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ÊÉ ÌÊÍÈ
ÎÅÆ Ç ÈÏ È
ÐÑ ÉÇÌÏ
o
Ê Æ
Ç ÈÏ ËÉÈ
tur
É
s w
ÅÆ Ç Å
ÇÈÐ Ò É
ÐÌÍ Ó È
Ï Ï
y
Ñ Æ
st
Æ ÐÊ Ô
Æ Õ Å ÉÑ
Ë
r
ÌÓ
ot
Å É
r
ÇÔÏ
tur
ÈÏ
t
É
r
Ó Ò ÉÇÈ
Ô Õ
É
t
Å É
y
È
r
É Ô
Õ ÔÈ
lly
Ö È
lue
×
free
Ø
politic
È
lly
È
nd com m
erci
È
lly
Ù Ú
ewm
È
r
ÛØ ÜÝÞÞß
Ý àá â
ã Ì Õ ä
ly
Ø
term s which
È
re c
È
tegorized into this c
È
tegory
È
re rel
È
ted to flor
ÈØ
f
È ÔÐÈØ
wi
ÐÑ Õ
Ø
pl
È
i
ÐØ È
nd hills
Ù Îâ
Ý åá â
æ
n this rese
È
rch
Ø
this c
È
tegory refers to
æ
ndonesi
È
n ecologic
È
l term s which
Å È
ve no direct equi
Ö È
lence in
ç Ð
glish due to their cultur
È
l
Ò ÌÔÐÑ â
ÄÅ É
rese
È
rcher discovered
seven
Ù åá
culture
×
specifi c term
s which belong to the c
È
tegory of ecology
in
»
poem s
è ÐÈ
m ely
W
â é â ê
endr
È
s
ëì í
k
îïð ì ñò ð
òó ïè é
ur
ÈÇ Å Ó
ÈÐ êâãô
s
õ ï ö ï÷ø
õ ï ö ï÷
îïð ì
õòù ïð ì
um
Ø é Ô
Ò È Ê
Æ
o
é È
strow
È
r
ÑÌ
yos
ú ï ó
ûü
m
ïý
i
ï ó
þï÷
in
ÿ ÷ð ï
Ø Ä
È ÔË
Æ
q
æ Õ
Ó È Æ
Ï
s
ï ó ý
un
ü ð ï ó
ù ï
ó îì
þ
i
î ü
st
Ø ÈÐÑ
È
r
ÓÈÐä
o
È
t
ÓÈÐ ô
s
þ ü
lint
ï ì
ÿ ý
l
ï ó ý
ik
ï
n ket g
m
ï÷
in l
ü ïý
ü ð ð ï
ó Ù
é È
strow
È
r
ÑÌ
yos
ú ï ó
û ü
m
ïý
i
ï ó
þ ï÷
in
ÿ ÷ð ï è
Îâ
6
û ü
t
ï ï
ó
is an Indonesian local plant which grows near the beach. In
ûï
us
ü ïð
ï ï
ï ó î
òóü
si
ï
, k
ü
t
ï ï
ó
is defined as pohon
ü
s
ïð
y
ï ó
îï óóï
l
ü ïð è
ï ó ï
ü
rt
ü
m
ð ó
k
ü ð ï è
kulitny
ï
untuk m
ü
ny
ï ï÷
k ulit
è ì
jiny
ï îï
ïý îì
ïý
min y
ï÷
p. 494 That definition means that k
ü
t
ï ï
ó
is a big tree which has broad leaves with hard-shelled fruits, barks that can be used to
tan skins and seeds that can be used to produce oil. Similarly, according to Stevens and Schmidgall-Tellings
ÿ ñ
om
ð üü
nsiv
ü ó î
òó ü
si
ï ó
øóù
ish
ú
i
í
ti
òó ïð
, k
ü
t
ï ï
ó
is a Singapore almond p. 495. In addition, the scientific name of which is
ü
rmi
ó ï ù
i
ï í ïý ï
ï
. In Sastrowardoyo s
úï ó
û ü
m
ïý
i
ï ó
þï÷
in
k t
r rs to
t v
s tr
t t
ry t
+ , -
y
+ .
t t
s t
. +
1 2
3 4
5 6 ,
r
+
pt
+ 5
+ .
+
t
+ .
+ .
