Independent Learning Learning Strategy

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CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

There are two important parts that are discussed in this chapter as the guideline theories of the research. The first part is theoretical description, which talks about the theories directly related to the research. The second part is theoretical framework, which relates and summarizes the theories of the research.

A. Theoretical Description

This part discusses the theories about perception, independent learning, learning strategy, and group presentation.

1. Perception

There are many explanations that can be found about perception. Some of the description of perception will be explained briefly in this section.

a. Definition of Perception

Everyone has his or her own way of perceiving something and may have different perception on it. According to Goldstein 2009, perception is everything that everyone sees, hears, tastes, feels, or smells and it is created by the mechanism of people’s senses. This means that what people perceive is determined not only by what is “out there”, but also by the properties of their senses Goldstein, 2009, p. 5. It can 12 be seen that everybody may perceive something in different ways based on their senses. In addition, perception is the opinion that comes first in human mind unconsciously. When someone sees a thing, she or he will perceive something about that. Ponty 1996 describes perception as the thought about perceiving p. 38. He says , “Perception would be a judgment, which, however, is unaware of the reasons underlying its own formation, which amounts to saying that the perceived object presents itself as a totality and a unity” Ponty, 1996, p. 42. It can be seen that perception is similar to the opinion that everyone has in mind automatically. According to Noe 2004, perception is not something that happens to an individual, or in an individual; it is something that an individual does. He says “Perception is input from world to mind, action is output from mind to world, thought is the mediating process. If the input-output picture is right, then it must be possible, at least in principle, to disassociate capacities for perc eption, action and thought” p. 3. What a person perceives is determined by what that person does or knows about Noe, 2004. It means the experience and knowledge of a person will also determine his or her perception. Moreover, Altman, Valenzi and Hodgetts 1985 say that perception is someone’s view of reality and the process which enables every person to understand and cope with the environment in which he or she lives with p. 85. Goldstein 2009