Horwitz referred to “beliefs” using the terms such as preconceptions, preconceived ideas, and preconceived notions.
According to Horwitz 1988, there were five main types of beliefs of foreign language learners as suggested in Horwitzs Beliefs about
Language Learning Inventory which are The difficulty of second language learning in general and the difficulty of learning the target
language, The role of language aptitude, The nature of language learning, Learning and communication strategies, Motivation and expectations.
b. Belief Formation
socio-cultural Psychology and Cognitive offers each personal approach concerning the question of how actually belief is formed. In
line to their first claim, the cognitive considers belief as well-organized schema network of connected ideas- and belief formation is, therefore,
an individual autonomous act. Each belief, later, bears the mark of the individual Gabillon, 2005. Those belong to this side do not take into
account the context where belief is constructed. Standing against this view is the socialists which claim that belief is constructed in the social
context. It would be inconsistent to talk about belief without referring to the context in which they are shaped Gabillon, 2005.
However, in the field of language learning particularly, the two stances have come into agreement that actually the two are justifiable and
complementary, as what Castellotti and Moore in Gabillon, 2005: 240 stress that there are the social nature of language learners
representations representations are constructed and shaped through PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
interactions between groups in society. Similarly, Gremmo in Gabillon., 2005: 240 argues that the societys general vision about
language learning, and the learners educational past, and that these personal experiences influence the formation of learners representations
and language learning culture. Discussing back to our previous argument, it is wisely reminding
that, again, the differences are not a matter of right or wrong, but more as a matter of choice: whether one wants to approach belief from its
individuality, or to deal with it from the social psychological perspective. The nature of duality of belief is not to be further a controversy.
c. Learners‟ beliefs on Language Learning
Horwitz, a pioneer in this field, defined beliefs as preconceived ideas about language learning Horwitz 1987. Horwitzs classic study
investigated how common certain beliefs about language learning of the learners and teachers. She developed and used a 34 Likert-scale item
questionnaire the Beliefs about Language Learning Inventory - BALLI derived from comments which frequently arose in extensive interviews
with learners and teachers. Nunan 1988, uncovered differences between the beliefs held by
learners and teachers in English language courses. It was posited that one factor in this mismatch of beliefs was cultural background. Three other
studies into learners beliefs Tumposky 1991, Yang 1993, Kuntz 1996 are significant because they show how factors such as learner