5 + ,
t
+ .
r
+
s
+ 78 +
s t t k
t
,
rr
+
s
,
tur
7 .
2 .5
5
s
. 2
5 +
r
,
t
9 +
., +
.
t
4 :
3 4
6
k t
s
,
or
; .
1
s to t
,
t
1
ory o
,
o
1
y
3 =?
ky
A
y
BCD E F C
ku
A G
Rendra s
=?
k
HI I
, p. 54 G
is a well-known bird in Indonesia; moreover, this bird becomes the national symbol of the country as depicted in G
J ?
A
l symbol. In
K L
us
M A
M N
A O
n
I
si ,
is defined as 1
A
m y
m ny
l m
miliki k k
P
t y
l
A
p. 295 or literally translated into a big carnivorous bird which looks like an eagle and has tremendous flying power and 2 l
L O
I
si p.
295 or the symbol of Indonesia. This word is also defined as a griffin , mythical bird that transported the god Vishnu through space , and the eagle in
the state coat of arms of the Republic Indonesia in
H
om h
nsiv
O I
si
Q R
S
ish
T
i
?
ti
I G
p. 298. Yet, in Rendra s
= ?
k
HI I
, refers to a
nickname given to Rick a character in the poem; that nickname is taken from the name of a strong bird whose definition is close to the first definition stated in
K L
us
M A
M N
A O
n
I
si . Since it refers to a kind of bird in the SL culture,
the word belongs to the category of ecology.
? T
N A
kor kij
CU
g Surachman s
V W
k
Q V
W VIS
um , p. 58 In Surachman s
V W
Q V
W VIS
um , the word kij refers to an
animal that crosses a street as indicated by the quantifier
A
k
I
which in the SL determines quantity for animal. Furthermore, the word kij
itself, in
K L
us
XY Z[\ ]
Z ]
_ ] \ ]
` abca[
si
] d
e
s
fg he igf
j
s
kla ]m ] a
n \
[ o [
rti
p \ ]
q
t
p k p
_a r ]
l
[kl
h k
[ s
il
b ] a
t
] ab pt
ny
]
l
[k
ih
o [ab[
k which is scientifically known as
u [
rvulus muntj
]s
p. 500. That definition means that kij
] an
is an animal which looks like a deer with a smaller body and shorter horns. Meanwhile, Stevens and Schmidgall-
Tellings define kij
] an
as a barking deer with short antlers p. 501. Although, there are differences in both dictionary definitions, a conclusion can still be
drawn. Literally, kij
] an
refers to a kind of deer with small body. Therefore, kij
] an
belongs to the category of ecology.
b v
w [
m
k ] _
v x
en
yz{z| v
w [
m
k ] _
v x
en
yz{z|
Surachman s
} ]
~ ]t
}
] ~
]t b ]
i
} c
]
l
um , p. 58
Z[an ]
] a
is literally a Javanese term for river. The most obvious example of this term is the phrase
Z [
an ]
] a
Solo which refers to a great river in Solo, Central Java.
]
us
Z[\ ]
Z ] _ ]
\ ]
` abca[
si
]
defines
k[an ]
] a
as a big river originally written as
\ p
an ] l
k[\ ]
, p. 116, whilst Stevens and Schmidgall-Tellings
u
om
o [_[
nsiv
[ `
abca[
si
] a
an
ish
i
s
ti
ca ] r
defines it as a large river in Javanese p. 119. In ST, the word
k[an ]
] a
literally refers to a geographical object which is mentioned along with other objects during a
road trip. That object refers to a great river seen by a SL-speaking beholder. As a geographical term in the SL,
k[an ]
] a
belongs to the category of ecology.
