Hubungan Neutrophil-Lymphocyte Ratio Dengan Derajat Stenosis Arteri Koroner Pada Pasien Sindroma Koroner Akut
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
1.
WHO. Deaths from Coronary Heart Disease [Online Journal] 2013 [diunduh
25 September 2013]. Tersedia dari: http://www.who.int.
2.
Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kesehatan Departemen Kesehatan RI.
Riset Kesehatan Dasar, 2007.
3.
Gibbons J, Chatterjee K, Daley J, Deedwania P, Douglas J, Ferguson T, dkk.
ACC/AHA 2002 Guideline Update for the Management of Patients With
Chronic Stable Angina. ACC/AHA Practice Guidelines, 2002.
4.
Fuster V, Alexander RW, O'Rourke RA. Cardiac Catheterization, Cardiac
Angiography and Coronary Blood Flow and Pressure Measurements. Dalam:
Hurst's The Heart. Edisi ke-11.McGraw Hill, 2004, hal: 483-537
5.
McCaig LF, Burt CW. National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey:
1999 emergency department summary. Adv. Data. 2001;320:1–34.
6.
Hansson GK. Inflammation, Atherosclerosis, and Coronary Artery Disease. N
Engl J Med. 2005;352(16):1685-95.
7.
Qiao JH, Fishbein MC. The severity of coronary atherosclerosis at sites of
plaque
rupture
with
occlusive
thrombosis.
J
Am
Coll
Cardiol.
1991;17(5):1138-42.
8.
Hatmi ZN, Saeid AK, Broumand MA, Khoshkar SN, Danesh ZF. Multiple
inflammatory prognostic factors in acute coronary syndromes: a prospective
inception cohort study. Acta Med Iran. 2010;48(1):51-7.
9.
Buckley DI, Fu R, Freeman M, Rogers K, Helfand M. C-reactive protein as a
risk factor for coronary heart disease: a systematic review and meta-analyses
for
the
U.S.
Preventive
Services
Task
Force.
Ann.
Intern.
Med.2009;151(7):483–495.
10. Lee C, Folsom A, Nieto F, Chambless L, Shahar E, Wolfe D. White blood
cell count and incidence of coronary heart disease and ischemic stroke and
mortality from cardiovascular disease in African American and White men
and
women:
atherosclerosis
risk
in
communities
study.
Am.
J.
Epidemiol.2001;154(8):758–764.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
11. Olivares R, Ducimetière P, Claude JR. Monocyte count: a risk factor for
coronary heart disease. Am. J. Epidemiol.1993;137(1):49–53.
12. Guasti L, Dentali F, Castiglioni L, Maroni L, Marino F, Squizzato A, dkk.
Neutrophils and clinical outcomes in patients with acute coronary syndromes
and/or cardiac revascularisation. A systematic review on more than 34,000
subjects. Thromb. Haemost. 201;106(4):591–599.
13. Papa A, Emdin M, Passino C, Michelassi C, Battaglia D, Cocci F. Predictive
value of elevated neutrophil–lymphocyte ratio on cardiac mortality in patients
with stable coronary artery disease. Clin. Chim. Acta. 2008;395(1–2):27–31.
14. Horne BD, Anderson JL, John JM, Weaver A, Bair TL, Jensen KR, dkk.
Which white blood cell subtypes predict increased cardiovascular risk. J Am
Coll. Cardiol.2005;45(10):1638–1643.
15. Zazula AD, Précoma-Neto D, Gomes AM, Kruklis H, Franco GB, Yared R,
dkk. An assessment of neutrophils/ lymphocytes ratio in patients suspected of
acute coronary syndrome. Arq. Bras. Cardiol.200;90(1):31–36.
16. Suliman M, Juma B, Almadhani A, Pathare AV, Alkindi SS, Werner UF.
Predictive value of neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio in outcomes of patients
with acute coronary syndrome. Arch. Med. Res.2010; 41(8):618–622.
17. Tamhane U, Aneja S, Montgomery D, Rogers EK, Eagle KA, Gurm HS.
Association between admission neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio and outcomes
in patients with acute coronary syndrome. Am. J. Cardiol2008;102(6):653–
657.
