p c b k b q r s ru t s uvw x u y z { | r s } s | ~  u € u n w v w v n ~ ~  ~ v r w u t ~ u xt ‚ ƒ  ‚ ultur v l ƒ quiv v xu n „u … ~  … our „u ~ u xt † ‡  † v tur v lis v tion € ˆ  € orrow in w ‚‡  ‚ v lqu u ‰ƒ  ‰ u s „ riptiv u ƒ quiv v x u n „ u ~ Š  ~ r v nsposition ‹ ~  ‹ Œ u r v l ~ r v ns x v tion … Ž  … ynonym y  ˆ   o  u x v tion R ƒ  R u  u „ tion ~ ‘  ~ r v ns ’u r u n „u ƒ “  ƒ xp v nsion ‘ƒ  ‘ un „ tion v l ƒ quiv v x u n „u ‚ ˆ  ‚ oup x u ts † ˆ  †”  u s • – —˜™˜ š› ˜œž Ÿž ¡¢£ › Ÿ ¤ ¥ ¡ ¦ §¨ s ©ª s ª« r ¬ § is qu « lit « tiv ª « ­® ¯ urt § ª©° its ty ± ª is ¬ ont ª nt « ­ « lysis w § ª© ª t r r r l r t nom y st yin t um nts ²³ ry ´ R z vi µ¶¶µ· ¸ nom to st r t ultur ¹ i i t rm s in º si n m s pr s to tr nsl t t m into li ¦ § ª ® « t « in t § ¨ s ©ª s ª « © ¬§ «© ª ¬ ultu ©ª » s ± ª ¬ i ¯ i ¬ t ª rm s in ± ¼ ª m s w §¨ ¬§ « © ª ¯ª« tur ª ® in ½ ¾ ¿ ÀÁ Âà ľ ÅÆÀÁ ÂÇ È ÉÉ Ê Ë Ì Í ÎÏÐ ÑÎ Ñ Ð v Ò ÓÒÔ Ò ÎÓ Õ Ö× ÑÖÒÓ Ò ÎÓ Ò ØÒ Ë ÒÓ Î Ï Ô ÑÒÙÔ ÑÖ ÎÑ ÎÓÒ Í Ô ÒÚ ÑÛ Î ËÎÏ yz Ò Ñ ÖÒ ÚÎ ÑÎÜ Ý ÓÒ sw Ò ll Þ ßàà á â ÚÒã i Ë Ò s t ÖÒ ã irst st Ò ps Û ã t Ö Ò Ú Î t Î Î n Î lysis Î s Ù ÓÒÙ Î rin Ø Î Ë Ú Û ÓØ Î nizi Ë Ø t Ö Ò Ú Î t Î ã or Î Ë Î lysis Ü Ê n t ÖÐ s st Ò Ù× t Ö Ò ÓÒ s ÒÎ r Õ Ö Ò r r ÒÎ Ú Î Ë Ú Î Ë Î lyz Ò Ú Î ll ÙÛ Ò m s in t Ö Ò Î nt Ö Û ÏÛ Øä åæ çè é ê ëìæ í îè é ê s ï ðñò r ò s ò ó r ô ñò r i õ ò nti ö i ò õ ô ultur ò ÷ ø ù òô i ö i ô t ò rm s ú ó ø ò õ ûü ý ñò ôó t ò þ oriz ó tion pr ûùû ø ò õ ú y ÿò wm ó rk ï ð ñò ø òô ûüõ sortin þ t ñò õó t ó into som ò ô ó t ò þ ori ò s t ñûþ ñ ó pro ôò s s ûö ô ûõ n þ r ò sw ò ll É ï n t ñ s r ò ø ò ó r ô ñ õó t ó w ò r ò ô ó t ò þ oriz òõ in õû úò l ó y ò rs ð ñò ö irst l ó y ò rs ó r ò to ó üó lyz ò ô ultur ò ÷ ø ù òô i ö i ô t ò rm s in t ñò ó ll ùû ò m s ñ l ò t ñò ø òô ûüõ l ó y ò r is to óüó lyz ò pr û ôò õ r ò s ø òõ to tr ó nsl ó t ò t ñò m into üþ li ø ñ ï irst t ñò r òø òó r ôñ ò r ô ó t ò þ oriz òõ t ñò õó t ó óüõ put t ñò m into ôó t ò þ ori ò s ûö ô ultur ò ÷ ø ù òô i ö i ô t ò rm s w ñ ôñ ñ ó õ úòò n þ i ò n sp ò ô i ö i ô ô o õ òø ò ï þ ï ò ô olo þ y ô ó t ò þ ory w ó s þ i ò n ó ô ûõ ò ï ó ôñ õó tum w ó s put into s ù òô i ö i ô ô ó t ò þ ori ò s in w ñ i ôñ t ñò y úò l ûüþ ï ò ô ûüõ t ñò r ò s ò ó r ôñò r ô ó t ò þ oriz òõ t ñò õó t ó ûö ô ultur ò ÷ sp ò ô i ö i ô t ò rm ø óüõ t ñò n ó üó lyz ò õ w ñ ó t pro ôò õ ò s us ò õ in tr ó nsl ó ti üþ t ñò m into ü þ li ø ñ ú ó ø òõ on pr û ôò õ ò s pr ûùû ø òõ ú y i üó y óüõ ó r úò l ü ò t ó s w ò ll ó s ÿò wm ó rk ï ó ô ñ pro ôòõ r ò ñ ó õ úò ò n þ i ò n ó sp òô i ö i ô ô ûõ ò òï þ ï orrowin þ w ó s þ i ò n ó ô ûõò ï ð ñò ö irst ô ûõ n þ õ ò ó lt wit ñ t ñò solvi üþ ûö t ñò ö irst r òø ò ó r ô ñ pr û ú ò m w ñ il ò t ñò ø òô ûüõ ô ûõ n þ õ ò ó lt wit ñ ýñò solvi üþ ûö t ñò ø ò ô ûüõ r òø ò ó r ô ñ ù û ú ò m ï ð ñò l ó st st ò p is pr ò s ò nti üþ t ñ ò õó t ó in t ñò ö orm o ö t ó ú ò ø ï ö t ò r t ñ ò õó t ó w ò r ò pr ò ùó r ò õ ó üõ or þ ó niz ò õ t ñò r ò ø ò ó r ôñò r put t ñò m into two t ó ú òø ï ð ñò ö irst t ó úò w ó s ðó úò ï to õ isti üþ ui ø ñ t ñò ô ó t ò þ ori ò s ûö ô ultur ò ÷ ø ù ò ô i ö i ô t ò rm s in t ñò ùû ò m ø ó s to s ol ò t ñò ö irst r ò ø ò ó r ôñ p r û ú ò m ï urt ñò rm or ò t ñò ø ò ô ûüõ t ó ú ò üó m ò ly ðó ú ò ï w ó s ø ò õ to óüó lyz ò pro ô ò õ r ò s ó ppli ò õ to tr ó nsl ó t ò ô ultur ò ÷ + , -. - - -0 1 + 2 1 3 + -. + 4 1 5 ,- + -. 2 + + . 4 . 6 4 1 758 4 . - + y -. 6 4 1 759 4 . - + 1 . .: 5 ; = ? A BC D A E B F G A ? , - + 2 + + x 1 -. + - -.: -0 + + 5 6+ H 11 H I J K BLF LM N OC O E P L B O E F L? B G ? ? 6+ + . .. - . : -0 - y 5 6 + . . . w pr .: s to tr nsl t ultur Q i i t rm s -. onom t i wor . rom + , -. - si to -0 li + in R S TUV WXY S Z[UV W s 5 \ 6 pr . . ussin t + s topi 2 t + r s r + r -.. t + ori s rom r l t . lit r tur 2 su + s t + ori s l n : 0 2 tr nsl ti - 2 -. ross Q ultur l om m uni ti - ] t + ori s ultur Q i i t rm ] -. t + ori s tr nsl tion pr .: 5 _E M F G BO L M N ` L a AA b ? O G F b c t r . i . -0 t + topi 2 t + r r + r -.: t . li 4 ry st :. y to support t + topi wit + t + ori s rom x rt 5 c t irst 2 t + r r + r qui . + m l wit + knowl . 0 on + H l n : 0 2 tr nsl ti - 2 -. ross Q ultur l om m uni tion r int rr l t . 