Wording the Speech Practicing Aloud Talk Indonesia on 13th of March 2011

f. Wording the Speech

With the detailed outline before him, there are two ways in which a speaker may develop the wording of his speech. He may write it out word for word and memorize it, or a speaker may lay the outline before him and talk it throu,6 several times, composing his sentences orally in a variety of ways a speaker finds the most effective way of a statement. Which of these methods is better will depend on the individual speaker and the type of occasion, though the method of oral composition is recommended because of its greater flexibility. On this point, however, a speaker will do well to seek the advice of his instructor.

g. Practicing Aloud

A speaker is now ready for the final step in his preparation, the actual practice for oral presentation- The best method for most speakers is to take the outline or manuscripts and, in the privacy of a room, to talk aloud, following the sequence of ideas written. This should be done several times until the sequence of ideas is clearly in mind. The outline or manuscript should then be laid aside and thought through silently, point by point, to make sure that the ideas have really become fixed in mind. Above all, practice makes the manner of speaking seem personal. The amount or oral practice a speaker will need depends entirely on his ability, experience, and knowledge of the subject. It is not wise to practice a speech so often that a speaker becomes stale on it, but he must be sure that he has the material well in mind. As general rule, the less experience he has had in speaking, the more oral practice will be required. Universitas Sumatera Utara

4.3. Television and Public Speaking

Television is important to public speaking because it shapes the way we think about communication skills. According to Banduras Social Learning theory, much of our learning is done through modeling or imitating the behavior of those we wish to emulate. As a result, prominent television personalities have become the role models of the latter half of this century. Not only are they role models, they also set the standard for what we expect life should be like, whether it be life in an emergency ward of a hospital, the family, or a police station. Although television is not reality, it plays an enormous role in determining; what we think reality should be. For our purposes, international news personalities like Tom Brokaw and Peter Jennings shape our expectations of how we communicate and present ourselves in professional speaking situations. If our communication is dramatically different from theirs, we are seen as incompetent, boring, and worst of all, lacking credibility. Although we may be good communicating one on one or in small groups, we may feel uncomfortable standing up behind a lectern speaking to even a small audience. For some reason we think there is a difference between speaking before a group and speaking one on one. It may be true to a small degree; however television has made it much less true than in the past. On television, all communication is one on one. Connie Chung, Barbara Walters, and Peter Jennings talk to us and we listen as individuals. They dont shout at us, pound their fists or otherwise make grand gestures. They dont speak in a monotone or Universitas Sumatera Utara appear to read from a text. They communicate in a formal, but personal way. We can learn from them by following a few tips. Whether a speaker is presenting dry statistics, selling a new operating system to management, or making a pitch to enter a new market, dont approach communication as though his job is merely to present facts. Like a good story, his presentation should have a clear point of view, a catchy beginning, a middle that vill hold his audiences attention, and a memorable end. It should have interesting, characters, a plot, dialogue, humor, and illustration. It should be rehearsed, but rehearsed to remember the ideas, not the exact words. To much rehearsal. especially as an attempt to memorize everything, may cause more problems than it cures. Television anchors establish eye contact. If they read from the text, they usually read from a teleprompter kit close to the lens of the camera so that they look as though they are looking at him. Even then, it is possible to detect that they are not looking quite at him, which distracts from their credibility. Eye contact is essential to establishing credibility. We dont have to be told that we cant trust people who wont look us in the eye, its hard wired into our psyche. It wasnt difficult to predict that Bob Dole would lose the 1996 presidential election. Dole could not establish eve contact with the camera. His eyes darted up and down and around and usually away from the camera. Good eye contact is deliberate and slow paced. If a speaker is talking to an audience, he may look at each person in the audience. He may have heard that he can look over the heads of your audience and focus on the back of the room. This is bad advice. Eye contact is essential to Universitas Sumatera Utara establishing credibility, and credibility is the most critical aspect of communication. A speakers job, like the television anchors, is to establish one on one bonding. Up to seventy percent of communication is nonverbal. Eyes, dress, posture. body shape, grooming, gestures, etc., are important important to effective communication. Even when he is not talking, he is communicating. If he is listening to people, pay attention, smile, nod, he can do whatever