18. Kaya H, Ertas F, Islamoglu Y, Kaya Z, Atilgan ZA, Çil H, dkk. Association
Between Neutrophil to Lymphocyte Ratio and Severity of Coronary Artery
Disease.Clin Appl Thromb Hemost.2013;00(0):1-5
19. Achar S, Kundu S, Norcross W. Diagnosis of acute coronary syndrome. Am
Fam Physician.2005;72:119-26.
20. Perhimpunan
Dokter
Spesialis
Kardiovaskuler
Indonesia.
Pedoman
Tatalaksana Penyakit Kardiovaskuler di Indonesia. Edisi ke-3;2012:3-54.
21. Hamm CW, Heeschen C, Falk E, Fox KA. Acute coronary syndromes:
pathophysiology, diagnosis and risk stratification. Dalam: A.J. Cam, T.F.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Lüscher, P.W. Serruys, penyunting. The ESC Textbook of Cardiovascular
Medicine. Edisi ke-2. Oxford University Press, Oxford; 2009.hlm:333–366.
22. Wright RS, Cynthia DA, Jeffrey L, Bridges CR, Casey DE, Ettinger SM, dkk.
ACCF/AHA Focused Update of the Guidelines for the Management of
Patients With Unstable Angina/Non_ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction
(Updating the 2007 Guideline). J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.2011;57:1920-1959.
23. Levine G, Eric R, James C, Bailey S, Bittl JA, Cercek B, dkk.
ACCF/AHA/SCAI Guideline for Percutaneous Coronary Intervention : A
Report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart
Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the Society for
Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions. Circulation.2011;124:1-82.
24. Budaj A, David B, Gabriel S, Goodman SG, Dabbous OH, Fox KA, dkk.
Global patterns of use of antithrombotic and antiplatelet therapies in patients
with acute coronary syndromes: Insights from the Global Registry of Acute
Coronary Events (GRACE). Am Heart J.2003;146 :999-1006.
25. Bender J, Russel K, Rosenfeld E, Chaundry S, Oxford American Handbook
of Cardiology. New York : Oxford. 2011.hlm.256-260.
26. Packard RRS, Libby P. Inflammation in atherosclerosis: from vascular
biology
to
biomarker
discovery
and
risk
prediction.
Clinical
Chemistry,2008;54:24-38.
27. Ismail D. Patofisiologi Sindroma Koroner Akut. Dalam : Bawazier LA, Alwi
I, Syam AF dkk. penyunting. Prosiding Simposium Pendekatan Holistik
Penyakit Kardiovaskuler. Jakarta : Pusat Informasi dan Penerbitan Bagian
Ilmu Penyakit Dalam FK UI;2001.hlm.22-31.
28. Therax P, Foster V. Acute Coronary Syndrome: Unstable Angina and non Q
Wave Myocard Infarction. Circulation,1998;97:1195-1206.
29. Antman E, Anbe D, Armstrong P, Bates ER, Green LA, Hand M, dkk.
ACC/AHA guidelines for the management of patients with ST elevation
myocardial infartion. A report of the American College of cardiology/
American Heart Assosiation task force in practice guidelines). Am Coll
Cardiol J. 2004;44(suppl I):1-212.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
30. Rauch U, Osende JI, Fuster V, Badimon J, Fayad Z, Chesebro J. Thrombus
Formation on Atherosclerotic Plaques : Pathogenesis and Clinical
Consequences. Ann Intern Med.2001;134:224-38.
31. Kumar A, Cannon P. Acute Coronary Syndromes: Diagnosis and
Management, Part I Mayo Clin Proc.2009;84(10):917-93.
32. Thygesen K. Alpert JS. Jaffe A. Simoons M, Chaitman B, White H. Third
Universal
Definition
of
Myocardial
Infarction.
J
Am
Coll
Cardiol. 2012;60(16):1581-1598.
