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b. Definition of Task-based Language Teaching
There are two experts who purpose the definition of task-based language teaching. The first expert is Branden 2006. According to Branden 2006 task-
based language teaching concerns on what the learners are able to perform which do
not concern on the grammatical understanding. It emphasizes on the learners‟ communicative abilities. It facilitates learners with real sources of meaningful
material, ideal conditions for communicative activity, and supportive feedback. It is similar with the definition proposed by Nunan 2004 that task-based language
teaching is a communicative method in language teaching which is based on tasks used to facilitate the learners to acquire the language. It can be said that task-based
language teaching is a method in language teaching which concerns on communicative tasks as a means to acquire the language.
In addition, it is important to figure out the principles which become the basis of task-based
language teaching to complete the understanding of task-based language teaching definition.
c. Principles of Task-Based Language Teaching
According to Nunan 2004 this language teaching method has several principles which are important to take into account. They are scaffolding, task
dependency, recycling, active learning, integration, reproduction to creation, and reflection.
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1 Scaffolding
It means that the lesson and learning materials should give the learners reinforcement in acquiring the language. Therefore, the learners may not be
expected to produce language that the learners never heard before.
2 Task Dependency
It suggests that a task should be developed from previous tasks. It means that the learners should be recognized with the tasks gradually.
3 Recycling
This principle denotes that a topic of language should be reintroduced to the learners in a range time in different situation. It is used to reinforce the learners to
know the various applications of a topic.
4 Active learning
It is similar to the principle of learning by doing that the learners should use the language frequently in the class. It is believed that the learners will be better in
acquiring language by using the language rather than by getting the language from the teacher.
5 Integration
The word integration means the form of language, the function of language, and meaning should be integrated so that in a learning process the learners should
be clarified with those three things.
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6 Reproduction to Creation
The learners should be led to accomplish reproductive tasks to creation tasks which mean that the learners should reintegrate topic that the learners
reproduce with a new way.
7 Reflection
In the process of learning, the learners should be given an opportunity to reflect what they have learnt and how their understanding toward a topic due to a
consideration that learners who are able to reflect what they have learnt will be better learners.
Those are the principles of task-based language teaching which should be fulfilled in task-based language teaching. Those principles are also used as
consideration in analyzing the framework of task-based language teaching presented below.
d. A Framework of Task-Based Language Teaching
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