anything which is done by writers, teachers or learners to provide sources of language input, to exploit those sources in ways which maximize the likelihood of
intake and to stimulate purposeful output, or the supplying of information about andor experience of the language in ways designed to promote language learning.
Ideally, the „two aspects of materials development are interactive in that the
theoretical studies inform and are informed by the development and use of classroom materials
‟ Tomlinson, 2001. Materials developers might write text books, tell stories, bring advertisements into the classroom, express opinions,
provide samples of language use, or read a poem aloud. Whatever they do to provide input, they do so ideally in principled ways related to what they know
about how a language can be effectively learned. All the chapters in this book concentrate on the three vital questions of what should be provided for the
learners, how it should be provided, and what can be done with it to promote language learning.
4. Narrative Text a. Definitions of Narrative Text
Anderson and Anderson 1997 define that the narrative text is the type of text which tells a story. The purpose is to present a view of the world that
entertains or informs the readers or listeners. Porter 2002 also defines narrative as “the representation of an event or a series of events”. Some examples of
narrative text are fantasy novel, historical fiction and stories. One of the characteristics of narrative texts is having an imagination presented in the text
form. Therefore, every reader who reads this narrative text will always feel their
imagination is stimulated. The narrative text is a good learning medium for eighth grade students in junior high schools, since the students still belong to the age
group which is categorized as teenagers. Teenagers are believed to still hold a strong imagination like children, although they have begun to try to make logical
questions on their imagination. b. Features of a Narrative Text
Based on Anderson and Anderson 1997, there are some constructs and language features in a narrative text. The constructs of narrative texts are:
1 An orientation can be a paragraph, a picture or an opening chapter in which the narrator tells the audience about who is in the story, when the
story is taking place and where the action is happening. 2 A complication that sets off a chain of events that influences what will
happen in the story. 3 A sequence of event where the characters react to the complication.
4 A resolution in which the characters finally sort out the complication. 5 A coda that provides a comment or moral based on what has been learned
from the story an optional step Meanwhile, the language features usually found in a narrative are:
1 Specific characters 2 Time words that connect events to tell when they occur
3 Verbs to show the actions that occur in the story
4 Descriptive words to portray the characters and settings.
6. The Story of Ramayana in Javanese Version