33. Effendi Z, Peranan Leukosit Sebagai Anti Inflamasi Alergik Dalam Tubuh
[Online Journal] 2003 [diunduh 25 September 2013]. Tersedia dari:
http://library.usu.ac.id
34. Sherwood L. Darah. Dalam: Fisiologi Manusia: Dari sel ke sel. Edisi ke-6.
Jakarta. EGC. 2011,hlm 428-431
35. Madjid M, Awan I, Willerson J, Casscells S. Leukocyte Count and Coronary
Heart Disease, Implications for Risk Assessment. JACC.2004;44 (10):1945–
56.
36. Ates AH, Canpolat U, Yorgun H, Baris E¸ Kaya, Sunman H, dkk.. Total
white blood cell count is associated with the presence, severity and extent of
coronary atherosclerosis detected by dual-source multislice computed
tomographic coronary angiography. Cardiol. J.2011;18(4):371–377.
37. Danesh J, Collins R, Appleby P, Peto R. Association of fibrinogen, C-reactive
protein, albumin, or leukocyte count with coronary heart disease: metaanalyses of prospective studies. JAMA,1998;279 (18):1477–1482.
38. Munir TA, Afzal MN, Habib-ur-Rehman. Baseline leukocyte count and acute
coronary syndrome: predictor of adverse cardiac events, long and short-term
mortality and association with traditional risk factors, cardiac biomarkers and
C-reactive protein. J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad. 2009;21(3):46-50.
39. Ross
R.
Atherosclerosis
an
inflammatory
disease.
N
Engl
J
Med,1999;340:115–26.
40. Takahashi K, Takeya M, Sakashita N. Multifunctional roles of macrophages
in the development and progression of atherosclerosis in humans and
experimental animals. Med Electron Micros.,2002;35:179–203.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
41. Naruko T, Ueda M, Haze K, Van der Wal AC, Van der Loos, Chris M, dkk.
Neutrophil infiltration of culprit lesions in acute coronary syndromes.
Circulation.2002;106:2894–900.
42. Shah PK. Mechanisms of plaque vulnerability and rupture. J Am Coll
Cardiol.2003;41:S15–22.
43. Hoffbrand AV, Pettit JE. Kapita Selekta: Hematologi (Essential Haematologi)
Edisi Ke-2.hlm.102-105
44. Witko-Sarsat V, Rieu P, Descamps-Latscha B, Lesavre P, HalbwachsMecarelli L. Neutrophils: Molecules, Function and Pathophysiological
Aspects. Laboratory Investigation. 2000;80:617-646.
45. Cascao R, Rosario H, Fonseca J. Neutrophils: warriors and commanders in
immune mediated inflammatory disease. Acta Reumatol Port,2009;34:313326.
46. Carbone F, Nencioni A,
Mach F, Vuilleumier N, Montecucco F.
Pathophysiological role of neutrophils in acute myocardial infarction.
Thrombosis and Haemostasis. 2013; 110(2):1-14.
47. Ducloux D, Challier B, Saas P, Tiberghien P, Chalopin JM. CD4 cell
lymphopenia and atherosclerosis in renal transplant recipients. J Am Soc
Nephrol. 2003 Mar;14(3):767-72.
48. Ommen SR, Gibbons RJ, Hodge DO, Thomson SP. Usefulness of the
lymphocyte concentration as a prognostic marker in coronary artery disease.
Am J Cardiol. 1997;79:812– 814.
49. Blum A, Sclarovsky S, Rehavia E, Shohat B. Levels of T-lymphocyte
subpopulations, interleukin-1, and soluble interleukin-2 receptor in acute
myocardial infarction. Am Heart J.1994; 127:1226 –1230.
50. Mor A, Luboshits G, Planer D, Keren G, George J. Altered status of CD4 and
CD25 and regulatory T cells in patients with acute coronary syndromes. Eur
Heart J.2006;27:2530 –2537.
51. Caligiuri G, Nicoletti A. Lymphocyte responses in acute coronary syndromes:
lack of regulation spawns deviant behaviour. Eur Heart J.2006;27:2485–
2486.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
52. Gupta S, Agrawal A, Agrawal S, Su H, Gollapudi S. A paradox of
immunodeficiency and inflammation in human aging: lessons learned from
apoptosis. Immun Ageing.2006;3:5.
