The psychological approach involves the effort to locate and demonstrate certain recurrent patterns. It uses various theories of psychology to explain the
characters, motivation, and behavior pattern. Psychological approach is used to explain about human motivation
especially the motivation of the main character, Paulo, to seek his guardian angel. It is because study of psychology deals with the mind, its senses and human
behavior. The main character’s motivation can be seen from his behavior when he focuses on getting his goal. Through this approach, the character’s motivation can
be analyzed deeply.
2.1.2 Motivation
2.1.2.1 Definitions of Motivation
Murray says that motivation can be inferred by the aspect of behavior such as the dominance of one’s conversations, fantasies, and dreams 1964: 11. Thus,
we can learn one’s motivation from the dominance of his or her conversation or through what he is dreaming of.
Huffman, Vernoy and Vernoy2000: 392 state that motivation refers to factors of an individual such as needs, desires, and interest which activate,
maintain, and direct behavior toward of his goals.
2.1.2.2 Kinds of Motivation
According to Huffman, Vernoy, and Vernoy 2000: 401 there are two forms of motivation that affect achievement: intrinsic motivation and extrinsic
motivation.
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1 Intrinsic Motivation Intrinsic motivation refers to a desire to exhibit an action for our own sake. It
means that this motivation comes from someone’s enjoyment and pleasure. There is not a real reward money, certificate, or status for his work but the reward is
from his heart, his satisfaction in doing something well. 2 Extrinsic Motivation
Extrinsic motivation is a desire to exhibit an action because of the external rewards and avoidance of punishment. It means this motivation comes from
reward which will be benefit for someone, such as money, certificate, or status. There is not enjoyment in this motivation. He only does something for the reward
given not for his satisfaction. In the 1970s, the term intrinsic motivation became widely used in place of
exploratory behavior. Intrinsic motivation has been defined as “the inherent tendency to seek out novelty and challenge, to extend and exercise one’s
capacities, to explore and learn” Ryan Deci, 2000:70. Murray in his book
Motivation and Emotion states that we shall presents evidence for several new kinds of motives—sensory, curiosity, activity,
manipulatory, and cognitive. These appear to be independent of other motives, they are not learned on the basis of simpler drives, and they involve behavior
which is intrinsically motivating. We shall call them intrinsic motives 1964: 11.
Sensation Seeking Thrill Seeking
According to Zuckerman 1979 in the Franken’s Human Motivation, sensation seeking “ is a trait defined by the need for varied, novel and complex
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sensations and experiences and the willingness to take physical and social risks for the sake of such experiences” 343-344.
Zuckerman’s Sensation Seeking Scale SSS is based on four related but independent factors that were derived through factor analytic procedures. These
factors denote slightly different aspects of sensation seeking.
1. Thrill and adventure seeking . Some people are inclined to seek excitement
through risky but socially acceptable activities such as parachuting or driving fast, even if they haven’t engaged in such activities.
2. Experience seeking . Some people desire to seek sensation by engaging in
activities outside a conventional lifestyle. They might travel, seek out unusual friends, engage in artistic endeavors, experiment with drugs, and in general lead
less conventional lives.
3. Disinhibition . Those who choose to follow a conventional lifestyle might
periodically escape by engaging in social drinking or gambling or by pursuing a variety of sexual partners. They drink to free themselves from the social
inhibitions that are part of their conventional lifestyles.
4 . Boredom susceptibility. Some people have a much lower tolerance for
repetition and sameness. They tend to seek out stimulation and change to escape the monotony of everyday life. These people are inclined to engage in sensation-
seeking activities.
2.1.2.3 Human Motives
David C. McClelland 224 states the important Motive System, including achievement motive, power motive, affiliative motive, and avoidance motive.
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However, I only discuss achievement motive, affiliative motive, and avoidance motive since these three motives are appropriate to this research.
Firstly is Achievement Motivation. David C. McClelland 227
emphasizes that “doing something better” is the natural incentive for the achievement motive. It now is time to become more precise, for people can do
better for all sorts of reasons—to please the teacher, to avoid criticism, to gain the approval of a loved one, or simply to get some time off from work. What should
be involved in the achievement motivation is doing something better for its own sake, for the intrinsic satisfaction of doing something better.
Murray in Karen, Vernoy and Vernoy’s Psychology in Action 399 identified “achievement motivation as the need for success, for doing better than
others, and for mastering challenging tasks”. Murray also states the illustrative of needs in David C. McClelland Human Motivation 46; he defines the
achievement motives as follows. To accomplish something difficult. To master, manipulate, or organize
physical object, human beings, or ideas. To do this as rapidly and as independently as possible. To overcome obstacles and attain a high
standard. To excel oneself. To rival and surpass others. To increase self- regard by the successful exercise of talent.
In Beck’s Motivation 317, Murray defines “ need for achievement as a desire or tendency ‘ to overcome obstacles, to exercise power, to strive to do something
difficult as well and as quickly as possible’. Therefore , it can be emphasized that achievement motive as motive to master challenging task, to accomplish
something and to do better improvement, to get greater output, to strive to do something rapidly and independently”.
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Secondly is Affiliation Motivation, David C. McClelland 346-347 states
“whether or not it is exactly what people seek in interacting with others, certainly depriving individuals of the opportunity for interaction arouses in them that has
been called the need for affiliation or the need to be with people”. As what Beck 354 says that the term affiliations refer to motivation of someone in associating
with others, whether they like the people or not. According to Murray’s Need, affiliation is:
To draw near and enjoyable cooperate or reciprocate with an allied other an other who resembles the subject or who likes the subject. To please
and win affection of a cathected object. To adhere and remain loyal to a friend McClelland: 46.
In summary, affiliative motive means person who has to be friendly to make a good relationships and he is expected to have good interaction with other people
in order to accomplish his goals.
Thirdly is Avoidance Motivation. In Franken Human Motivation 3-4,
Avoidant motive, people do thing to avoid something. Avoidant causes tend to be very compelling; that is, not only they aversive or noxious but they are also
difficult—or impossible—to ignore Higgin, 1997. Academic psychologists first conceived of motives as effort to avoid discomfort
and to reduce strong stimulation, whether caused by hunger, thirst, pain, electric shock, conflict, or frustration.McClelland: 373.
According to Murray’s Need, harm avoidance is: “To avoid pain, physical injury, illness, and death. To escape from dangerous situation, to take precautionary
measures.”
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In David C. McClelland Human Motivation 376, Weiner states that if the goal of anxiety motive is some kind of escape, measurement in this area is