[ v
\ [
ri
k p k p p
an
belibis Ismail s
]
a m
un
[ ]
an Z p
]
a bl
i
b
[
st , p. 78
Stevens and Schmidgall-Tellings functionally define
k[
li
kl
s as a lesser tree duck, whistling teal p. 114. However, according to
]
us
Z[\ ] Z ]
_ ] \ ]
` abca[
si
]
, it is a wild bird which looks like a duck originally written as
k p p an
liar yang rupanya seperti itik
y
j
¡¢
£
ts
¡¤ ¤
urr
¢¤
£¢
t
¥
¦ §¨
t
¥
r
r
¤ ¥
r
¤¡¢¤© ª
s t
¥
t
«
li
«
s
£
s
¬
£¢ ¡
®£
r w
¥ £ ¤¥
©¡¡ ¬
© £ ¬
ª
¤ ¬ ¯¡ °
£ ¢ ±
£¢
©
r
±
©¡¤ ¬
²¤¤
or
£¢±
to t
¥
£ ¢£
t
£ ¡¢
¢
t
¥
£¢ ³
rpr
t
t
£¡¢
r
¡¯
t
¥
p
¡¯¨
t
¥ £
s
®£
r r
rs to
¬
£¢ ¡
©¡¤ ©
ª ¢
£¢
t
¥
¦ ´
or
£ ± £¢
; thus, it belongs to the category of ecology.
µ ¶
·
k i
¸
t
¸
¹ º»¼»½
Yatman s
¾
lint
·
¿À
l
À
ik
p.128 G
Á
¹
is an Indonesian word which refers to a kind of plant. According to
Â
¹
us
Ã
·
Ã
Ä
·
Å
si
,
Á
¹
means pohon y
Æ
Á
l
«
À
¸
À
¸
Ç
·
«
¸
m
« Æ
Ç
Æ·
« ·
Á
tum
« ÆÄ
Ä
y
«
Á
Ç
r p. 297 or a kind of tree which has dense leaves that can be used to wrap foods
and it usually grows around an area surrounded by water. The scientific name of this plant is
Å
¸
Æ·
ÆÈ
is . In Stevens and Schmidgall-Tellings ,
y
¹
is defined as a Tahitian or Polynesian chestnut p. 301. In Yatman s
¾
lint
·
i
¿À
l
À
ik ,
Á
¹
refers to a cropping fruit in Indonesia which is a subject to harvest. Therefore, as a kind of local flora known in the SL culture, this term can
be categorized as a culture-specific term under the category of ecology.
¶
Â
È
Æ «
Æ À
uh k
É»Ê
gkung Yatman s
¾
lint
·
¿À
l
À
ik
p.130
Â
Ç Æ
is a kind of vegetable in Indonesia.
Â
¹
us
Ã
·
Ã
Ä
·
Å
si
defines it very specifically as tum
« ÆÄ
·
Á
Æ
y
m
nj
È
« À
Á
«
Æ
Á
«
«
ntuk t
¹
m
Æ
i
¸
«
i
Á
«
rt
Ç
¸
Ë
¸
rmuk
Æ
·
«
l
Ä
À
·
«
rw
hij
Æ
y
l
«
h t
Æ
¸
¸
rmuk
·
«
l
Ä
« Ì
Ä
«
Æ
Á
« «
ntuk t
rom
¸
t
«
rw
lil
« Æ
Ä
Á
«
«
ntuk
« ÆÈ
À
t
lur p. 440. In other words, k
Ç Æ
ÍÎ
r
ÏÐÏ
rs to
Ñ ÒÓÔÕ
Ö Ð ×
r
Ï Ï ØÏ
r
Ø ÙÑÔÚ
w
Û Ö Ü Ï
tr
Ý Ô Ò
Ó
s
Ü Ý××Ý
Ù Ï ÔÚ Þ
ß
t
Û Ñ
s
Ü ÛÓÏ ÙÕ
àÜ Û ÑØÏ
Õ Ù Ï
Ñá Ï Ü â
Ù ÖÔ ã
st
Ï ä Ü â
Ù ÓÙÑ × à
× ÖÙ
or
Ï Õ
tr
Ý ä
p
Ï
t
à Ü Û
Ñ ØÏ Õ
Ð Ù
ow
Ï
r
Ü â ÑÔÕ
Ð
ru
Ó
ts w
ÛÓ ×Û
ÙÖÖ Ò Ù Ó ÒÏ
Ï ãã
s; it is scientifically known as
å
pom oea reptans . Similarly, k
æçèé
u
çè ê
in
ë ì
om
íî ïðï
nsiv
ï åçñòçï
si
æç óôçèõ
ish
ö
i
÷
ti
òçæ î ø
ê
is defined as a swamp cabbage, water convolvulus p. 445. Furthermore, in ST the word k
æçèé ù çè
literally refers to a vegetable in Indonesia which is sold along with peanuts. Thus, as a
kind of local flora, k
æçèéù çè
belongs to the category of ecology. The occurrence of culture-specific terms that belong to the category of
ecology is illustrated in Table 4.1.