53. Azab B, Zaher M, Weiserbs K, Torbey E, Lacossiere K, Gaddam S, dkk.
Usefulness of neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio in predicting short and long
term mortality after non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction. Am. J.
Cardiol.2010;106(4):470–476.
54. Dong-bao LI, Qi H, Zhi L, Jing LI, Li-qing XU, Shan W, dkk. Association
between inflammatory mediators and angiographic morphologic features
indicating thrombus formation in patients with acute myocardial infarction.
Chin. Med. J. 2009;122(15), 1738–1742.
55. Duffy BK, Gurm HS, Rajagopal V, Gupta R, Ellis SG, Bhatt D. Usefulness of
an elevated neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio in predicting long-term mortality
after percutaneous coronary intervention. Am. J. Cardiol.2006;97(7): 993–
996.
56. Poludasu S, Cavusoglu E, Khan W, Marmur JD. Neutrophil to lymphocyte
ratio as a predictor of long-term mortality in African Americans undergoing
percutaneous coronary intervention. Clin. Cardiol.2009;32(12):E6–E10.
57. Núñez J, Núñez E, Bodí V, Sanchis J, Miñana G, Mainar L,dkk. Usefulness
of the neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio in predicting long-term mortality in
STsegment elevation myocardial infarction. Am. J. Cardiol.2008;101(6):747–
752.
58. Cho KH, Jeong MH, Ahmed K, Hachinohe D, Choi HS, Chang SY, dkk.
Value of early risk stratification using hemoglobin level and neutrophil-tolymphocyte ratio inpatients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction
undergoing
primary
percutaneous
coronary
intervention.
Am.
J.
Cardiol.2011;107(6): 849–856.
59. Neeland IJ, Patel RS, Eshtehardi P, Dhawan S, McDaniel MC, Rab ST, dkk.
Coronary Angiographic Scoring Systems An Evaluation of Their Equivalence
and Validity. Am Heart J. 2012;164(4):547-552.e1
60. Gensini GG. A more meaningful scoring system for determining the severity
of coronary heart disease. Am J Cardio.1983;51:606.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
61. Korn H, Graefe V, Ohlow M, Yu J, Huegl B, Wagner A. Acute Coronary
Syndrome without Significant Stenosis on Angiography: Characteristics and
Prognosis. Tex Heart Inst J 2008;35(4):406-12
62. Harris P, Behar V, Conley M, Harrell F, Lee K, Peter R. The Prognostic
Significance of 50% Coronary Stenosis in Medically Treated Patients with
Coronary Artery Disease. Circulation, 1980;62(2):1-10
63. Zencirci AE, Zencirci EG, Degirmencioglu Aleks, Karakus G¸ Ekmekçi A,
Ozden Kıvılcım, dkk. The Predictive Value of Gensini Score in the Clinical
Outcomes in Patients with Acute ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial
Infarction Undergoing Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention. JACC.
2013; 62(18):C205
64. Kokubu N, Hase M, Nishida J, Funayama N, Mochizuki A, Muranaka A, dkk.
Impacts of Gensini Score for Coronary Angiographic Severity on Outcomes
of Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest due to Acute Myocardial Infarction
Patients. The American Journal of Cardiology, 2011;107(8):5A
65. Sinning C, Lillpopp L, Appelbaum S, Ojeda F, Zeller T, Schnabel R.
Angiographic score assessment improves cardiovascular risk prediction: the
clinical value of SYNTAX and Gensini application. Clinical Research in
Cardiology, 2013;102(7):495-503
Universitas Sumatera Utara
1.
WHO. Deaths from Coronary Heart Disease [Online Journal] 2013 [diunduh
25 September 2013]. Tersedia dari: http://www.who.int.
2.
Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kesehatan Departemen Kesehatan RI.
Riset Kesehatan Dasar, 2007.
3.
Gibbons J, Chatterjee K, Daley J, Deedwania P, Douglas J, Ferguson T, dkk.
ACC/AHA 2002 Guideline Update for the Management of Patients With
Chronic Stable Angina. ACC/AHA Practice Guidelines, 2002.