4 y m ployin t + st :. s rom d t or . e 8 fg h 2 i i . j 6 4 r e 8 fk 9 h 2 l rson e 8 fk h 2 m :-. y e 9 nn 8 h 2 d + 1 il :. n e 9 nn h 2 -. ot + r x rt 5 l t r 2 t + r r + r m ploy . t + t + ory rom i wm rk e 8 fkkh op a qrst uvtw x r yz{ vtz r | r } u s~ tsy w  { € wuz}zu t w y { v { v qv { z{ r } t‚ w yw{ wvyu ‚ ƒ „ sy t ‚ wy  r y w … t‚ w y w{ w vy u ‚ w y v~{ r w† sz €€w ‡ ‚z  { w ~ } w z t‚ t‚ w ryz w{ } yr  ˆ z | v y v | ‡ ‰ vy q w ~|wt Š‹ŒŽ v { w w ~ ~ v { w w  vy ‘ Š ‹ŒŽŽ vqrst tyv |{ ~vtz r | € yruw ‡ sy w{ tr € y w€ vy w v | v~ yz z | x t ‚ w ‡v t v r } t ‚z { y w{ w vy u ‚ ƒ ’“ ”•–– —˜™ š › œ  ž™ž Ÿ • ¡ ¢ n £¤¥ ¦§¨© ª « ¤¥ ¦ s ¬ w z | x w † sz€€w ‡ w z t‚ t‚ w ryz w{ t r { s €€ ryt t‚ w tr € zu … t ‚ w y w{ w v y u ‚ w y ur~ ~ wu t w ‡ ‡vtv } r y t‚z{ y w { w vy u ‚ }yr  t ‚ w { rsy u w { ƒ ­ ‚r { w ‡vtv w w y w tv ‘w | } yr  € r w  { } w vtsy w ‡ z | ®¯ °±² ³´µ¯ ¶· ±² ³ s ƒ ­ ‚ w y w{ w vyu‚ w y s { w‡  w w  vy ‘ ¸ { uvtw x ryz { vtz r | r } us~ tsy w { €wu z } z u tw y  { z| u r~~wu t z |x t‚ w ‡ vt v ƒ ¹“ ”– žº º š Ÿ »š› œ ˜ ¼ – ™ ¼ — ½º ¾ — ˜ šŸ š ˜ ™ — ¡ º ¼ º š › œ ¿žÀ – — ’ “Á „ y r  t‚ w € rw{ t v ‘w | } y r  ® ¯ ° ±² ³ ´µ¯ ¶· ±² ³ s … t ‚ w y w{ wvyu ‚ wy z ‡w | t z } z w ‡ us~ tsy w  { €w u z } zu t w y { z | ¬ v ‚ v { v  | ‡r |w{ z v qv { w ‡ r | t‚ w t‚ w ry y € yr € r{ w ‡ q y w w  vy ‘ Š‹ŒŽŽ ƒ ­ r z ‡ w| t z } y t ‚r { w t w y  { … t ‚ w y w{ wv y u ‚w y w€ ~ r y w‡ t ‚ w t‚z y ‡ w‡z tz r | r } ÃÄÅÆÇ È ³Ç Ä ² ÈÄ·Ä Ç Ä É ¯Ê±¯³Ç ´ ÄË t ‚ w ~vtw{ t € yz  w  | ‡r |w{ z v | ‡z u t zr | vy y … v | ‡ Ì t w Í w|{ v | ‡ Ì u‚  z ‡ x v~ ~  ­ w ~ ~z|x { ¸ { Î Ï om pr w ‚ w nsi Í w  | ‡r |w si v n  Ð |x li { ‚ ‰ i u ti r | v ry … v qz lin x sv l  | ‡r |w si v n ‡zu ti r | v ry w ‚ i u ‚ ‚v s t ‚ w l v r xw st w ntri w s v | ‡ is r wu om m w| ‡ w ‡ q y pr r } w ssi r | v l tr v nsl v t ors Ñ t ‚ w r w { w v r u ‚ w r w m ploy w ‡ t ‚r{ w two ‡z u ti r | v ri w s to u ‚ w u k w ‚ w t ‚ w r t ‚r { w ‡ v t v w w r w v Í v il vq~w v | ‡ u ultur v l w ‚zu ‚ m w v ns t ‚ w y ‚ v Í w no ‡z r w u t w qui Í v l w|u w in Ð |x li { ‚ ƒ ­ ‚ w r w{ w v r u‚ w r v lso ‡ w vi u w ‡ Ò rr x l w { w v r u ‚ w n x i |w to u ‚ wu k w ‚w t ‚ w r w v u ‚ ‡v t v u ultur v l or univ w r { v l ƒ  n v ‡‡z ti r | … t ‚ w r w{ w v r u‚ w r v | v lyz w ‡ t ‚ w u ont w xt r } t ‚ w € r w m s in w ‚z u ‚ t ‚r { w t w rm s r u u ur to } i | ‡ rst t ‚ w u ont w xt sv l t w rm r } t ‚r { w t w rm s ƒ ÓÔ Õ Ö × Ø Ù Ú Û Ø Ü×Ú Ö y Ú Ü Ý × Þßà Ø á âã× âÙØ ä à åØ á Ú Ö Ú á × ØÙæ à ç × ÞØ Ù Øà Øè Ù áÞØ Ù á ã èà à Ú Ö Ú ØÛ × Þßà Ø á âã× âÙØ ä à åØ á Ú Ö Ú á × Ø Ù æà éèà ØÛ ß Ü ê Ø w æè Ù ëìà áè × ØÝß Ù Ú à è × Ú ß Ü è Ü Û å â× × ÞØ ÙØà âã× à Ú Ü í è é ã Ø îïð ñà ØØ åèÝØ Ó òó ï íÞ â à ç × Þ Ø Ù Ø à âã × ßÖ × Þ Ú à è Ü è ã y à Ú à è Ü Û á ã èà à Ú Ö Ú áè ×Ú ß Ü à ß ã ô ØÛ × ÞØ ÖÚÙ à × Ù Øà Øè Ù á Þ å Ù ßé ã Øæï õö ÷ ø ùú ûüý þ ü ú ÿ ùø ù û û ú ûù û ù ù üý ü û ù ü ú ÿ ù ö Ùßæ × ÞØ á âã× âÙ Ø äà åØ á Ú Ö Ú á × Ø Ù æ à Ú ÛØ Ü× Ú Ö Ú ØÛ ÖÙßæ × ÞØ ÚÜÚ ×Ú è ã Ú ÛØ Ü× Ú Ö Ú áè ×Ú ß Ü è Ü Û á ã èà à Ú Ö Ú á è × Ú ß Üç × ÞØ ÙØà Øè ÙáÞ Ø Ù Ú ÛØ Ü×Ú Ö Ú ØÛ w Þè × åÙßáØÛ âÙ Ø à w Ø Ù Ø â à ØÛ × ß ×Ù è Ü à ã è × Ø × ÞØæ Ö Ù ßæ èÞèà è Ü ÛßÜ Ø à Ú è × ß ÜÝ ãÚ à Þ èà à ØØ Ü ÚÜ × ÞØ ÜÝ ãÚ à Þ ô Ø Ùà Ú ß Ü ßÖ × Þßà Ø åßØ æ à Ú Ü s ï íÞßà Ø Ûè × è ÖÙßæ íèé ã Ø îïð ñ åèÝ Ø Ó òó w ØÙØ å â× ß Ü × ÞØ íèé ã Ø îï è ã ß Ü Ý w Ú× Þ × ÞØ Ú Ù ß Ù Ú Ý ÚÜ è ã ô Ø Ù à Ú ß Ü è Ü Û × ÞØ ÚÙ ÜÝ ã Ú à Þ × Ùè Ü à ã è × Ú ßÜ × ß éØ è Ü è ã yz ØÛ ï íÞ Ø è Ü è ã y à Ú à Ö ßá â à ØÛ ß Ü w Þè × å Ùß áØÛ â Ù Ø à w Ø Ù Ø â à Ø Û × ß ×Ù è Ü à ã è × Ø × ÞØæï íß Ûßá â æ Ø Ü× × ÞØ × Ùè Ü à ã è× Ú ß Ü å ÙßáØÛ âÙØà ç × Þ Ø Ù Øà Ø è ÙáÞØÙ Ø æ å ã ß y ØÛ í èé ã Ø îï ñà Ø Ø åè Ý Ø Ó ðó w Þ Ú áÞ w Ø ÙØ èÛ èå × Ø Û Ö Ù ßæ å Ù ßáØÛ âÙ Øà å Ù ßåßà ØÛ é y Ú Ü è y è Ü Û è Ù éØ ã Ü Ø × ñ ð ó è ã à ß ê Ø w æè Ùë ñ ð óï íÞØ Ù ØÖ ß Ù Ø ç × ÞØ Ù Øà â ã × å ÙØà Ø Ü× ØÛ Ú Ü í è é ã Ø îï éØá èæ Ø × ÞØ éèà Ú à × ß à ß ã ô Ø × ÞØ × Þ ÚÙ Û Ù Ø à ØèÙáÞ å Ù ßé ã Øæï ö ù ü üú ÿ ùø ù ü ùø û û ú û ù û ù ù ü ý ü ûù è à ØÛ ß Ü × ÞØ Ö ÚÜ Û Ú Ü Ýà ßÖ ×Ù è Ü à ã è ×Ú ß Ü å Ù ßáØ ÛâÙ Ø Ú ÛØ Ü×Ú Ö Ú áè × Ú ß Ü ç × ÞØ ÙØà Ø èÙ áÞØÙ è Ü è ã yz ØÛ × ÞØ å Ù ßáØ Û â Ù Øà w Þ Ú áÞ w ØÙØ è åå ã Ú ØÛ ÚÜ × Ùè Ü à ã è × ÚÜ Ý á âã ×âÙ Øä à åØá Ú Ö Ú á × Ø Ùæ à ÖÙßæ èÞ èà è Ü Ûß Ü Øà Ú è × ß Ü Ý ãÚ à Þ éèà ØÛ ß Ü × ÞØß ÙÚ Øà å Ù ßå ßà ØÛ é y ÚÜ è y è Ü Û è Ù é Ø ã Ü Ø × ñ ð ó è Ü Û ê Ø w æ è Ùë ñ ð ó ï í ÞØ ÙØà Ø è Ù áÞØ Ù ÛØà áÙ Ú éØÛ Þß w × Þßà Ø å Ù ßá ØÛ âÙ Øà w Ø Ù Ø â à ØÛ é y á ßæ åè Ù Ú Ü Ý × ÞØ æ ØèÜÚ ÜÝ è Ü Û à y Ü× èá × Ú áè ã Öß Ùæ ßÖ × ÞØ +,- . y y - + -1 -2 +3 1 +,- 4 + y 34 +32 5 .67 3 + ,- 4 3 2- 3 + 3 4 . + - 8 - . 9 - : - 3 +,- 6- 4 ; 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[\ ]_ ` abc d e c bf b _ c ] c b f g ha f _ i j jd f ] g f f d ki lmn s omp pt q r orst n st s r u two vp rt t w spx qy y t m q z n t o{ t t nrs r u o { y tur q | t vqon u no t q r x s u r { s z n s vrqx s u q p tur q z n s On }~ € ign Shores p t q z rs ‚q w x p r ƒ s o p t q „ or n s p t nrs r u o { y tur q | sp qon u n o t q r x s p s z t mq z n t o u t t nrs r u pr roq z{ … q s { t q z to tr p st yp t q o { y tur q | t vq o n u n o t q r x s u r { s z u r r x †‡ˆ‡‰ ‡ Š n ‹ ~ Œ€ si ‡ ns  o Žs„ yn t m  pt q z rs tr pst yp t n rs t mq or nq s or x vn yq z u r r x ‚q w x p r ƒ  s p s z nsp y p s z ‘ p r qy sq t t ’ _ “ a” • j – — ˜ ™ — — – š› š œ ]™  ž ™ Ÿ• f ¡ •˜ – œ– ˜ a• Ÿ ¢ — – › f •  • ˜ž • £ ` š •¢— a ¤¥ • › œ Ÿš¢ ¦ n § oreign ¨ hores lmq r qt qp r omq r z nt o ov q r q z tw qs  y | t