he can-- to indicate that he is interested. The most important thing is that a speaker should listen.He cannot think nor formulate arguments, etc. As a speaker, he needs to pay attention to feedback from your audience. If a person in the audience seems distracted, bored, uninterested, a speaker should focus on that person. This is another reason why eye contact is important. He cant get feedback from his audience if he is not looking at the people in it. Dress, hairstyle, body shape, etc., are also important to nonverbal communication. Attractive people are more credible than unattractive people. That is a fact of life. and theres no getting around it. We will never see an over weight television anchor; he or she would first be admonished to get in shape and fired if heshe failed to do so. If a speaker wants to be credible, he should stay in shape by exercising and maintaining a healthy diet. People who appear healthy and vigorous are more credible than weak, unhealthy people. Thats why athletes have so much credibility and make so much money in our society. We may have ever noticed the President of USA. He runs up the stairs to the door. Running up the stairs to enter the plane is more than getting on an airplane; its a communication Universitas Sumatera Utara act. Franklin Roosevelt was confined to a wheelchair; however, most American citizens did not know it because he insisted on being photographed from the waist up. We dont want handicapped people in positions of power. That may not be politically correct, but its a fact. Most of us gesture when we speak one on one. However, many of us have no idea about what to do with our hands when we are in front of an audience. The answer is that we do the same thing in front of an audience that we do when we speak one on one. We have heard reports that some high school speech teachers tell their students not to use gestures. This is bad advice. Gestures are an important to effective communication. The problem is that when we get nervous our hands may shake and we want to hide them. Or, we may fiddle with a pen, scratch our nose, or find another way for our hands to distract the audience from our message. If a speaker cant figure out what to do with his hands or they misbehave on their own, he may want to rest them on a lectern or put them behind him. However, putting ones hands behind is a sign of submission and lack of confidence, with subsequent loss of credibility; so thats not a very good idea. Its best to let them help a speaker communicate the way he normally does. Television is a visual medium, and because of its strong influence upon our expectations, we expect visual stimuli in presentations. If Dan Rather wants to describe the outrageous price of breakfast cereal, we see a box of cereal on the screen and testimony from a mother complaining about the price. If he describes the growth of the stock market over the last year, we see a line chart plotting the growth. We may also see a clip of the floor of the New York Stock Exchange on a Universitas Sumatera Utara busy day. Each one of your presentations should have at least two visual aids included. ncluded. Whenever you discuss numbers, use a chart or table to describe the numbers. Numbers make peoples eyes glaze over. A speaker should keep his audiences attention with pictures or other visual aide. Whether a speaker is speaking to a small group in a board or committee meeting or an audience of over one thousand at a trade show, he should make his presentation intimate. He may move from behind and back to the lectern at strategic times usually at transition points. If he uses a microphone, he should M- to use a small wireless mike attached to his lapel or tie so that he can move around. It is very important to engage particular people in the audience for short periods by moving toward them and establishing eve contact. Nothing will cause the premature death of his audience faster than a speech that he reads. Eye contact is lost and gone forever. Unless he is one of a small fraction of one percent of people on this earth, lie will slip into a monotone at the second word. His voice will not project. He will most likely mispronounce words. In general, he will screw up the whole speech. If a speaker uses notes, he should use a keyword outline. Many novice speakers worry so much about not making a mistake that they want to rehearse and memorize every word of their speech. In lieu of that, the, rely on reading the text so that they wont flub. The biggest flub is to communicate words and not ideas. We need to memorize the ideas or write them down on cards as single words as a roadmap for our speech. Once we know the ideas we want to communicate, the words will come. Universitas Sumatera Utara If we have to read a speech, for example an important policy statement, we should be able to make it sound spontaneous. This requires reading skills not available to the average person. A speaker has to be able to read a block of text such as a paragraph with one glance. In other words, he has to be a speed-reader who can read at least 1500 words per minute. In addition, the speech must be written as speech, not writing. It must be written for the ear, not the eye. The schools teach how to do the latter, not the former. Television communication skills are the benchmarks of what people expect. Theyive the speaker credibility by making himher seem prepared, confident, knowledgeable, and powerful. Pay attention to what effective television communicators do and emulate them. Universitas Sumatera Utara