4.
Fuster V, Alexander RW, O'Rourke RA. Cardiac Catheterization, Cardiac
Angiography and Coronary Blood Flow and Pressure Measurements. Dalam:
Hurst's The Heart. Edisi ke-11.McGraw Hill, 2004, hal: 483-537
5.
McCaig LF, Burt CW. National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey:
1999 emergency department summary. Adv. Data. 2001;320:1–34.
6.
Hansson GK. Inflammation, Atherosclerosis, and Coronary Artery Disease. N
Engl J Med. 2005;352(16):1685-95.
7.
Qiao JH, Fishbein MC. The severity of coronary atherosclerosis at sites of
plaque
rupture
with
occlusive
thrombosis.
J
Am
Coll
Cardiol.
1991;17(5):1138-42.
8.
Hatmi ZN, Saeid AK, Broumand MA, Khoshkar SN, Danesh ZF. Multiple
inflammatory prognostic factors in acute coronary syndromes: a prospective
inception cohort study. Acta Med Iran. 2010;48(1):51-7.
9.
Buckley DI, Fu R, Freeman M, Rogers K, Helfand M. C-reactive protein as a
risk factor for coronary heart disease: a systematic review and meta-analyses
for
the
U.S.
Preventive
Services
Task
Force.
Ann.
Intern.
Med.2009;151(7):483–495.
10. Lee C, Folsom A, Nieto F, Chambless L, Shahar E, Wolfe D. White blood
cell count and incidence of coronary heart disease and ischemic stroke and
mortality from cardiovascular disease in African American and White men
and
women:
atherosclerosis
risk
in
communities
study.
Am.
J.
Epidemiol.2001;154(8):758–764.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
11. Olivares R, Ducimetière P, Claude JR. Monocyte count: a risk factor for
coronary heart disease. Am. J. Epidemiol.1993;137(1):49–53.
12. Guasti L, Dentali F, Castiglioni L, Maroni L, Marino F, Squizzato A, dkk.
Neutrophils and clinical outcomes in patients with acute coronary syndromes
and/or cardiac revascularisation. A systematic review on more than 34,000
subjects. Thromb. Haemost. 201;106(4):591–599.
13. Papa A, Emdin M, Passino C, Michelassi C, Battaglia D, Cocci F. Predictive
value of elevated neutrophil–lymphocyte ratio on cardiac mortality in patients
with stable coronary artery disease. Clin. Chim. Acta. 2008;395(1–2):27–31.
14. Horne BD, Anderson JL, John JM, Weaver A, Bair TL, Jensen KR, dkk.
Which white blood cell subtypes predict increased cardiovascular risk. J Am
Coll. Cardiol.2005;45(10):1638–1643.
15. Zazula AD, Précoma-Neto D, Gomes AM, Kruklis H, Franco GB, Yared R,
dkk. An assessment of neutrophils/ lymphocytes ratio in patients suspected of
acute coronary syndrome. Arq. Bras. Cardiol.200;90(1):31–36.
16. Suliman M, Juma B, Almadhani A, Pathare AV, Alkindi SS, Werner UF.
Predictive value of neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio in outcomes of patients
with acute coronary syndrome. Arch. Med. Res.2010; 41(8):618–622.
17. Tamhane U, Aneja S, Montgomery D, Rogers EK, Eagle KA, Gurm HS.
Association between admission neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio and outcomes
in patients with acute coronary syndrome. Am. J. Cardiol2008;102(6):653–
657.
18. Kaya H, Ertas F, Islamoglu Y, Kaya Z, Atilgan ZA, Çil H, dkk. Association
Between Neutrophil to Lymphocyte Ratio and Severity of Coronary Artery
Disease.Clin Appl Thromb Hemost.2013;00(0):1-5
19. Achar S, Kundu S, Norcross W. Diagnosis of acute coronary syndrome. Am
Fam Physician.2005;72:119-26.
20. Perhimpunan
Dokter
Spesialis
Kardiovaskuler
Indonesia.
Pedoman
Tatalaksana Penyakit Kardiovaskuler di Indonesia. Edisi ke-3;2012:3-54.