úûü
l
ý þÿ
ÿ ú
ý
ol
û ý
y ultur
ý ý
úý
Daun ketapang n
n kin
+
kr
,
Subagio Sastrowardoyo
d
-
un ke
.-
p
-
ng m
kin
,
t
,
r u
ur n
Garuda
1 2
k
3
ri
4
oron W.S.
Rendra
1 2
ky
5
s y
n
5
g
-
rud
-
ku s y
n Kijang
6 7
k
8 6 7
k
3
ri
6
o rium
Surachman R.M. n
5
h
5
s kor
k
9 :-
ng
Bengawan
6 7
k
8 6 7
k
3
ri
6
o rium
Surachman R.M.
; ,
h
=
eng
-
w
-
n
;,
h
=
eng
-
w
-
n
Belibis ntun
?
r n
u n
3
i
3
w st Taufiq Ismail
s r
,
u
,
urun belibis
Gayam lin
si
+
ntik Darmanto Yatman
3
ri s k
n p ni p
n n
m g
-
y
-
m
Kangkung u
,
utuh k
2
n k
-
ngkung
Based on the conducted analysis, the researcher found out that there are seven culture-specific terms that belong to the category of ecology found in
A
n
B ò
î ï
i
èç C
ðò î ï
s . Those terms are mostly terms related to local flora and fauna
DD EFGHF
IF
t
JK L
M NOP
tur
K Q
However, one term referring to a geographical object is
also found in On
RST U
ign Shores .
VW XYZ[
r
\Y ]
ultur
[
Material culture, which is also called as artifacts, is associated to local foods, clothes, houses, and transports which Newmark 1988: 97-98 proposes as
four sub-category of it. This category embraces names of traditional foods which is the most sensitive and important expression of national culture p. 97,
traditional clothes which refers to national costumes which is distinctive p. 97, traditional and national houses which refers to typical house of particular
language communities p. 97, and also local transportation referring to names of various carriages to provide local colour and to connote prestige p. 98. The
researcher found three terms that belong to the category of material culture in Taufiq Ismail s Trem
_U
rkl
U`U ` ab
` cd
e
ot
b f b
` RT
b `g dg h
o , Darmanto Yatman s
i U
lint
b g d
j k
l
b `
k
ik , and Linus Suryadi AG s
l U
nt
T b m
n b
T o
.
b p
j q U
rik
b
m
U ` a
U
l
r b
T o
b
n
sr `
t
i kerupuk
k
U
nt
b ` a
k
U
ri
` a u
Ismail s
v T U
m
_U
rkl
U`U` ab `
cd e
ot
b f b
n
RT b
`g dg hS
w
p. 72
eU
rupuk is an Indonesian culture-specific term which belongs to the food
sub-category of material culture. It refers to a kind of Indonesian chip which is made of flour. In
e b q
us
_Ug b T
_ b
x b
g b y
` c S`U
si
b
, k
U
rupuk is a food made of flour
dough mixed with crushed shrimp and fish. To cook it, the dough is steamed, cut slightly, molded, and sun-dried originally written as m
b o
b ` b
`
y
b ` a
cd sr
b k
cb T d
bc S` b
`
t
U z r
` a cdhb
q
pur
c U` ab
`
lum
b k
b `
r c b
` a b
k b
r
ik
b `
w g U
t
U
l
b x
cd
kukus
cd g
b t
b k{
g b
t b
k
tipis
b k
b r
cd s
U
ntuk
c U` ab
` b
m b
k hU
t
b o w
k
U
m
r cd b
` cd
j
U
mur
bab T
|}
mudah digoreng
~
t
s
omprehensiv
si
ish
¡
i
¢
ti
£ ¤
~
k
rupuk
s
¥
s
generic term for all kinds of chips made from starch base and ground shrimps, fish, or other ingredients as
they come dried and are fried before eaten p. 493. Based on the context in Ismail s
¦ £
m
§
rkl
n
¨
©
ot
ª
«£ ¬ ¨¬ ¢
o , an overview can be taken
explaining that k
rupuk refers to dried, fried chips made of flour dough with
potatoes. Henceforth, k
rupuk carries cultural element that makes it a material
culture-specific terms.