m…q q ©ª«¬ o { y tur q | t vq on u no t q r x s ns ­ n } ~ € i ® Œ ¯ ˆ ~ €‰ ° lmq z n str n {nrs r u t mrt q t q r x s n s z qt o r n  q z p s u ry y ows ± t q²q s t q r x s  q y rs„ to t mq op t q „ ory o u qory o „ y ³ t m… qq t q r x s  qy rs „ to t mq o p t q„ ory o u x p t q r npy o { y tur q w snsq t q r x s  q y rs„ to t m q op t q„r… y o u t ronpy o { y tur q w o sq t q r x  q y rs„ to or „ p sn z p t nrs w n z q pt w ps z o { y tur q op t q „ ory w ps z t m… qq t q r x s  qy rs „ to t mq o p t q „ ory o u „ q stur q ps z mp  n t ’ l mrt q ª« t q r x s w q r q u r { s z ns ´µ vrq x s © r u ¶ \ poem s ¬ wr itten by ´ · poets © of ª´ poets ¬ fe p ture d in this p nthology ’ ¸ urtherm ore w those term s we re p ll in word | level p nd phr p se | level ’ ¹ n this secti rs w the rese p rcher discussed p nd psp lyzed e p ch culture | specific term found in ­ n } ~ € i ® Œ ¯ ˆ ~ € s ° lmq discussion is  p sed on ‚ ewm p rks c p tegori t p tion of culture | specific term s est p blished in ´\ºº ’ ¹ n p ddition w e p ch z p tum is presented  p sed on its c p tegory ’ »¼ ½¾ ¿À ol ÁÂà ÄÅÆ s ÇÈ t É Ê ory r É ËÉ rs to ÊÉ ÌÊÍÈ ÎÅÆ Ç ÈÏ È ÐÑ ÉÇÌÏ o Ê Æ Ç ÈÏ ËÉÈ tur É s w ÅÆ Ç Å ÇÈÐ Ò É ÐÌÍ Ó È Ï Ï y Ñ Æ st Æ ÐÊ Ô Æ Õ Å ÉÑ Ë r ÌÓ ot Å É r ÇÔÏ tur ÈÏ t É r Ó Ò ÉÇÈ Ô Õ É t Å É y È r É Ô Õ ÔÈ lly Ö È lue × free Ø politic È lly È nd com m erci È lly Ù Ú ewm È r ÛØ ÜÝÞÞß Ý àá â ã Ì Õ ä ly Ø term s which È re c È tegorized into this c È tegory È re rel È ted to flor ÈØ f È ÔÐÈØ wi ÐÑ Õ Ø pl È i ÐØ È nd hills Ù Îâ Ý åá â æ n this rese È rch Ø this c È tegory refers to æ ndonesi È n ecologic È l term s which Å È ve no direct equi Ö È lence in ç Ð glish due to their cultur È l Ò ÌÔÐÑ â ÄÅ É rese È rcher discovered seven Ù åá culture × specifi c term s which belong to the c È tegory of ecology in » poem s è ÐÈ m ely W â é â ê endr È s ëì í k îïð ì ñò ð òó ïè é ur ÈÇ Å Ó ÈÐ êâãô s õ ï ö ï÷ø õ ï ö ï÷ îïð ì õòù ïð ì um Ø é Ô Ò È Ê Æ o é È strow È r ÑÌ yos ú ï ó ûü m ïý i ï ó þï÷ in ÿ ÷ð ï Ø Ä È ÔË Æ q æ Õ Ó È Æ Ï s ï ó ý un ü ð ï ó ù ï ó îì þ i î ü st Ø ÈÐÑ È r ÓÈÐä o È t ÓÈÐ ô s þ ü lint ï ì ÿ ý l ï ó ý ik ï n ket g m ï÷ in l ü ïý ü ð ð ï ó Ù é È strow È r ÑÌ yos ú ï ó û ü m ïý i ï ó þ ï÷ in ÿ ÷ð ï è Îâ 6 û ü t ï ï ó is an Indonesian local plant which grows near the beach. In ûï us ü ïð ï ï ï ó î òóü si ï , k ü t ï ï ó is defined as pohon ü s ïð y ï ó îï óóï l ü ïð è ï ó ï ü rt ü m ð ó k ü ð ï è kulitny ï untuk m ü ny ï ï÷ k ulit è ì jiny ï îï ïý îì ïý min y ï÷ p. 494 That definition means that k ü t ï ï ó is a big tree which has broad leaves with hard-shelled fruits, barks that can be used to tan skins and seeds that can be used to produce oil. Similarly, according to Stevens and Schmidgall-Tellings ÿ ñ om ð üü nsiv ü ó î òó ü si ï ó øóù ish ú i í ti òó ïð , k ü t ï ï ó is a Singapore almond p. 495. In addition, the scientific name of which is ü rmi ó ï ù i ï í ïý ï ï . In Sastrowardoyo s úï ó û ü m ïý i ï ó þï÷ in k t r rs to t v s tr t t ry t + , - y + . t t s t . + 1 2 3 4 5 6 , r + pt + 5 + . + t + . + . 5 + , t + . r + s + 78 + s t t k t , rr + s , tur 7 . 2 .5 5 s . 2 5 + r , t 9 + ., + . t 4 : 3 4 6 k t s , or ; . 1 s to t , t 1 ory o , o 1 y 3 =? ky A y BCD E F C ku A G Rendra s =? k HI I , p. 54 G is a well-known bird in Indonesia; moreover, this bird becomes the national symbol of the country as depicted in G J ? A l symbol. In K L us M A M N A O n I si , is defined as 1 A m y m ny l m miliki k k P t y l A p. 295 or literally translated into a big carnivorous bird which looks like an eagle and has tremendous flying power and 2 l L O I si p. 295 or the symbol of Indonesia. This word is also defined as a griffin , mythical bird that transported the god Vishnu through space , and the eagle in the state coat of arms of the Republic Indonesia in H om h nsiv O I si Q R S ish T i ? ti I G p. 298. Yet, in Rendra s = ? k HI I , refers to a nickname given to Rick a character in the poem; that nickname is taken from the name of a strong bird whose definition is close to the first definition stated in K L us M A M N A O n I si . Since it refers to a kind of bird in the SL culture, the word belongs to the category of ecology. ? T N A kor kij CU g Surachman s V W k Q V W VIS um , p. 58 In Surachman s V W Q V W VIS um , the word kij refers to an animal that crosses a street as indicated by the quantifier A k I which in the SL determines quantity for animal. Furthermore, the word kij itself, in K L us XY Z[\ ] Z ] _ ] \ ] ` abca[ si ] d e s fg he igf j s kla ]m ] a n \ [ o [ rti p \ ] q t p k p _a r ] l [kl h k [ s il b ] a t ] ab pt ny ] l [k ih o [ab[ k which is scientifically known as u [ rvulus muntj ]s p. 500. That definition means that kij ] an is an animal which looks like a deer with a smaller body and shorter horns. Meanwhile, Stevens and