21. Hamm CW, Heeschen C, Falk E, Fox KA. Acute coronary syndromes:
pathophysiology, diagnosis and risk stratification. Dalam: A.J. Cam, T.F.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Lüscher, P.W. Serruys, penyunting. The ESC Textbook of Cardiovascular
Medicine. Edisi ke-2. Oxford University Press, Oxford; 2009.hlm:333–366.
22. Wright RS, Cynthia DA, Jeffrey L, Bridges CR, Casey DE, Ettinger SM, dkk.
ACCF/AHA Focused Update of the Guidelines for the Management of
Patients With Unstable Angina/Non_ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction
(Updating the 2007 Guideline). J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.2011;57:1920-1959.
23. Levine G, Eric R, James C, Bailey S, Bittl JA, Cercek B, dkk.
ACCF/AHA/SCAI Guideline for Percutaneous Coronary Intervention : A
Report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart
Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the Society for
Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions. Circulation.2011;124:1-82.
24. Budaj A, David B, Gabriel S, Goodman SG, Dabbous OH, Fox KA, dkk.
Global patterns of use of antithrombotic and antiplatelet therapies in patients
with acute coronary syndromes: Insights from the Global Registry of Acute
Coronary Events (GRACE). Am Heart J.2003;146 :999-1006.
25. Bender J, Russel K, Rosenfeld E, Chaundry S, Oxford American Handbook
of Cardiology. New York : Oxford. 2011.hlm.256-260.
26. Packard RRS, Libby P. Inflammation in atherosclerosis: from vascular
biology
to
biomarker
discovery
and
risk
prediction.
Clinical
Chemistry,2008;54:24-38.
27. Ismail D. Patofisiologi Sindroma Koroner Akut. Dalam : Bawazier LA, Alwi
I, Syam AF dkk. penyunting. Prosiding Simposium Pendekatan Holistik
Penyakit Kardiovaskuler. Jakarta : Pusat Informasi dan Penerbitan Bagian
Ilmu Penyakit Dalam FK UI;2001.hlm.22-31.
28. Therax P, Foster V. Acute Coronary Syndrome: Unstable Angina and non Q
Wave Myocard Infarction. Circulation,1998;97:1195-1206.
29. Antman E, Anbe D, Armstrong P, Bates ER, Green LA, Hand M, dkk.
ACC/AHA guidelines for the management of patients with ST elevation
myocardial infartion. A report of the American College of cardiology/
American Heart Assosiation task force in practice guidelines). Am Coll
Cardiol J. 2004;44(suppl I):1-212.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
30. Rauch U, Osende JI, Fuster V, Badimon J, Fayad Z, Chesebro J. Thrombus
Formation on Atherosclerotic Plaques : Pathogenesis and Clinical
Consequences. Ann Intern Med.2001;134:224-38.
31. Kumar A, Cannon P. Acute Coronary Syndromes: Diagnosis and
Management, Part I Mayo Clin Proc.2009;84(10):917-93.
32. Thygesen K. Alpert JS. Jaffe A. Simoons M, Chaitman B, White H. Third
Universal
Definition
of
Myocardial
Infarction.
J
Am
Coll
Cardiol. 2012;60(16):1581-1598.
33. Effendi Z, Peranan Leukosit Sebagai Anti Inflamasi Alergik Dalam Tubuh
[Online Journal] 2003 [diunduh 25 September 2013]. Tersedia dari:
http://library.usu.ac.id
34. Sherwood L. Darah. Dalam: Fisiologi Manusia: Dari sel ke sel. Edisi ke-6.
Jakarta. EGC. 2011,hlm 428-431
35. Madjid M, Awan I, Willerson J, Casscells S. Leukocyte Count and Coronary
Heart Disease, Implications for Risk Assessment. JACC.2004;44 (10):1945–
56.
36. Ates AH, Canpolat U, Yorgun H, Baris E¸ Kaya, Sunman H, dkk.. Total
white blood cell count is associated with the presence, severity and extent of
coronary atherosclerosis detected by dual-source multislice computed
tomographic coronary angiography. Cardiol. J.2011;18(4):371–377.