® §¨
getek ny
¯
oko
¦
i
°
ir Yatman s
±
lint
¬ ¨
²
l
²
ik , p. 132
G
t
k is a traditional kind of water transportation in Indonesia. It is made of bamboos which are arranged and tied up together as a flat-formed raft.
According to
© ³
us
§ ¬ £
§ ´
¬
si
, the term
t
k is a Jakarta Malay word for a raft originally
£ °
it , p. 317. Similarly, Stevens and Schmidgall- Tellings in
om
µ £
´
nsiv
si
ish
¡
i
¢
ti
£
¤
define
t
k as a raft p. 322. Based on the ST, the word
t
k literally refers to a water transportation used by Joko Tingkir, a fictional character in Javanese legend, to
sail down a river. Therefore, the word
t
k belongs to material culture-specific terms
¢ ®
¶
opi
·¸
ny
rt
r
¨
² ¬
°
µ
¹
Suryadi s
nt
£ º
£
°»
p. 164 The term kopi
´
in
§ ´
¬
si
refers to a hat which is also called
µ ¢
i ; this hat is usually worn by men in a formal ceremony regardless of the fact that it becomes an identity of Muslim men. This term belongs to clothes sub-
category. According to
© ³
us
§¬
£ §
´ ¬
n
si
, kopi
h is a hat which is
¼½ ¾¿
¾ ÀÁ Á
y wor
 Ã
y
Ä ¾¿
ÁÅ Æ ÆÇ Â
w
È Ç Â
pr
ÀÉ
t
ÅÉÅ ÂÊ
t
ÈÇÅ
r pr
À
y
Ç
r
Ë
or
Å Ê
Å ÂÀÁÁ
y wr
Å
tt
Ç Â À
s topi
ÌÍ ÎÏ Î Ð
Í Ñ Î ÒÎ
Í ÓÔ Î
ÕÖ ×
sl
Î Ø
w
Î Ò
tu
Ï ÎÙ Î Ú
, p. 525. In Stevens and Schmidgall- Tellings , kopi
ÎÛ
is defined as a cap, headdress worn by Muslim men and as a symbol of nationalism, an untasseled fez p. 519.
In Suryadi s
ÜÝ
nt
Ô ÎÙ ÞÎ
rk , the word kopi
ÎÛ
refers to the hat worn by a bishop; that hat physically looks like the headdress worn by Muslim men.
Nevertheless, the word kopi
ÎÛ
still belongs to the category of material culture; since it still refers to national clothes, specifically a nationally acclaimed
headdress. This fact marks kopi
ÎÛ
as one of Indonesian national identities. The findings of material culture terms are illustrated in Table 4.2 below.
ßàá
l
â ã äå ä
ßæâ çà
t
â
r
è à
l
é
ultur
â é àê â
ëìí
y o
î é
ultur
â ï ðñ â
ò è î
è ò ß
â íó
ô õö ÷ ø
ù ú û ü
ýþ ÿ ö
÷ ö ø
ù ÿ ø
ö ù
Kerupuk Food
kl ot
n r
is Taufiq
Ismail m
i m
k
kerupuk i
Getek Transport
int i
tl ik
Darmanto Yatman
getek r
Kopiah Clothes
r k
Linus Suryadi
opi t
+, - .
01 2
1 34
The category of social culture refers to words that indicate particular work and leisure activity or product of cultures Newmark, 1988: 98. Based on
examples provided by Newmark, it can be concluded that music terms, music instruments, and music genre e.g., sit
ÛÎÔ
and
ÌÍ
w
Î
Indian traditional string instruments,
Ô Î Ö Î
Indian melodic mode,
Ô ÝÖÖ Î
Ý
Jamaican music genre, p. 95
56 78
so
9:8;=
to t
?
s
7
t
:=
ory
A B
urt
:
r
C
or
: D
?
t
78
so
? 8EF:
s t
:
r
C
s w
? F:
; G : 8:
?
sur
: 7
t
? H?
ty
?
