should be motivated by maintaining the social interaction among others. The last stage is called postconventional manner. In the last stage, young learners can
make judgment based on moral principles p. 33. d. Cognitive Development
Young learners, as stated by Sandha 2001, learn by concrete example. They will understand concept of what they are learning if there are concrete
example of it. Teachers should provide example in order to make the learning process run effectively. Teachers can provide examples such as pictures of fruits,
animals, jobs, etc. p. 30.
3. Principles of Young Learners’ Learning
Noar 1972 states that young learners learn in some ways. These ways are explained as follows:
a. Learning by Looking at Pictures Young learners learn by experiencing with pictures. Teaching and learning
activities can include pictures as a visualization of the real objects. They learn by using their eyes and then they interpret what they see is p. 32.
b. Learning by Listening and Hearing Listening and hearing are related to sounds. Young learners learn using
their ears to capture what they hear and listen. The media for learning can be a tape recorder, a disc player, a radio, and a television p. 33.
c. Learning by Talking Young learners are talkative in their age. They are also more developing
socially. This can be seen from their behavior that they like talking much with their friends. Because of this condition, they can be maximized in learning by
talking. The teaching activities can be done through telling stories. They can experience by themselves in telling stories with their friends p. 36.
d. Learning by Reading Reading in young
learners’ age should be attractive enough in order to encourage the young learners to learn. Besides, the level of difficulty should also
be considered. The books being used should be fun for them p. 37. e. Learning by Doing
Learning by doing involves young learners to do actively what the teacher wants to do. Learning activities involve media to stimulate the young learners to
learn. The media can be art work, paper, paints, pencils, clay, plasticine, and other equipment that can help children learn pp. 37-38.
f. Learning by Writing Young learners are given freedom to practice writing. The activities can be
writing letters and words, writing sentences and paragraphs, composing notes to friends or parents, and creating stories pp. 38-39.
g. Learning by Role Playing and Dramatizing Young learners can be engaged in role playing and dramatizing through
practicing stories, fairy tales, or fables that they are familiar with. By doing so, they can learn about their selves and their relation with their friends p. 39.
4. Multiple Intelligences