37. Danesh J, Collins R, Appleby P, Peto R. Association of fibrinogen, C-reactive
protein, albumin, or leukocyte count with coronary heart disease: metaanalyses of prospective studies. JAMA,1998;279 (18):1477–1482.
38. Munir TA, Afzal MN, Habib-ur-Rehman. Baseline leukocyte count and acute
coronary syndrome: predictor of adverse cardiac events, long and short-term
mortality and association with traditional risk factors, cardiac biomarkers and
C-reactive protein. J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad. 2009;21(3):46-50.
39. Ross
R.
Atherosclerosis
an
inflammatory
disease.
N
Engl
J
Med,1999;340:115–26.
40. Takahashi K, Takeya M, Sakashita N. Multifunctional roles of macrophages
in the development and progression of atherosclerosis in humans and
experimental animals. Med Electron Micros.,2002;35:179–203.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
41. Naruko T, Ueda M, Haze K, Van der Wal AC, Van der Loos, Chris M, dkk.
Neutrophil infiltration of culprit lesions in acute coronary syndromes.
Circulation.2002;106:2894–900.
42. Shah PK. Mechanisms of plaque vulnerability and rupture. J Am Coll
Cardiol.2003;41:S15–22.
43. Hoffbrand AV, Pettit JE. Kapita Selekta: Hematologi (Essential Haematologi)
Edisi Ke-2.hlm.102-105
44. Witko-Sarsat V, Rieu P, Descamps-Latscha B, Lesavre P, HalbwachsMecarelli L. Neutrophils: Molecules, Function and Pathophysiological
Aspects. Laboratory Investigation. 2000;80:617-646.
45. Cascao R, Rosario H, Fonseca J. Neutrophils: warriors and commanders in
immune mediated inflammatory disease. Acta Reumatol Port,2009;34:313326.
46. Carbone F, Nencioni A,
Mach F, Vuilleumier N, Montecucco F.
Pathophysiological role of neutrophils in acute myocardial infarction.
Thrombosis and Haemostasis. 2013; 110(2):1-14.
47. Ducloux D, Challier B, Saas P, Tiberghien P, Chalopin JM. CD4 cell
lymphopenia and atherosclerosis in renal transplant recipients. J Am Soc
Nephrol. 2003 Mar;14(3):767-72.
48. Ommen SR, Gibbons RJ, Hodge DO, Thomson SP. Usefulness of the
lymphocyte concentration as a prognostic marker in coronary artery disease.
Am J Cardiol. 1997;79:812– 814.
49. Blum A, Sclarovsky S, Rehavia E, Shohat B. Levels of T-lymphocyte
subpopulations, interleukin-1, and soluble interleukin-2 receptor in acute
myocardial infarction. Am Heart J.1994; 127:1226 –1230.
50. Mor A, Luboshits G, Planer D, Keren G, George J. Altered status of CD4 and
CD25 and regulatory T cells in patients with acute coronary syndromes. Eur
Heart J.2006;27:2530 –2537.
51. Caligiuri G, Nicoletti A. Lymphocyte responses in acute coronary syndromes:
lack of regulation spawns deviant behaviour. Eur Heart J.2006;27:2485–
2486.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
52. Gupta S, Agrawal A, Agrawal S, Su H, Gollapudi S. A paradox of
immunodeficiency and inflammation in human aging: lessons learned from
apoptosis. Immun Ageing.2006;3:5.
53. Azab B, Zaher M, Weiserbs K, Torbey E, Lacossiere K, Gaddam S, dkk.
Usefulness of neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio in predicting short and long
term mortality after non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction. Am. J.
Cardiol.2010;106(4):470–476.
54. Dong-bao LI, Qi H, Zhi L, Jing LI, Li-qing XU, Shan W, dkk. Association
between inflammatory mediators and angiographic morphologic features
indicating thrombus formation in patients with acute myocardial infarction.
Chin. Med. J. 2009;122(15), 1738–1742.
55. Duffy BK, Gurm HS, Rajagopal V, Gupta R, Ellis SG, Bhatt D. Usefulness of
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