national games with their lexical sets p. 99. In this research,
nine terms that belong to the category of social culture were found. Those terms were found in six poems, namely Taufiq Ismail s Pantun Terang
I
ul
JK LM
Midwest, Darmanto Yatman s
NO
lint
JP M Q R
l
JK R
ik , Darmanto Yatman s
S
m
TU O
si
V
onolulu , Frans Nadjira s
W O TJP
JK X Y
uris , Abdul Hadi s
Z
i
L[ K X
\[R
ih , and Abdul Hadi s
] JK L
P JT
_`a_ [
K R
uk
QK XO
l
J b
J c
is
d J
d efg
tun
Y O U JK X
I[ h
JK LM
N
i
L i
O
st Ismail s
\JK R
un
Y O U
JK X I[
h JK
LM N
i
L i
O
st , p. 78
\ JK R
un is a kind of traditional poetry known in Malay and traditional Jakarta. The word
TJK R
un is found in the title of Ismail s poem and it refers to the kind of poetry Ismail applies in this poem. In
Z J j
us
I O P JU
I J
k JP
J S
K L l
K O
si
J
, the word
TJK R
un is defined as
m O
ntuk puisi
S K L
l K O
si
J n
NO
l
J
yu
o p
ti
JT m
J M
t
n
kupl
O
t
o m
M JP JK
q J
t
O U
LM
ri
J R JP
O
m
TJ R m
JU M
s y
JK X m
O U
P J r
J n
J s
m s
J s
m o
p m
JU M
s
T O
rt
J j
J L
JK
k
OL[ J
m MJP
JK q
J
untuk tum
T [ JK
n P
J j
pi
U JK o
L JK
m JU
M
s k
O
ti
X J
L JK
k
OO
m
TJ R
m
O U
[ TJ
JK
isi p. 728. The definition implies that
TJK R
un is a form of Indonesian poetry; each verse consists of four couplets with specific rhymes. The
first 2 couplets are called
P J j
pi
U JK
not the literal meaning; and the second 2 couplets are called isi
the content it addresses. Meanwhile, the word
TJK R
un is described as a kind of quatrain, old poetry form consisting of verses of four lines
each or kinds of epigrammatic style in Stevens and Schmidgall-Tellings
Q t
om
TU O k
O
nsiv
O S
K L l
K O
si
JK s
u K X
h
ish
b
i
v
ti
l KJU
q
p. 708. The example of
TJK R
un can be seen in the following illustration.
wx y
ik
z z{z
| }~
ur
{
l
z{
g
h kit
z ~
num
z ~
z{
i
|
z ~
pi
z
not literal meaning
y
ik
z z{z
z
tu y
z z
j
g a
h kit
z
rt
mu l
z
i b
isi
literal meaning
The first and the third line bear the same final sound
, while the second and the fourth line bear the same
sound. That kind of poetry is what Ismail wants to show in
z
un
z
}
z
{
i
{
st
Since it refers to a traditional work of art as leisure poetry,
z
un , belongs to the category of social culture.
{z
z ~
m e
ruh
}
s Yatman s
lint
z|
l
z
ik
p. 130
z
ruh is one of macapat song Javanese traditional songs with
specific lines and rhymes. The constraint on macapat s specific numbering of syllables is called
} }
wil
zz
; while the constraint on macapat s final sound of each line is called
}
}
sw
z
z
. According to
z
~
us
| z
z
z| z
{
si
z
, m
z
ruh is defined as a form of m
z
zz
composition which is usually used to express disappointment or deep sadness; it has five lines
z z
in which the first
line consists of 12 syllables finalized with n sound originally written as
ntuk komposisi t
m
z
m
z
zz
z| z
z { z
z
i untuk m
lukisk
z
p
z| zz
k
w
z z
z
}
k
| {
z
y
z
m
{z
z
~
m
mpuny
z z
t l
z }
y
z
t
{
iri
z
z|
lim
z z
|
z
s
rt
z ~ z
m
mpuny
z {
} z
l
z|
suku k
z
z
y
z
z
hir
}
i n
¡ ¢£
n
¤
k
m
} { z
rturut
¥
turut
¦
¦
i
{z
¦ z
, p. 641. The word m
z
ruh does
not have equivalence in English indicated by the absence of it in Stevens and Schmidgall-Tellings
§
om
nsiv
{
si
z ¥¨
ish
©
i
ti
z
. From the definition in
z
~
us
s
z
z
z| z
{
si
z
, it is apparent that m
z
ruh is a
cultural word which belongs to social culture as a music term.