Schmidgall- Tellings define kij ] an as a barking deer with short antlers p. 501. Although, there are differences in both dictionary definitions, a conclusion can still be drawn. Literally, kij ] an refers to a kind of deer with small body. Therefore, kij ] an belongs to the category of ecology. b v w [ m k ] _ v x en yz{z| v w [ m k ] _ v x en yz{z| Surachman s } ] ~ ]t  } ] ~ ]t b ] i } c € ] l um , p. 58 Z[an ]  ] a is literally a Javanese term for river. The most obvious example of this term is the phrase Z [ an ]  ] a Solo which refers to a great river in Solo, Central Java. ‚ ] ƒ us Z[\ ] Z ] _ ] \ ] ` abca[ si ] defines k[an ]  ] a as a big river originally written as \ p an ] l k[\ ] , p. 116, whilst Stevens and Schmidgall-Tellings „ u om o [_[ nsiv [ ` abca[ si ] a … an € ish † i s ti ca ] r defines it as a large river in Javanese p. 119. In ST, the word k[an ]  ] a literally refers to a geographical object which is mentioned along with other objects during a road trip. That object refers to a great river seen by a SL-speaking beholder. As a geographical term in the SL, k[an ]  ] a belongs to the category of ecology. [ v \ [ ri k p k p p an belibis Ismail s ‡ ] a m un ˆ [ ] an Z p € ] a bl ‰ i b  [ st , p. 78 Stevens and Schmidgall-Tellings functionally define k[ li kl s as a lesser tree duck, whistling teal p. 114. However, according to ‚ ] ƒ us Z[\ ] Z ] _ ] \ ] ` abca[ si ] , it is a wild bird which looks like a duck originally written as k p p an Š‹ liar yang rupanya seperti itik Œ  Ž‘ ’“ y ”• j • – • —“ • Œ ˜™ ššš› ™ œ ž Ÿ ¡¢ £ ts ¡¤ ¤ urr Ÿ ¢¤ Ÿ £¢ t ¥ Ÿ ¦ §¨ t ¥ Ÿ r Ÿž Ÿ  r ¤ ¥ Ÿ r ¤¡¢¤© ª Ÿ s t ¥ t « Ž li «— s £ s  ¬ £¢ ¡ ­ ®£ r w ¥ £ ¤¥ ©¡¡ ¬ ž © £ ¬ Ÿ  ª ¤ ¬ ¯¡ ° £ ¢ ± £¢  ©  r ±Ÿ ­ ©¡¤ ¬ ™ ²¤¤ or £¢± to t ¥ Ÿ Ÿ ­ £ ¢£ t £ ¡¢ž  ¢ t ¥ Ÿ £¢ ³Ÿ rpr Ÿ t  t £¡¢ ­ r ¡¯ t ¥ Ÿ p ¡Ÿ¯¨ t ¥ £ s ®£ r r Ÿ ­ Ÿ rs to  ¬ £¢ ¡ ­ ©¡¤  © ­ª ¢  £¢ t ¥ Ÿ ¦ ´ or £ ± £¢ ; thus, it belongs to the category of ecology. µ ¶ •‘ — · Ž k i • ¸ Ž t • — ¸ Ž•• ¹ º»¼»½ Yatman s ¾ Ž lint • · — ¿À l • À ik Œ p.128 G • Á • ¹ is an Indonesian word which refers to a kind of plant. According to  • ¹ us à Ž · •‘ à • Ä • · • Å  ’ Ž si • , ”• Á • ¹ means pohon y •” • Æ  Á • l Ž « • À • • ¸ • À  — ¸ • Ç • — · Ž « •”• — ¸ Ž m « Æ ” Ç Æ· Œ «— • · • Á • tum « ÆÄ  — •Ž ‘ • Ä y •” « • Á • Ç • — r p. 297 or a kind of tree which has dense leaves that can be used to wrap foods and it usually grows around an area surrounded by water. The scientific name of this plant is Å  ’“ •‘ ¸ Æ· Ž ÆÈ is . In Stevens and Schmidgall-Tellings , ”• y • ¹ is defined as a Tahitian or Polynesian chestnut p. 301. In Yatman s ¾ Ž lint • · i ¿À l • À ik , ”• Á • ¹ refers to a cropping fruit in Indonesia which is a subject to harvest. Therefore, as a kind of local flora known in the SL culture, this term can be categorized as a culture-specific term under the category of ecology. ” ¶  • È • Æ « Æ À uh k • “ •” É»Ê gkung Yatman s ¾ Ž lint • · — ¿À l • À ik Œ p.130  •” Ç Æ ” Œ is a kind of vegetable in Indonesia.  • ¹ us à Ž · •‘ à • Ä • · • Å  ’ Ž si • defines it very specifically as tum « ÆÄ • · • Á Æ ‘ • y •” m Ž nj • È •‘ Œ « • À •” Á • « Ž‘ • — ‘ Œ • Æ  Á • « Ž‘ « Ž ntuk t • ¹ Ž”  • m Ž‘ Æ  “ i ” ¸ •• « •” i • Á • Œ « Ž rt •” Ç • — ¸ • Ë •” Ž”• ¸ Ž rmuk •• • Æ  · Ž « Ž l • Ä • À • · « Ž rw •‘ • hij • Æ y •” l Ž «— h t Æ • •‘ — ¸ •• ¸ Ž rmuk •• · Ž « Ž l • Ä « • Ì • Ä Œ « Æ ”• Á • « Ž‘ « Ž ntuk t Ž rom ¸ Ž t « Ž rw •‘ • lil • Œ « Æ • Ä  Á • « Ž‘ « Ž ntuk « ÆÈ • À t Ž lur p. 440. In other words, k • ” Ç Æ ” ÍÎ r ÏÐÏ rs to Ñ ÒÓÔÕ Ö Ð × r Ï Ï ØÏ r Ø ÙÑÔÚ w Û Ö Ü Ï tr Ý Ô Ò Ó s Ü Ý××Ý Ù Ï ÔÚ Þ ß t Û Ñ s Ü ÛÓÏ ÙÕ àÜ Û ÑØÏ Õ Ù Ï Ñá Ï Ü â Ù ÖÔ ã st Ï ä Ü â Ù ÓÙÑ × à × ÖÙ or Ï Õ tr Ý ä p Ï t à Ü Û Ñ ØÏ Õ Ð Ù ow Ï r Ü â ÑÔÕ Ð ru Ó ts w ÛÓ ×Û ÙÖÖ Ò Ù Ó ÒÏ Ï ãã s; it is scientifically known as å pom oea reptans . Similarly, k æçèé u çè ê in ë ì om íî ïðï nsiv ï åçñòçï si æç óôçèõ ish ö i ÷ ti òçæ î ø ê is defined as a swamp cabbage, water convolvulus p. 445. Furthermore, in ST the word k æçèé ù çè literally refers to a vegetable in Indonesia which is sold along with peanuts. Thus, as a kind of local flora, k æçèéù çè belongs to the category of ecology. The occurrence of culture-specific terms that belong to the category of ecology is illustrated in Table 4.1. úûü l ý þÿ ÿ ú ý ol û ý y ultur ý ý úý Daun ketapang n n kin + kr , Subagio Sastrowardoyo d - un ke .