10 society. Birch,1989; Threadgold, 1986 ; in Santosa, 1994 . Every item in a
system of meaning is connected to every other, they are interrelated choices. In SFL tradition as stated above, text is the focus of analysis. A text is
constructed in components of functional meaning. Each language has two components of meaning; ideational meaning and interpersonal meaning. The
combination between the two is the textual meaning. They simultaneously determine the text being constructed. Ideational meaning explains what the text is
about. Interpersonal meaning is the semiotic reality. Briefly stated, each element in a language is explained by reference to its
function in the total linguistic system. In other words, each unit of a language is interpreted as functional referring to the whole units.
B. Text and Context
“The aim has been to construct a grammar for purposes of text analysis” Halliday, 1985 P. xv. Halliday emphasizes that SFL focuses the study on text
analysis. Halliday and Hasan in Bahasa, konteks dan teks 1985 defines a text as an interactive event, a social exchange of meaning as a result of social interaction
between participants which are involved in the text, not simply as a functional language, doing some job in some context p: 10. When human being is using
language or making a text, he really is not just creating words and sentences, but actually he is creating meanings. In other words, a text is made of meanings. That
is to say that the meanings are expressed in words and sentences. Therefore, this is
11 called a text as a semantic unit. In spite of its nature as a semantic unit and as a
social exchange, a text is considered as a product of social process. It is not only what is written but also what is said or spoken.
Because of its functional characteristic, a text always comes in context, which surrounds it. The social meaning of text can only be interpreted by
reference to its context. Text, then, is indivisible from context. They are context of culture and situation. Context of culture is realized in genre and ideology. There is
a culture in the text, which include values of philosophical, psychological, sociological, ideological and cultural. The culture also gives purpose and meaning
to the text. Meanwhile, context of situation, which is realized in register, bridges between the text and the situation in which it actually occurs. It is when the text is
interpreted. A genre and register are both realized through language, that is, through lexicogrammar Halliday 1985. p: 3-8. Ideology, genre and register,
which are considered as the central system, then influence the lower system Santosa, 1994.
C. Ideology
Ideology is a kind of point of view, which is taken by the language user, a writer or a speaker, to achieve his goal through the text realized. According to
Threadgold in Santosa, 1994 ideology is considered as shared values or beliefs in a text as a result of the social interaction between participants involved in the
12 text. As a social aspect and culture of society, ideology is also a semiotic resource
of a text. Observing the power and domination can identify ideology, which exist in
the text Martin, 1992. The main topics of ideology are issues like social or cultural conflict, no consensus towards the system of value and belief, correlation
among action, institution and social structure. Moreover, the relationship between a social power, between the participants involved in the text, between a
dominating social group and the dominating one, is an important aspect of ideology Santosa, 1994.
As ideology can identify the power and domination within a text, in the dynamic perspective of ideology, according to Martin 1992, there are
antagonistprotagonist and leftright sides. Antagonist and protagonist express the way and viewpoints of a writer in viewing as issue. Antagonist represents a person
who creates issue while the protagonist is the one who resolves the issue. Then left and right represent the person possessing the power. Right refers to a person
having power to lose and left refers to a person having power to gain ibid. Right antagonist is a person proposing an issue in one-sided arguments to
defend or support the issue considering that he has the power. Right protagonist, who is defending or supporting the issue, will discuss in both for and against
sides. Left antagonist challenges the issue in one side since he has no power. Meanwhile, left protagonist will also challenge the issue in two-sided arguments.
Then, ideology will identify the types of text of the language users, that is the genre. Generally, antagonist applies an exposition genre as he can support or
13 challenge the status quo in one side by proposing and elaborating a thesis.
Conversely, protagonist prefers discussion genre in presenting his two-sides argument by giving a conclusion and a recommendation for the most adequate
arguments.
D. Genre
