3. Restructuring In this step the translator will determine the equivalent words, grammar, language
style, etc to the target language. Besides, she must recognize the target readers. Therefore, she will deliver the messages in the text which is appropriate to the
source language.
C. Definition of Metaphor
In Oxford Advanced learner’s Dictionary, metaphor is the imaginative use of a word or phrase to describe somebody or something as another object in order to
show that they have the same qualities and to make the description more forceful. According to Newmark 1988:104 “metaphor is the transferred sense of a
physical word”. He continues “The use of the metaphor has basically twofold purpose, i.e referential purpose and pragmatic purpose” Newmark, 1988:104.
According to him, metaphor has referential purpose since it is to describe a mental process or state, a concept, a person, an object, a quality or an action more
comprehensively and concisely than is possible in literal or physical language” 1988:104”. The reason why metaphor has pragmatic purpose is that “it is to appeal
to the senses, to interest, to clarify ‘graphically’, to please, to delight, to surprise.” Newmark, 1988:104
Those definitions suggest that metaphor is comparing two objects which are completely different without any sign such as ‘like’, ‘as’, ‘as though’. This
comparison is used to make the readers find it easy to imagine the things well. Giving illustration is easier for the novelist in transferring his or her mind. For instance:
Peter is a snail. It means that he, Peter, is compared with a snail that is slow. Even though there is no word such as like or as, we can imagine that Peter, especially his
manner in walking, is slow like a snail. It can be concluded that metaphor refers to a kind of movement from one
thing to another or one thing is carried beyond itself to something different. Larson states 1984: 247 a metaphor has four parts, they are topic, image,
point of similarity and non figurative equivalent. Topic is the topic of the first proposition nonfigurative, i.e. the thing being talked about. Image is the topic of the
second proposition figurative, i.e. what it is being compared with. Point of similarity is found in the comments of both in the propositions involved and the
comment of the EVENT proposition which has the image as topic. Nonfigurative equivalent is found when the proposition containing the topic is an EVENT
proposition, the COMMENT is the nonfigurative equivalent. Foe example: The righteous judge will give you the crown of life
1. The official give the victorious athlete a crown
2. God, who judges righteously, will give you eternal life
topic: God, who judges righteously, image: official judge, point of similarity: receive a reward for doing well, and nonfigurative meaning: will give you eternal life.
According to Larson, to analyze metaphors, it is very helpful to write out the propositions which are basic to the comparison. The topic, image, point of
similarity found in the comments about the topic and the image, and the nonfigurative meaning when the prepositions are Event Propositions shall all be
included.
D. Types of Metaphor