- p - ng m kin , t , r u ur n Garuda 1 2 k 3 ri 4 oron W.S. Rendra 1 2 ky 5 s y n 5 g - rud - ku s y n Kijang 6 7 k 8 6 7 k 3 ri 6 o rium Surachman R.M. n 5 h 5 s kor k 9 :- ng Bengawan 6 7 k 8 6 7 k 3 ri 6 o rium Surachman R.M. ; , h = eng - w - n ;, h = eng - w - n Belibis ntun ? r n u n 3 i 3 w st Taufiq Ismail s r , u , urun belibis Gayam lin si + ntik Darmanto Yatman 3 ri s k n p ni p n n m g - y - m Kangkung u , utuh k 2 n k - ngkung Based on the conducted analysis, the researcher found out that there are seven culture-specific terms that belong to the category of ecology found in A n B ò î ï i èç C ðò î ï s . Those terms are mostly terms related to local flora and fauna DD EFGHF IF t JK L M NOP tur K Q However, one term referring to a geographical object is also found in On RST U ign Shores . VW XYZ[ r \Y ] ultur [ Material culture, which is also called as artifacts, is associated to local foods, clothes, houses, and transports which Newmark 1988: 97-98 proposes as four sub-category of it. This category embraces names of traditional foods which is the most sensitive and important expression of national culture p. 97, traditional clothes which refers to national costumes which is distinctive p. 97, traditional and national houses which refers to typical house of particular language communities p. 97, and also local transportation referring to names of various carriages to provide local colour and to connote prestige p. 98. The researcher found three terms that belong to the category of material culture in Taufiq Ismail s Trem _U rkl U`U ` ab ` cd e ot b f b ` RT b `g dg h o , Darmanto Yatman s i U lint b g d j k l b ` k ik , and Linus Suryadi AG s l U nt T b m n b T o . b p j q U rik b m U ` a U l r b T o b n sr ` t i kerupuk k U nt b ` a k U ri ` a u Ismail s v T U m _U rkl U`U` ab ` cd e ot b f b n RT b `g dg hS w p. 72 eU rupuk is an Indonesian culture-specific term which belongs to the food sub-category of material culture. It refers to a kind of Indonesian chip which is made of flour. In e b q us _Ug b T _ b x b g b y ` c S`U si b , k U rupuk is a food made of flour dough mixed with crushed shrimp and fish. To cook it, the dough is steamed, cut slightly, molded, and sun-dried originally written as m b o b ` b ` y b ` a cd sr b k cb T d bc S` b ` t U z r ` a cdhb q pur c U` ab ` lum b k b ` r c b ` a b k b r ik b ` w g U t U l b x cd kukus cd g b t b k{ g b t b k tipis b k b r cd s U ntuk c U` ab ` b m b k hU t b o w k U m r cd b ` cd j U mur bab T |} mudah digoreng ~ €‚ƒ„ € … † ‡ t ˆ ‰ ˆ† Š ‹†Œ ‡ Ž  Œ ‘ ‹’’ “ ” ˆ ’ ’  †‘ s • – omprehensiv — ˜™š›™— si œ™ ž™Ÿ ish ¡ i ¢ ti ›™œ £ ¤ ~ k — rupuk  s Œˆ ¥ †ˆ Œ ‹ s ‹ generic term for all kinds of chips made from starch base and ground shrimps, fish, or other ingredients as they come dried and are fried before eaten p. 493. Based on the context in Ismail s ¦ £ — m § — rkl — ™— n Ÿœ™ š¨ © ot œ ªœ™ «£ œ™¬ ¨¬ ¢ o , an overview can be taken explaining that k — rupuk refers to dried, fried chips made of flour dough with potatoes. Henceforth, k — rupuk carries cultural element that makes it a material culture-specific terms. ­® §œŸœ¨ getek ny œ ¯ oko ¦ i ™Ÿ ° ir Yatman s ± — lint œ¬ ¨ • ² l œ™ ² ik , p. 132 G — t — k is a traditional kind of water transportation in Indonesia. It is made of bamboos which are arranged and tied up together as a flat-formed raft. According to © œ ³ us §— ¬ œ £ §œ ´ œ¬ œ ˜™š›™— si œ , the term Ÿ— t — k is a Jakarta Malay word for a raft originally £ œ ° it , p. 317. Similarly, Stevens and Schmidgall- Tellings in • – om µ £ — ´ — nsiv — ˜ ™š›™— si œ™  ž ™Ÿ ish ¡ i ¢ ti ›™œ £ ¤ define Ÿ— t — k as a raft p. 322. Based on the ST, the word Ÿ — t — k literally refers to a water transportation used by Joko Tingkir, a fictional character in Javanese legend, to sail down a river. Therefore, the word Ÿ— t — k belongs to material culture-specific terms ¢ ® ¶ opi ·¸ ny œ ­ — rt —™ŸŸ— r š¨ œ ² œ¬ ° — µ œ œ ¹ Suryadi s –— nt £ œ º œ £ °» p. 164 The term kopi œ ´ in §œ ´ œ ¬ œ ˜™š›™— si œ refers to a hat which is also called µ —¢ i ; this hat is usually worn by men in a formal ceremony regardless of the fact that it becomes an identity of Muslim men. This term belongs to clothes sub- category. According to © œ ³ us §—¬ œ £ §œ ´ œ¬ œ ˜ n š›™— si œ , kopi œ h is a hat which is ¼½ ¾¿ ¾ ÀÁ Á y wor  à y Ä ¾¿ ÁÅ Æ ÆÇ Â w È Ç Â pr ÀÉ t ÅÉÅ ÂÊ t ÈÇÅ r pr À y Ç r Ë or Å Ê Å ÂÀÁÁ y wr Å tt Ç Â À s topi ÌÍ ÎÏ Î Ð Í Ñ Î ÒÎ Í ÓÔ Î ÕÖ × sl Î Ø w Î Ò tu Ï ÎÙ Î Ú , p. 525. In Stevens and Schmidgall- Tellings , kopi ÎÛ is defined as a cap, headdress worn by Muslim men and as a symbol of nationalism, an untasseled fez p. 519. In Suryadi s ÜÝ nt Ô ÎÙ ÞÎ rk , the word kopi ÎÛ refers to the hat worn by a bishop; that hat physically looks like the headdress worn by Muslim men. Nevertheless, the word kopi ÎÛ still belongs to the category of material culture; since it still refers to national clothes, specifically a nationally acclaimed headdress. This fact marks kopi ÎÛ as one of Indonesian national identities. The findings of material culture terms are illustrated in Table 4.2 below. ßàá l â ã äå ä ßæâ çà t â r è à l é ultur â é àê â ëìí y o î é ultur â ï ðñ â ò è î è ò ß â íó ô õö ÷ ø ù ú û ü ýþ ÿ ö ÷ ö ø ù ÿ ø ö ù Kerupuk Food kl ot n r is Taufiq Ismail m i m k kerupuk i Getek Transport int i tl ik Darmanto Yatman getek r Kopiah Clothes r k Linus Suryadi opi t +, - . 