Educational Research and Development

27 5 Implementation and testing The system designed are tested, implemented, installed, and evaluated. 6 Changing to improve the system The findings of the evaluation are fed back into the system to see what changes –if any­ are needed to improve the system. Figure 2.5 Banathy’s Instructional Design Diagram

2.1.7. Educational Research and Development

Educational research and development R D is a process used to develop and validate educational products. The goal of R D is to discover new knowledge or to answer specific questions about practical problems rather than only to develop products Borg and Gall, 1983:772. In other words, R D method take the research knowledge and incorporate the knowledge into a product that can be used in the schools. R D is developed to bridge the gap between research and practice. Formulation objectives Analyze learning task Design system Develop test Change to improve Implement test out PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 28 There are ten major steps in the R D cycle. They are: 1 Research and information collecting All review of literature, classroom observations, and preparation of report are collected at this step, in order to determine the state of knowledge in the concerned area. 2 Planning Planning is needed before developing the product. In this step, stating the objectives is the most important thing. Objectives become the best basis in developing the product in order to give the suitable guidance in developing product. 3 Develop preliminary form of product This step shows how the preliminary product is developed. It includes preparation of instructional materials, related knowledge needed, and evaluation devices. 4 Preliminary field testing Test on the preliminary product is conducted to get qualified evaluation of the product. The method used can be by interview, observation or distributing questionnaires. 5 Main product revision The data of the method used to test the product are then collected and analyzed. It results the feedback of the participants which used to revise the product. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 29 6 Main field testing The revised product is tested again to determine the success of the product in meeting its objectives. The test will result other information that can be used to improve the next revision. 7 Operational product revision This step is aimed to revise the revised product if the findings of main field testing find any weaknesses in the product, the first revision of the product is considered failed in meeting its objectives. 8 Operational field testing In this step, the second revision of the product is tested to determine whether the product is already complete. The new information that might be got from this step is usually not as much as the previous. 9 Final product revision The final product is carried out when the data has been analyzed and the product is considered complete. The final result of the revision can be used in the teaching learning process. 10 Dissemination and implementation Dissemination and implementation are needed if the final version of the product will be used to teach, Moreover, demonstration of dissemination is done in order to confirm that the product can be used. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 30 2.2.Theoretical Framework In order to answer the question of the problem formulation, the writer did a literature review related to the designing an instructional materials on advertisement, invitation, and announcement as short functional texts for Senior High School students. The framework of this design model proposed consists of five steps as follow. 1 Objectives Formulation Consider goals, list topics, and state the general purposes. It refers to the standard competence, basic competence, and indicators, based on School­ Based Curriculum. 2 Analyzing Learning Task This step focuses the study in analyzing the materials and exercises that will be used in the design of this study. Decide what materials should be learnt by the students will avoid inappropriate and unnecessary materials. 3 System Design The design includes spoken and written cycles in which each cycle consists of four stages. The stages are building knowledge of the field, modeling and deconstructing of the text, joint construction of the text, and independent construction of the text. 4 Implementation and Test Output The interview will be conducted in order to get feedback on the design. The subjects of the interview are three Senior High School English PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 31 teachers who are experienced in using short functional text in teaching learning activities. The result would be the consideration in improving the design. 5 Change to Improve The result findings used to improve and revise the designed materials. The result of the improvement would be the final product. To cover all steps in conducting this study, R D cycle is adopted. There are five steps of R D which become the method of this study. They are: 1 Collecting information In this first step, a library research is conducted, including the theory of School­Based Curriculum and short functional texts. The theories of the curriculum are syllabus and learning program plan. 2 Planning In designing the model of instructional materials, planning is consider important for the reason that it gives an outline on what to do and what are the important materials for the unit. 3 Developing the Preliminary of Product This step covers the exercises, instructions and pictures are combined into a good unit of short functional texts instructional materials. Moreover, related knowledge is also arranged carefully. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 32 4 Interviewing Participant The information gathered from the interview will be the consideration in improving the instructional materials on short functional texts. 5 Product Revision After interviewing participants, the data gathered is analyzed and the results will be used as feedback to improve the design. The relationship between the steps of Banathy’s instructional design and the steps of educational research and development is shown as below. Figure 2.6 The Relationship of Banathy’s Instructional Design and Educational Research and Development Objectives Formulation System Design Change to Improve Standard of Competencies Basic Competencies Indicators Spoken cycle à Four stages Written cycle à Four stages Analyze Learning Task Exercises and other knowledge Revise the units Collecting Information Planning Developing the Preliminary form of product Interviewing Participants Product revision Implementation and test output Tested some units by interviewing English teachers SBC and SFT PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 33 CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY This chapter discusses the methodology used in developing the design and some elements involved. As educational research and development is aimed to improve the quality of educational product Borg and Gall: 772, therefore, this study adopt R D cycle in its development. There were some steps used in this study, including collecting information, planning, developing the preliminary of product, interviewing participants, and product revision.

A. Collecting Information

This study was aimed to develop instructional materials on short functional texts. Therefore, a library research was conducted to get the theories about School­Based Curriculum, communicative competence, language model, literacy approach, and Banathy’s instructional design model; as well as finding short functional texts in a form of advertisement, announcement, and invitation. There were two kinds of short functional texts, spoken and written text. The short functional texts in a form of audio script were created and some were taken from functional texts in internet, and written texts were taken from English advertisement in newspapers, magazines, and internet. Those advertisement texts were compiled and compared in order to find good and suitable texts. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI