The writer agrees with Gunarto and Kurniasih that psychological approach can reveal the personality development of charcter in the story. A quote below
emphasizes the use of psychological approach in analyzing the literary text that is used by the writer now.
And, of course, if psychoanalysis can help us better understand human behavior, then it must certainly be able to help us understand literary texts, which are about
human behavior 2006:11. Apart from Gunarto’s and Kurniasih’s ways in analyzing the conflict and the main
character, the writer takes another way in analyzing the conflict which can cause the development or the change of the personality. The writer limits the scope in analyzing
the conflict only to conflics that happen in the scope of family. Another sources written by Wellney Yarra about feminist perspective in Khaled
Hosseini’s And The Mountains Echoed says that in this novel Hosseini expresses the unvoiced oppresion towards female. This novel is also said as a great feminist fiction
that counteracts the marginalization of women by bringing forward characters that go
against it and fight for feminism Yarra, 2013:10. The analysis which is done by Yarra on her paper which uses the same sources as
the writer does is really helpful and it also puts this undergraduate as an undergraduate thesis that discovers something new, compared to those three papers
explained before, in analyzing Khaled Hosseini’s And The Mountains Echoed. Something new that the writer shows is the use of psychological approach in
analyzing the personality development of female main character in And The Mountain
Echoed. The writer also limits the conflict that is analyzed, because the focus is only on the conflict which happens in the scope of the main character’s family.
B. Review of Related Theory 1. Theory of Character and Characterization
This study chooses Pari, one of the characters that involves in many parts in Khaled Hosseini’s And the Mountains Echoed, as the object to be analyzed and to
be understood based on her every single act as the main character in the novel And The Mountains Echoed.
In order to reveal or analyze the character in a story, which is a representation of human being, understanding every single action, speech, and thought is very
important to arrange the details about the character and draw the conclusion about the character itself Robert and Jacobs, 1987:119. Robert and Jacobs also say that
there are two types of the character; they are round and flat character. Round character is usually the main or major character in a story and its traits always
develop, change or grow, in other word the round character mostly dynamic. Another type of character as contrasted with round character is flat character which
is not so important, whether its role or its traits. The characteristics of flat character are mostly not change, grow or develop. The flat character is usually minor
character 1987:120-121. Certainly, character that is created by an author is interpreted by the readers
while reading and understanding the story and that’s why the readers must use their
own knowledge and experience about human being to make conclusion about the qualities of the character Robert and Jacobs, 1987:122. In this thesis the writer
applies the character and characterization theory based on Robert and Jacob’s book in order to define the qualities of the character. Robert and Jacobs also state that
there are four aspects that should be done in characterizing a character in a story. They are including what the characters themselves say and think, what the
characters do, what other characters say about them, and the last is what the author says about them. 1987:123.
According to literary theory about character, the main character in the novel that undergoes certain distinct changes or developments can be categorized as the round
and dynamic character. Arp and Johnson in Storu and Structure say that the developing or dynamic character undergoes some distinct change, it can be
personality or outlook, the change may be a large or small, and the change can be negative or positive. The writer also gives the reason why the main character
changes in the analysis because based on Arp and Johnson statement that essential changes in human character do not usually occur suddenly 2012:106-107. In the
analysis the writer proves the personality change or development of the main character is not a sudden change, it is caused by the conflict that is experienced by
her.
2. Theory of Conflict
Life is full of conflicts. Every people will always face a conflict, because it can happen every day and everywhere. Quoting from Isenhart and Spangle’s book,
Collaborative Approaches to Resolving Conflict, conflict is so complex and does not only involve a decision between two choices that can be solved by
compromising and negotiating together. But often, conflict entails the struggle of power, the way we talk, the way decisions are made, and unresolved problems from
the past 2000: 2. Considering the focus of this study is a conflict that likely to happen in a daily life, to be more specific is in the family, the writer decides to
explain about conflict in family. Based on Fitzpatrick and Noller’s book, Communication in Familu
Relationships, conflict in family occurs when family members do not agree about the events and situations in their lives. They may disagree about certain behavior in
certain situation, the family member’s task, the way decision is made or the way resources are shared. Those differences are likely to have an impact on family
members 1993: 99. Considering the object of this study is a literary work in a form novel or story,
the writer believes that what Robert Stanton says in his book, An Introduction to Fiction, about conflict is needed in order to make the identification of the family
conflict in a novel easier. Stanton states that every work of fiction contains of conflict. He states that there are two kinds of conflict. They are internal conflict and
external conflict. Internal conflict happens between two desires within a character
