Previous Study THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

A. Place and Time

This research was held at SMAN 9 Kota Tangerang Selatan for students at the tenth grade during the first semester starting from August 18 – September 9 2015.

B. Research Design

This research is categorized as quantitative research with experimental study. The design of this study is a quasi-experimental research to know the effectiveness of using pictures on students’ writing of recount text. The independent variable in this study is picture while the dependent variable is writing recount text. In this research, pre-test and post-test were used for both experimental class and controlled class. The experimental class received treatment which was using pictures in their recount writing while the controlled class did not receive the treatment. The effectiveness in recount writing improvement would be seen from the post-test score in experimental class. Below is the explanation of experimental design by Cresswell. 1 Table 3.1 Types of Experimental Designs True Experiment Quasi- Experiment Factorial Time Series Repeated Measures Single Subject Random assignment? yes no may be used no no no Number of groups compared? Two or more Two or more Two or more One group One group One individual studied at a time Number of intervention used? One or more intervention s One or more intervention s Two or more interventi ons One or more interventi ons Two or more interventions One or more intervention s 1 John W. Creswell, Educational Research: 4th edition, Boston:Pearson Education Inc., 2012, p. 307. True Experiment Quasi- Experiment Factorial Time Series Repeated Measures Single Subject Number of times the dependent variable observed? Once Once Once After each interventi on After each intervention Multiple points Controls typically used? Pre-test, matching, blocking, covariates Pre-test, matching, blocking, covariates Pre-test, matching, blocking, covariates Group becomes its own control Covariates Individuals become their own control

C. Population and Sample

The population of this study was the tenth grade students of SMA Negeri 9 Kota Tangerang Selatan. The total of class X was ten classes which were divided into five sciences and five social. Each class consisted of 37 students. The sampling technique used was sample random sampling to choose experimental and controlled class based on the same characteristic because there were so many classes could be the participant, so two classes were chosen randomly. The classes for the sample were X MIPA 1 as the experimental class and X MIPA 5 as the controlled class. Therefore, the total of students as the sample in this research was 74 students. D. Research Instrument The instrument the writer used was test in form of imperative sentence “Write about your memorable moment in your life, minimum 3 paragraphs”. The requirements students should have in writing by using picture were: a. Students should have minimum 3 paragraph as recount generic structure orientation, event, reorientation, b. Students should pay attention to the cohesive, unity, and clarity in their writing.

E. Technique of Data Collection

In collecting the data, the writer used writing test. The students should make recount writing by using their own picture, which is a photograph of their own activity, and should pay attention to the cohesive, unity, and clarity in their writing.