01 2 1 34 The category of social culture refers to words that indicate particular work and leisure activity or product of cultures Newmark, 1988: 98. Based on examples provided by Newmark, it can be concluded that music terms, music instruments, and music genre e.g., sit ÛÎÔ and ÌÍ w Î Indian traditional string instruments, Ô Î Ö Î Indian melodic mode, Ô ÝÖÖ Î Ý Jamaican music genre, p. 95 56 78 so 9:8;= to t ? s 7 t := ory A B urt : r C or : D ? t 78 so ? 8EF: s t : r C s w ? F: ; G : 8: ? sur : 7 t ? H? ty ? national games with their lexical sets p. 99. In this research, nine terms that belong to the category of social culture were found. Those terms were found in six poems, namely Taufiq Ismail s Pantun Terang I ul JK LM Midwest, Darmanto Yatman s NO lint JP M Q R l JK R ik , Darmanto Yatman s S m TU O si V onolulu , Frans Nadjira s W O TJP JK X Y uris , Abdul Hadi s Z i L[ K X \[R ih , and Abdul Hadi s ] JK L P JT _`a_ [ K R uk QK XO l J b J c is d J d efg tun Y O U JK X I[ h JK LM N i L i O st Ismail s \JK R un Y O U JK X I[ h JK LM N i L i O st , p. 78 \ JK R un is a kind of traditional poetry known in Malay and traditional Jakarta. The word TJK R un is found in the title of Ismail s poem and it refers to the kind of poetry Ismail applies in this poem. In Z J j us I O P JU I J k JP J S K L l K O si J , the word TJK R un is defined as m O ntuk puisi S K L l K O si J n NO l J yu o p ti JT m J M t n kupl O t o m M JP JK q J t O U LM ri J R JP O m TJ R m JU M s y JK X m O U P J r J n J s m s J s m o p m JU M s T O rt J j J L JK k OL[ J m MJP JK q J untuk tum T [ JK n P J j pi U JK o L JK m JU M s k O ti X J L JK k OO m TJ R m O U [ TJ JK isi p. 728. The definition implies that TJK R un is a form of Indonesian poetry; each verse consists of four couplets with specific rhymes. The first 2 couplets are called P J j pi U JK not the literal meaning; and the second 2 couplets are called isi the content it addresses. Meanwhile, the word TJK R un is described as a kind of quatrain, old poetry form consisting of verses of four lines each or kinds of epigrammatic style in Stevens and Schmidgall-Tellings Q t om TU O k O nsiv O S K L l K O si JK s u K X h ish b i v ti l KJU q p. 708. The example of TJK R un can be seen in the following illustration. wx y ik z z{z | }~ ur { l z{ € g ‚ ƒ„… † h kit z ~ † num ‡zˆ‰ ~ zˆ{ i Š | z ~ pi ‹ zˆ not literal meaning y ik z z{z Œ z  tu y zˆ‰ ‡zˆ j € g a ƒ„… † h kit z Ž† rt † mu l z‰ i b isi literal meaning The first and the third line bear the same final sound  ‘ , while the second and the fourth line bear the same ’ sound. That kind of poetry is what Ismail wants to show in “ zˆ ” un • † ‹ zˆ‰ ƒ}… zˆ { – i { Œ † st — Since it refers to a traditional work of art as leisure poetry, ‡zˆ ” un , belongs to the category of social culture. Ž— {z … z ~ m e ˜ € ™ ruh Ž …} † s Yatman s –† lint z|  š ” l zˆ ” ik › p. 130 – †‰z ” ruh is one of macapat song Javanese traditional songs with specific lines and rhymes. The constraint on macapat s specific numbering of syllables is called ‰ }‹ } wil zˆ‰zˆ ; while the constraint on macapat s final sound of each line is called ‰ }‹ } sw z ‹ z . According to œ z ~ us ƒ † | z ‹ ƒ z  z| z ž ˆ{„ ˆ† si z , m †‰z ” ruh is defined as a form of m z Ÿ z‡z ” composition which is usually used to express disappointment or deep sadness; it has five lines ‰z ” ‹ z in which the first line consists of 12 syllables finalized with n sound originally written as Ž† ntuk komposisi t † m Žzˆ‰ m z Ÿ z‡z ” › Žz| zˆ z { ‡z  z i untuk m † lukisk zˆ p †‹ z| zzˆ k † Ÿ † w z z ” z } k †| †{  zˆ y zˆ‰ m †ˆ{z … z ~ › m † mpuny z Žz t l z‰ } y zˆ‰ t † ‹ { iri z ” z| lim z Žz ‹ | › Žz ‹  s ‡† rt z ~ z m † mpuny z { } z Ž† l z| suku k z ” z y zˆ‰ Ž† ‹ z  hir Ž } ˆ i n ¡ ¢£ n ¤› k † m } { zˆ Ž† rturut ¥ turut ¦  › ¦ i › {zˆ ¦ z , p. 641. The word m † ‰z ” ruh does not have equivalence in English indicated by the absence of it in Stevens and Schmidgall-Tellings š § om ‡ ‹ †  † nsiv † ž ˆ{ „ ˆ † si zˆ ¥¨ ˆ‰ … ish © i Ÿ ti „ ˆz ‹ . From the definition in œ z ~ us ƒ † s z ‹ ƒ z  z| z ž ˆ{ „ ˆ † si z , it is apparent that m †‰z ” ruh is a cultural word which belongs to social culture as a music term. 60 c ª « ¬­®¯ l °± m ® ¬° ² ³´µ´¶ µ·¸ ung Yatman s ¹± lint ¬ « ¯ º» l ¬°» ik ¼ p.130 ½ ¬ ¾ ¬ ¿ ¾ ÀÁ  ° ² is also one of m ¬ Á¬ ¾ ¬» songs in Javanese tradition. ½¬ ¾ ¬ ¿ ¾ ÀÁ  ° ² is sometimes called as ® ¬ ¾ ¬ ¿ pu Á  ° ² or ¾Â Á  ° ² . According to ì­ us ½± « ¬Ä ½¬Å¬ « ¬ Æ ° Ç À° ± si ¬ , ® ¬ ¾ ¬ ¿ po Á  ° ² or pu Á  ° ² is defined as a form of m ¬Á¬ ¾ ¬» composition which is usually used to tell spoof, anecdote, and riddle originally defined as ® ± ntuk komposisi