5. THE ANALYSIS OF SPEECH ERRORS MADE BY THE INTERVIEWER AND COMMENTATORS IN “TALK INDONESIA”

PROGRAM ON METRO TV In chapter II has explained the theories that are closely concerned with this analysis. The theories have covered up the information needed to analyze the speech errors. Moreover, they support the analysis. Psycholinguistic aspects have eventually become the basic things in the analysis. News is a high status TV genre perhaps the most privileged and prestigious media genre. It compares favorably against low status genres like soap opera and game shows. TV news has increased its output over the last forty years, to extent that news programs are among the most popular in the ratings; with declining newspaper sales, people now get more of their news from television and, as Andrew Goodwin 1990 suggests, people tend to trust television news more than other sources because of the apparent lack of the influence of partisan ownership and because of the perceived veracity of the pictures. The English talk show program Talk Indonesia on Metro TV channel is the objects to be analyzed by the writer. This Program is broadcasted every Sunday at 9.00 a.m. until 9.30 a.m. Previously, there were four TV stations that broadcasted English news program but at last only two TV stations do the same things, and one of them is Metro TV. The English talk show program Talk Indonesia is actually devoted to English speakers who cannot speak Bahasa Indonesia who need information too. There are ten samples that the writer has taken from the Universitas Sumatera Utara index of Metro TV’s website. In this program, the permanent interviewer is Dalton Tanonaka and there are some commentators who sometimes change every week. This talk show program is the speech to inform for it is basically at the point of informing all the people what is happening around the world, with other words, it gives us up-to-date information about all aspects in human life. That is now why it is included into the speech to inform”. Besides, there is ‘answering questions and objection’. This session is provided for the commentators to give their idea and opinion about the hot topic coming from the interviewer. The talk show program will be started with a statement by the interviewer and continue with questions which commentator should give their thoughts by answering according to their objection about the topic. The topics themselves deliver the information about culture, art, politics, sport, war, peace, music, etc. In earlier discussion, it has been clearly explained of how an interviewer a newsreader should behave on TV. Attention is drawn to the manner of speaking in television, especially for those who read the news. The studio telecast without any audience, however, is a much intimate thing. The interviewer only face the crew and other people in the studio without feeling afraid of being interrupted by the audience. All they have to do is to make the news easier and more interesting to be absorbed. The interviewer newsreaders will first present the headlines, which become the highlights of the days focus. After conveying the headline, the interviewer then throws some questions to the commentators, asking their opinitions related to Universitas Sumatera Utara the topic that the interviewer convey before. Then, after that the commentator will start talking and arguing each other. In this way, the audience of this program is mostly from adult because the importance of information is usually found in the case of adult. The news, regardless of what happens in the world, will be presented in the same format: headlines, tone of voice, etc. In a sense, the news is always already written; whatever happens to conform to the preconceived notion of news and news values, and is presented in the same way. Basically, every speaker produces the spech errors and the same thing also happen to the interviewer and the commentators in “Talk Indonesia” Program. They sometimes make some speech errors while delivering the news though each of the interviewer and the commentators does not produce the same number of speech errors. The common types of speech errors will be list as follows: No Common Speech Errors Symbols Examples 1 Silent Pause Throw away the rubbish

2 Filled Pause

,...., Throw away the, ah, food

3 Repeats

Throw away the rubbish the rubbish 4 Retracted False Starts \ Throw away the rubbish the food 5 Unretracted False Starts \\ Throw away the rubbish \\ food

6 Corrections

— Throw away the rubbish – I mean, the food 7 Stutters ---- Throw away the r-r-r-rubbish Universitas Sumatera Utara

8 Interjections

.... Throw away ah rubbish 9 Slip of the tongue → Throw away → Get away the rubbish After attaching the common types of speech errors, the writer will analyze the speech errors produced by the interviewer of “Talk Indonesia” – Dalton Tanonaka and the commentators – Sakura Moretto, Wimar Witoelar, Rahayu Saraswati,

5.1 Talk Indonesia on 13th of March 2011

Data I Interviewer : Dalton Tanonaka Commentators : Sakura Moretto Diplomat and Wimar Witoelar Former Presidential Spokesman Topic : Japan in Emergency Duration : 03:24 1. Everyone is fine, yes, thank you, my mom wasn’t in Japan last week. But, she is, er, she is on her way. Sakura Morretto 2. Anyway, my daughter lives in Tokyo, and, er Dalton Tanonaka 3. I know that, Oh-h-h, Ok - I mean, uh.. Wimar Witoelar 4. No \\ Yes, she stucked in a school bus cause she is at the right after school of , uh, mid afernoon in Tokyo, uh, stucked in traffic for 5 hours. She is fine and all family and friends are fine there. Dalton Tanonaka 5. You know, er, we are all friends. We might here friends in Japan. Dalton Tanonaka Universitas Sumatera Utara 6. So, you have to visit, er, Wimar Witoelar 7. Horrible - I mean it’s so far away from here but I can just feel it, uh, uh, as soon i there because here, I I get 1.1 Ricther, so.. Wimar Witoelar 8. I was had a 15 seconds earthquake in Jakarta and I I was \ I felt \ I was gonna have heart attack. It is very frigthenning. Wimar Witoelar 9. Do we have a phone call ready? We would like go right away to Tokyo, and er, our first phone call is from ab-ab-ab-ab Balinator, and he is, uh, coming in very shortly. But, uh, there are approximately 30.000 Indonesian working in Japan, um, and about 400 living in that earthquake area. Um, this young man’s name is Alit Maha Dwita. He is from Bali and works in → looks hospital in, uh, Tokyo right now. “Alit, can you hear me?”. “Alit, where where were you when the shaking began? Dalton Tanonaka Table 1 Number of Speech Errors in Data I No Speaker’s name Initial Silent Pause Filled Pause .... Repeats Retraced \ Unretraced \\ Correction - Stutters — Interjections ... Slip of the Tongue → 1 SM √ √ √ 2 DT √ 3 WW √ √ √ 4 DT √√ √ 5 DT √ 6 WW √ 7 WW √√ √ √ Universitas Sumatera Utara 8 WW √√ 9 DT √√√√√ √ √ √ 1 14 5 3 1 1 1 2 1 In the first data, Dalton Tanonaka produced thirteen speech errors, Sakura Morreto produced three speech errors, and Wimar Witoelar produced twelve speech errors. The most frequent speech errors they produced was filled pause. Beside it, they also produced other kinds of speech errors like silent pause, repeats, retraced, unretraced, stutter, interjection, corrections, and slip of the tongue.

5.2. Talk Indonesia on 20th of March 2011