D comprises ten steps, namely Research and Information Collecting, Planning, Development of Preliminary Form of Product, Preliminary Field Testing, Main
Product Revision, Main Field Testing, Operational Product Revision, Operational Field Testing, Final Product Revision, and Dissemination and Implementation
Borg and Gall, 1983: 775. However, due to the limitation of time and capacity, the writer decided to employ only five steps of ten major steps. These five steps
are Research and Information Collecting, Planning, Development of Preliminary Form of Product, Preliminary Field Testing, and Main Product Revision.
To answer the questions stated in the Problem Formulation, the adaptation of Kemp’s instructional design model was also employed as the realization of
Educational Research and Development R D method. The elaboration of all steps conducted in the study is as follows:
1. Research and Information Collecting
Research and Information Collecting was necessary to provide the writer with sufficient information and knowledge relevant to the designed materials. It
included literature review and information gathering about what was needed in relation to kinds of the instructional materials that are expected to develop Borg
and Gall, 1983: 776-777. It means that in this step the writer formulated the instructional problem, gathered information about learners’ needs, lacks, and
teachers’ and learners’ expectations. Besides, the writer also conducted some review of literature to determine the state of knowledge in the area of concern.
In this step, the writer employed Kemp’s instructional design steps, namely identifying learners’ characteristics, pre-assessment, and coordinating
support services to obtain necessary data that served as the basis to develop the instructional materials. The data gathered in this step included learners’
capabilities, needs, interests, background knowledge, and the facilities and learning media available.
In this study, to obtain the data on learners’ characteristics, background knowledge, and facilitiesmedia available, the writer administered three kinds of
procedures. These procedures consisted of conducting an informal interview with the English teachers of SMA 9 Yogyakarta, distributing questionnaires to the tenth
grade students of SMA 9 Yogyakarta, and conducting classroom observations.
2. Planning
