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3.4 Data Collecting Technique.
The technique of collecting data is one important aspects of research. There are some technique of collecting data. In this research, the writer take questionnaires to get some
information related with the research and a test about Pronouns to collect the data. The writer needs instruments to find the students errors in using Pronouns. An instrument plays an
important role to collect data. Suharsimi Aikunto 1996:135 states that an instrument is a mean, which plays an important role to collect data in a research. To collect the data for this research,
the researcher used a cloze test as the instruments by giving the students some items of cloze test filling the blank. According to Arifuddin 2007:59, in a cloze test systematic of the deletion
word of the text is needed. Thus, in this research, the researcher deleted the word in interval . The cloze test consisted of 30 items and were divided into five parts, they were 6 items in
personal pronoun start from number 1 until number 6, 6 items in possessive pronoun tart fro number 7 until number 12, 6 items in reflexive pronoun start from number 13 until number 18, 6
items in demonstrative pronoun start from number 19 until number 24, and 6 items indefinite pronoun start from number 25 until number 30. The number of items were put randomly. It was
used to get the data that would be analyzed, that is all about wheter they give correct answers or not and what aspect of personal pronoun were difficult for the students. In this test, the
researcher took all of the population, that is 30 students as the sample of this research.
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1. Preparation of Test
a. Test items.
The writer classified the possible errors in using pronouns in to 30 questions and into five categories:
1. Errors in the use of personal pronoun.
2. Errors in the use of possessive pronoun.
3. Errors in the use of reflexive pronoun.
4. Errors in the use of demonstrative pronoun.
5. Errors in the use of interrogative indifinite pronoun.
The students did the test in 30 minutes and after that they collect it to the researcher but before the test start, the writer give a paper of quistionaire which is consist of ninth questions to
fulfill by the student related to the condition of the school, the teacher, and the teaching-learning proccess in the school.
b. Arrangements of The Test Items. After classifying the errors into those categories, the writer arranges the test items into
the following: 1. Test on the use of Personal Pronoun, number 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6.
2. Test on the use of Possesive Pronoun, number 7, 8, 9,10, 11, 12. 3. Test on the use of Reflexive Pronoun, number 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18.
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Test on the use of Demonstrative Pronoun, number 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24. 5. Test on the use of Indifinite Pronoun, number 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30.
3.5
Technique of Data Analysis
To analyze the students‟ error in using pronoun, the writer uses both quantitative
statistical and qualitative descriptive analysis non-statistical qualitative analysis.
1. Statistical analysis
The writer gives the test to the students and from this test, there will be data collection. When the data are collected, they are classified into five groups: outstanding, very good,
satisfactory, very week and fail . To know the student‟s error, the writer will group the wrong
answer they made. From that five data, the writer will analyze, and there will be data analysis to come to conclusion.
2. Non-statistical qualitative analysis
In the non statistical analysis, the writer classifies the student‟s achievement using factor analysis by the use of five lattes: A, B, C, D, E, which expressed various level of achievement. In
addition, it was relatively easy to translate from letter grading to percentage grading wilmar Tinambunan 1998:129.
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The data from this descriptive method that the researcher co llected from students‟ test are
analyzed as follows:
a. Ident ification of Students‟ Correct Answers and the scoring.
The students‟ answers are identified and the correct answer scoring was formulated as follows:
Total score = correct answer x 100 100
Mean score = total score N
Score for each function = correct answer x 6 6
The percentage is formulated as followsbased on Sudijono 1991:41:
F P=
X 100
N
P = Percentage F = Frequency
N = Number of sample
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Σ� M=
�
Where: M = the average of the score percentage
Σ X = the number of score percentage N = the number of cases
b. Description of the students‟ scores
In this step, the researcher described the students‟ scores into some categories. According to grading system in SD N 068003grading system can be categorized into very good,
good, fair, low and very low and also by grade system based on Wilmar Tinambunan grading system can be categorized in to A, B, C, D, or E. In this research, the number of questions is
30questions ; the students‟ scores were categorized as follows:
Students‟ score for the whole functions of pronouns: Table2.
Students‟ score range in SD N 0608003
Categories Score
Very good 81-100
Good 61-80
Fair 41-60
Low 21-40
Very low 1-20
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Table3. Student Percentage of achievement adopted from: Wilmar Tinambunan 1998 : 36129
Table4. Stude nts‟ score range of each section
Categories Score
Very good 6
Good 4-5
Fair 3
Low 2
Very low 1
c. Draw the conclusion about students‟ error in using pronouns with descriptive analysis
3.6 Time and Location
Kategori