t ± m ® ¬ ° ² m ¬Á ¬ ¾ ¬» ¼ ®¯ ¬ « ¬°È¬ ǯ ¾ ¬ ¿ ¬ ¯ untuk m ±°Á ± rit ¬ ¿ ¬° Å¬É Ê Å¬É y ¬° ² ri ° ² ¬°¼ j ±°¬ ¿ ¬¼ ¬»¬  t ± k ¬ Ê t ± ki , p. 794. Ë Á  ° ² has 4 lines 4 ² ¬» Ä ¬ , in which the first line has 12 syllables finalized in u sound, the second line has six syllables ended in ´ sound, the third line has 8 syllables ended in Ì sound, and the fourth line has 12 syllables ended in ´ sound. The same as the word m ± ² ¬» ruh , ® ¬ ¾ ¬ ¿ ¾ ÀÁ  ° ² also literally refers to a m ¬Á¬ ¾ ¬» song. In Stevens and Schmidgall-Tellings º Í om ¾ Ä ±Å± nsiv ± Æ ° Ç À° ± si ¬° ÊÎ ° ² É ish Ï i Á ti À°¬Ä È , the word pu Á  ° ² is defined as a song form in Javanese p. 779. Therefore, this word as a music term in particular culture belongs to the category of social culture. Ç ª Ç ¬É¬­ t ± t ± m ® ¬° ² ¬° Ð ´ Ñ Ð ´ Ñ ggul ´ Yatman s ¹ ± lint ¬ « ¯ º» l ¬°» ik ¼ p. 132 The word Ç ¬° Ç ¬° ²²Â É ¬ in Yatman s ¹± lint ¬ « ¯ º tl ¬°» ik also refers to a m ¬Á¬ ¾ ¬» song in the Javanese tradition. à ¬­ us ½± « ¬Ä ½ ¬Å¬ « ¬ Æ n Ç À°± si ¬ categorizes it as an art word and defines it as a form of Javanese and Sundanese poem or song that express joyfulness or victory it is originally defined as ® ± ntuk pusi Ò ¬ Ó ¬ Ç ¬° Ô Â ° Ç ¬ t ± rm ¬ « ¿ j ± nis t ± m ® ¬° ² ¼ y ¬° ² m ± lukisk ¬° r ¬ « ¬ suk ¬ Á it ¬ ¬»¬  k ± m ±°¬° ² ¬°¼ Õ p. 208. Ï ¬° Ç ¬° ²²Â É ¬ has 10 lines 10 gatra and the ²Â Ä Â wil ¬° ² ¬° and ²Â Ä Â sw ¬Ä ¬ structure of which is described as follows: 10i, 10a, 8e, 61 7u, 9i, 7a, 6u, 8a, 12i, 7a. Meanwhile, the word dandanggula is defined as a Javanese meter in music p 225. In addition, based on the context given in the poem, the word dandanggula also literally refers to a title of mac apat song. Therefore, the word dandanggul Ö× an existing ancient form of traditional music in Javanese culture, belongs to the the category of social culture. e Ø n in Ù bobo Yatman s Ú m ÛÜ Ý si Þ onolul ß ×

p. 134 or nin

Ù àáàá y Ö âã m Ý â Ý nt Ü Ö ä k Ö â × k ß Û Ö å Ö æ k Ö â Û Ö ç Ö âè Ö Hadi s é ini Þ Ö Ü ê ë usim ì Ý mi × p. 160 í i â Ö îïîï or ni â Ö îïîï is a title of a song which is sung to aid the process of a child to go to sleep. In other word, ni â Ö îïîï is a title of a lullaby in Indonesia. This word is coined into ð Ö å Ö ñ Ö Úâç ïâ Ý si Ö becoming a noun which means a song sung before a child go to sleep originally written ny Ö â yi Ö n untuk m Ý ni ç ß Ü ò Ö â Ö â Ö ò × ó ô Ö mus ð Ý ñ Ö Ü ð Ö å Ö ñ Ö Ú âçï â Ý si Ö , p. 690 and a verb which means to sing a song for children in order to make them sleep originally defined as m Ý ny Ö âè ik Ö â l Ö ã ß untuk Ö â Ö ò ñ ß Û Ö è Ö ti ç ß Ü , ô Ö ä us ðÝñ Ö Ü ð Ö å Ö ñ Ö Úâçïâ Ý si Ö , p. 690. In other hand, Stevens and Schmidgall-Tellings in õ ö om ÛÜ Ý å Ý nsiv Ý Úâçïâ Ý si Ö â ÷øâãù ish é i ú ti ïâ Ö Ü è define the word ni â Ö îïîï as a lullaby p. 665. The contexts also emphasize that the phrase ni â Ö îïîï here exactly refers to the title of the song described in dictionaries, which is sung to led someone to sleep. According to its origin, ni â Ö îïîï belongs to the category of social culture. f. é Ý w Ö ÷ç Ý w Ö çê pul Ö ß ini ti ç Ö ò m Ý m îÝ âú i û Ù à ü n ý ÙþÙ ÿ Ø ó Nadjira s ìÝ Û Ö ñ Ö âã uris , p.138 ì Ö î ß âã Ö è Ö ä is a kind of leisure activity which is often practiced in Bali, Indonesia. This phrase refers to a contest of rooster fighting which is sometimes 62 attached to betting games. us si defines as a fighting between two roosters as originally written as rk l t kor j , p. 858. Whereas, based on Steven and Schmidgall-Tellings om nsiv si ish i ti , is fighting cock p. 852. Those dictionary definitions imply that is a kind of leisure activity done by engaging two roosters in a fight; moreover, the context stated in the poem also shows that it precisely refers to the reference defined by dictionaries. Therefore, since this leisure activity is renowned in Indonesian culture, the word belongs to Indonesian culture-specific term specifically to the category of social culture. musim n si gender Abdul Hadi s i i p. 154 G r is a Javanese traditional music instrument one of m l instrument which looks like a xylophone with metal to resemble each tone. From its use, it can be concluded that r is a term of art specifically originated from Javanese tradition. us si defines r as a Javanese l instrument made from 14 metallic plates and bamboos to echo the sound originally defined as l y l l l rjuml m l m , p. 308. Whilst, according to Steven and Schmidgall-Tellings om nsiv si ish i ti , r is a m l instrument or xylophone with bronze keys suspended over bamboo sounding tubes p. 314. By considering the 63 context in the poem, the researcher also found out that the word gender exactly refers to a traditional musical instrument included in the ensemble set of game lan . Newmark 1988: 95 