60 c
ª « ¬®¯
l
°±
m
® ¬° ²
³´µ´¶ µ·¸
ung Yatman s
¹±
lint
¬ « ¯
º»
l
¬°»
ik
¼
p.130
½ ¬ ¾ ¬
¿ ¾ ÀÁ
 ° ²
is also one of m
¬ Á¬ ¾ ¬»
songs in Javanese tradition.
½¬ ¾ ¬
¿ ¾ ÀÁ
 ° ²
is sometimes called as
® ¬ ¾ ¬
¿
pu
Á Â °
²
or
¾Â Á  °
²
. According to
ì
us
½± « ¬Ä
½¬Å¬ «
¬ Æ °
Ç À° ±
si
¬
,
® ¬ ¾ ¬
¿
po
Á Â °
²
or pu
Á Â °
²
is defined as a form of m
¬Á¬ ¾ ¬»
composition which is usually used to tell spoof, anecdote, and riddle originally defined as
® ±
ntuk komposisi t
±
m
® ¬ ° ²
m
¬Á ¬
¾ ¬» ¼ ®¯
¬ « ¬°È¬
ǯ ¾ ¬ ¿ ¬
¯
untuk m
±°Á ±
rit
¬ ¿ ¬°
Å¬É Ê Å¬É
y
¬° ²
ri
° ² ¬°¼
j
±°¬ ¿ ¬¼
¬»¬ Â
t
±
k
¬ Ê
t
±
ki , p. 794.
ËÂ Á Â °
²
has 4 lines 4
² ¬» Ä ¬
, in which the first line has 12 syllables finalized in u sound,
the second line has six syllables ended in
´
sound, the third line has 8 syllables ended in
Ì
sound, and the fourth line has 12 syllables ended in
´
sound. The same as the word m
± ² ¬»
ruh ,
® ¬
¾ ¬ ¿
¾ ÀÁ Â °
²
also literally refers to a m
¬Á¬ ¾ ¬»
song. In Stevens and Schmidgall-Tellings
º Í
om
¾ Ä ±Å±
nsiv
± Æ °
Ç À° ±
si
¬° ÊÎ °
² É
ish
Ï
i
Á
ti
À°¬Ä È
, the word pu
Á Â °
²
is defined as a song form in Javanese p. 779. Therefore, this word as a music term in particular culture belongs to the category
of social culture.
Ç ª Ç ¬É¬
t
±
t
±
m
® ¬° ² ¬°
Ð ´
Ñ Ð ´
Ñ
ggul
´
Yatman s
¹ ±
lint
¬ « ¯
º»
l
¬°»
ik
¼
p. 132 The word
Ç ¬° Ç ¬°
²²Â É ¬
in Yatman s
¹±
lint
¬ «
¯ º
tl
¬°»
ik also refers to a
m
¬Á¬ ¾ ¬»
song in the Javanese tradition.
à ¬
us
½± «
¬Ä ½ ¬Å¬
« ¬ Æ
n
Ç À°±
si
¬
categorizes it as an art word and defines it as a form of Javanese and Sundanese poem or song that express joyfulness or victory it is originally defined as
® ±
ntuk pusi
Ò ¬
Ó ¬
Ç ¬° Ô
 ° Ç ¬
t
±
rm
¬ «
¿
j
±
nis t
±
m
® ¬° ² ¼
y
¬° ²
m
±
lukisk
¬°
r
¬ « ¬
suk
¬ Á
it
¬ ¬»¬
Â
k
±
m
±°¬° ² ¬°¼
Õ
p. 208.
Ï ¬° Ç ¬°
²²Â É ¬
has 10 lines 10 gatra and the
²Â Ä Â
wil
¬° ² ¬°
and
²Â Ä Â
sw
¬Ä ¬
structure of which is described as follows: 10i, 10a, 8e,
61 7u, 9i, 7a, 6u, 8a, 12i, 7a. Meanwhile, the word dandanggula
is defined as a Javanese meter in music p 225. In addition, based on the context given in the
poem, the word dandanggula also literally refers to a title of mac
apat song.
Therefore, the word dandanggul
Ö×
an existing ancient form of traditional music in Javanese culture, belongs to the the category of social culture.
e
Ø
n in
Ù
bobo Yatman s
Ú
m
ÛÜ Ý
si
Þ
onolul
ß ×