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Ratna 2004:66 in Teori, Metode, dan Teknik Penelitian Sastra, there are several objects of targets of this approach based on the indicator of history and literature, they are:
1. Changes of the language of literary work as the result of republication.
2. The functions and purposes of literary work at the time it is published.
3. The position of author at the time of writing.
4. Literary work as the representation of its era.
2.4 Poverty
Poverty is a hot issue arround the world. According to Oxford Dictionary Fourth Edition 2008, there are two defenitions of poverty, they are: 1 the state of being poor; 2
a lack of something; poor quality. Poverty is not only about having enough money to meet basic needs including food,
clothing and shelter. However, poverty is more, much more than just not having enough money. The World Bank Organization describes poverty in this way:
“Poverty is hunger. Poverty is lack of shelter. Poverty is being sick and not being able to see a doctor. Poverty is not having access to school and not
knowing how to read. Poverty is not having a job, is fear for the future, living one day at a time.
Poverty has many faces, changing from place to place and across time, and has been described in many ways. Most often, poverty is a situation people
want to escape. So poverty is a call to action -- for the poor and the wealthy alike -- a call to change the world so that many more may have enough to eat,
adequate shelter, access to education and health, protection from violence, and a voice in what happens in their communities.” The World Bank 2010:1
From the defenition of The World Bank Organization above, poverty is described as the situation where there is no enough food and no place to live in. Poverty is also a situation
where there are many unemployment people and uneducated people. All people want to get out of the poverty’s cycle. it is the reason why poverty needs action. An action that can
change people life.
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Poverty creates many problems such as child labour, prostitution, corruption, robbery, increased unemployment, poor living conditions, malnutrition. Poverty influences children in
many social ways, for instance that malnutrition can affect health and education which in turn may impact a child’s long term development.
The consequences of poverty and inequality are very significant for children. Children experience poverty differently from adults; they have specific and
different needs. While an adult may fall into poverty temporarily, falling into poverty in childhood can last a lifetime – rarely does a child get a second
chance at an education or a healthy start in life. Even short periods of food deprivation can impact children’s long-term development. If children do not
receive adequate nutrition, they grow smaller in size and intellectual capacity, are more vulnerable to life threatening diseases, perform worse in
school, and ultimately, are less likely to be productive adults. Child poverty threatens not only the individual child, but is likely to be passed on to future
generations, entrenching and even exacerbating inequality in society. Ortiz et al.2012:1
Practically, poor people faces inadequate basic needs such as food, clothing, health facilities etc. People who live below poverty line, live in sever housing conditions and poor
sanitary and hygienic conditions. Many of them live in slums or poor residential areas and some of them lack hosing, health care and nutrition sufficiency. Although illiteracy is far
more prevalent among poor people, many of them lack education or they drop out of school because of high cost of schooling. In general, poor people earn little and in such cases parents
are not able to take care of all the responsibilities of their children and they oblige their children to work to increase household’s income.
2.5 Child Labour