shows that example of social culture are mostly words related to work and leisure. Furthermore, some of examples he proposes are related to terms which includes music and its instrument as representations of it. Thus, gender represents the category of social culture of culture-specific terms due to its definition and use as a traditional music instrument. st +, riuh m mukul ken -. g ny rim rim 1 Hadi s 2 , + 3453 6 7 uk 8 l 9 : i , ; p. 162 is defined as a Javanese term of originally written as gendang, p. 478, while ; in = us , , ? si , is defined as a musical instrument in the shape of long and round wood covered with leather on one or both side with a cavity inside originally written as A 7 6 B i 06 B i 6 k B u 6 A 7 C ; A = ny , A , 7 u l 6 B 7 6 k 6 0 6 B ri kulit , p. 308. Meanwhile, Steven and Schmidgall-Tellings describe k as a conical-shaped drum resting on crossbeams and beaten with both hands; used to direct or conduct a group of players p. 480. Based on dictionary definitions presented above and judgments made from the context, a conclusion can be drawn about the meaning of the word k Apparently, the word k refers to a music instrument used in Indonesian leisure activity. Therefore, it belongs to the category of social culture. 64 The terms of the category of social culture are illustrated in Table 4.3 below. DEF l G HIJI D K G L MNOE P Q ultur G QE R GSMT y MU Q ultur G V L W GNO UO N D G T X Y Z [\Z ] _ ` ab cd cb \ ] e ` f g e ` hi j e a [ ` Pantun Pantun Terang k u lm n n i o pn w q st Taufiq Ismail r s ntun tq r m n u k u lm n n i o pn w q st Megatruh oq lin vm si w v lm ntik Darmanto Yatman n m l m m m eg s truh x lu q s Bapak pocung oq lin vm si w v lm ntik Darmanto Yatman s m y x il n qy x m n u b s p s kpocung Dandanggula oq lin vm si w v lm ntik Darmanto Yatman n m l m m v q v q y x m n u m n d s nd s nggu z s Nina bobo ninabobo { mpr q si |} nolulu Darmanto Yatman nin s bobo ~ p  i |m ri o usim € q mi Abdul Hadi nin s bobo y m n u yq n q ntr m mk m n  kup m h m tk m n p m n m ny m Sabung ayam € q p m s m n u t uris Frans Nadjira ~ q w m ‚n q w m n i pu lm u ini v p n m k yqy x q n ƒ i s s bung s y s m Gender „ p n un u … utih Abdul Hadi musim p m n m s n m t m n u x q r n u m m n n q n u m n m n u in si gender Kendang † m n n sk m p ‡ ˆ ‰ ‡ untuk w n u qlm ~ m vis Abdul Hadi x q rp q s vm n i m n u k m s m riuh yq mukul kend s ng ny m n i r p y x m ‚ r p y x m HI Š TSE ‹ O Œ E R OM ‹ Œ  Ž  GE Œ  E ‹  Q  Œ R M X Œ Organisations, ideas, and customs category theoretically attains the largest population among all categories of culture-specific terms. Based on Newmark 1988: 99-102, this category embraces political, administrative, historical, international, religious, and artistic terms. Terms within the scope of this category are political and administrative terms of a country which is reflected in its institutional terms, i.e., ‘ ’ jm , Polish parliament p. 99, historical terms which are shown in historical institutional terms, i.e., kulturk “”•– in Germany, p. 101, international terms which refer to international institutional terms known by their acronyms, i.e., United Nations or UN, p. 101, religious 65 terms which refer to terms used by the other world religions, i.e., Pharisees from Christian Bible, p. 102, and artistic terms which refer to art movements, processes, and organizations, i.e., Amsterdam — oncertge ˜™š w an art movement in Holland p. 102. Although it has the largest population of culture-specific terms, the researcher only found one term priors to this category. That term was found in Taufiq Ismail s › œ  m ž rkl Ÿ  Ÿ ¡Ÿ ¢£ kot ¡ ¤ ¡Ÿ ¥ œ ¡Ÿ ¦ £¦ § o ¨ a. ©¡¢¡ ©  l ¡ ª ¡œ ¡Ÿ ilmu ˜š « i ¢£ ¬ ekol ­® ¯­°±­² ©¡œ ³ ik  lir . Ismail s › œ  m ž rkl  Ÿ  Ÿ ¡Ÿ ¢£ kot ¡ ¤ ¡Ÿ ¥ œ ¡Ÿ ¦ £ ¦ § o , p. 70 ¤ kol ¡´ µ ¡¶ y ¡³ is an Indonesian educational term referring to one level of education in the past. ¤ kol ¡´ µ ¡¶ y ¡³ levels with primary or elementary school ¤ kol ¡´ · ¡ ¦ ¡œ in the present context. Nowadays, the term ¤ kol ¡´ µ ¡¶ y ¡³ is no longer used in Indonesian education since it is replaced by the term ¤ kol ¡´ ·¡ ¦ ¡œ . The term ¤  kol ¡ h ·¡ ¦ ¡œ refers to a school which provides education as a basic knowledge to proceed to a higher school ¦  kol ¡´ t  m ©¡³ m  m ˜  rik ¡Ÿ © Ÿ¢£ ¢£ k ¡Ÿ ¦  ˜ ¡ ¡£ ¢¡ ¦ ¡ r ©  Ÿ  t ¡´ š ¡Ÿ untuk m  l ¡Ÿ ª utk ¡Ÿ k  ¦  kol ¡´ y ¡Ÿ l  ˜ £ h ti Ÿ £ , ¸ ¡« us ž¦ ¡œ ž¡´¡ ¦ ¡ ¹Ÿ¢ ™ Ÿ  si ¡ , p. 893. In other hand, Stevens and Schmidgall-Tellings precisely define ¦  kol ¡´ r ¡¶ y ¡³ as being equivalent to elementary school or grammar school º — om ©œ ´  nsiv  ¹Ÿ¢ ™ Ÿ si ¡Ÿ » ¼ Ÿ ½ ish · i § ti ™ Ÿ¡œ ¾ , p. 892. Meanwhile, based on the context given in the poem, the phrase ¤  kol ¡´ µ ¡ ky ¡³ indeed refers to the elementary school in Indonesia during the past time.