5. Administering reading comprehension tests
Meanwhile, in collecting quantitative data, the researcher administered pre- test and post-test to the students to obtain reading comprehension scores.
F. Data and Research Instrument
From the various data collection techniques, the research instruments were determined. The instruments were in the form of:
1. Observation sheets and observation checklists
The instrument to collect data from observation was in the form of observation sheet and observation checklist. The observer filled in the observation
checklist by ticking the column that mostly represented her observation towards the implementation of teaching and learning in the classroom. She
could also add some notes related to the aspects that were observed. 2.
Interview guidelines Interview guidelines were the instrument for collecting data by interview.
These consisted of several questions as the guidance relevant to the issues investigated. The guidelines were adjusted based on the context of the
interviews. Then, the data were in the form of interview transcripts. 3.
Field note sheets This instrument was used for taking field notes during the implementation of
the action. The filed note sheets consisted of date, time, and teacher’s notes. 4.
A camera The researcher used a camera to collect data for photographs.
5. A voice recorder
A voice recorder was an instrument for recording the interviews by the researcher and participants. It was also used for listening again to the
interview to transcribe. 6.
Reading comprehension tests a pre-test and a post-test. Reading comprehension tests were the instrument to collect quantitative data
of the research. The result of this instrument was reading comprehension scores a pre-test and a post-test.
G. Data Analysis
As mentioned before, data in this research consisted of qualitative and quantitative data. In analyzing quantitative data, the researcher used descriptive
statistics in SPSS program to compare the students’ mean scores of the pre-test and post-test.
While the qualitative data were analyzed using five steps data analysis suggested by Burns 1999: 157-160 listed as follows:
1 Assembling the data
In analyzing the data, firstly, the researcher gathered all the data collected over the period of the research. Those were the data collected
through observations, field-notes making, interviews and tests. The data that had been collected were scanned to see the possible pattern that
showed up in order to begin the process of more detailed analysis. 2
Coding the data
Once the data had been assembled, the data were categorized into more manageable categories. The categories were developed to identify
patterns more specifically, so that coding the data was relatively easier. 3
Comparing the data After the data had been categorized into more specific groups, the
data were compared to see the differences or similarities between the data. Comparisons were done to see whether patterns are repeated or developed
across different data collection techniques. 4
Building interpretation This step was beyond assembling data, categorizing or coding data
and comparing the data. More than those, in this step, the researcher needed creative thinking to make sense of the meaning of the data. The
researcher processed the data to create interpretation that led into the results.
5 Reporting the outcomes.
In the final process, the researcher reported the outcomes or the results of the research concluded from data analysis. The researcher
presented the data of the research with some considerations. First, the report pointed out the major process of the research. Next, the findings and
the results of the research were well-supported with examples from the data.
H. Data Validity and Reliability
