PENINGKATAN KEMAMPUAN BERWAWANCARA MELALUI TEKNIK PEMODELAN PADA SISWA KELAS VIII SMP NEGERI I TEGINENENG TAHUN PELAJARAN 2011/2012
PENINGKATAN KEMAMPUAN BERWAWANCARA
MELALUI TEKNIK PEMODELAN PADA SISWA
KELAS VIII SMP NEGERI I TEGINENENG
TAHUN PELAJARAN 2011/2012
Penelitian Tindakan Kelas
Sebagai Salah Satu Syarat untuk Memperoleh Gelar Sarjana Pendidikan
Oleh
HELFITASARI
NPM 1013106003
FAKULTAS KEGURUAN DAN ILMU PENDIDIKAN
UNIVERSITAS LAMPUNG
BANDAR LAMPUNG
2012
✁✂✄✁☎ ✆✝✆
ABSTRAK ..................................................................................................
HALAMAN JUDUL...................................................................................
LEMBAR PENGESAHAN ........................................................................
RIWAYAT HIDUP.....................................................................................
PERSEMBAHAN .......................................................................................
MOTO .........................................................................................................
SANWACANA...........................................................................................
DAFTAR ISI...............................................................................................
DAFTAR TABEL.......................................................................................
DAFTAR GRAFIK.....................................................................................
DAFTAR LAMPIRAN...............................................................................
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iii
iv
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viii
ix
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xiii
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BAB I. PENDAHULUAN
1.1 Latar Belakang Masalah..................................................................
1.2 Rumusan Masalah ...........................................................................
1.3 Tujuan Penelitian ............................................................................
1.4 Kegunaan Penelitian........................................................................
1
6
6
7
BAB II. KAJIAN PUSTAKA
2.1 Keterampilan Berbicara ..................................................................
2.1.1 Pengertian Berbicara ..............................................................
2.1.2 Pengertian Kemampuan Berbicara.........................................
2.1.3 Tujuan Berbicara....................................................................
2.2 Wawancara......................................................................................
2.2.1 Pengertian Wawancara...........................................................
2.2.2 Jenis-jenis Wawancara ...........................................................
2.2.3 Langkah-langkah Wawancara................................................
2.2.4 Teknik Interaksi dalam Berwawancara..................................
2.2.5 Faktor Penunjang Keefektifan Berwawancara.......................
2.3 Pendekatan Kontekstual ..................................................................
2.3.1 Pengertian Pendekatan Kontekstual .......................................
2.3.2 Komponen Utama Pendekatan Kontekstual...........................
2.3.3 Teknik Pemodelan..................................................................
2.3.3.1 Pengertian Teknik Pemodelan ..................................
2.3.3.2 Prinsip-prinsip Pemodelan ........................................
2.3.3.3 Kelebihan Teknik Pemodelan ...................................
8
8
9
10
11
11
13
17
19
22
27
27
28
31
31
33
33
xi
BAB III. METODE PENELITIAN
3.1 Rancangan Penelitian....................................................................
3.2 Subjek Penelitian ..........................................................................
3.3 Tempat Penelitian .........................................................................
3.4 Waktu Penelitian...........................................................................
3.5 Indikator Kinerja ...........................................................................
3.6 Prosedur Penelitian .......................................................................
3.7 Teknik Pengumpulan Data............................................................
3.8 Instrumen Penelitian .....................................................................
3.9 Teknik Analisis Data.....................................................................
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36
36
36
36
36
41
42
48
BAB IV. HASIL PENELITIAN DAN PEMBAHASAN
4.1 Hasil Penelitian ...............................................................................
4.1.1 Prasiklus .................................................................................
4.1.2 Siklus I....................................................................................
4.1.2.1 Tahap Perencanaan ...................................................
4.1.2.2 Tahap Pelaksanaan Tindakan....................................
4.1.2.3 Tahap Pengamatan ....................................................
4.1.2.4 Tahap Refleksi ..........................................................
4.1.2 Siklus II ..................................................................................
4.1.2.1 Tahap Perencanaan ...................................................
4.1.2.2 Tahap Pelaksanaan Tindakan....................................
4.1.2.3 Tahap Pengamatan....................................................
4.1.2.4 Tahap Refleksi ..........................................................
4.2 Pembahasan .....................................................................................
4.2.1 Siklus I...................................................................................
4.2.2 Siklus II .................................................................................
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51
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55
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68
68
69
70
81
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BAB V. SIMPULAN DAN SARAN
5.1 Simpulan .........................................................................................
5.2 Saran................................................................................................
88
88
DAFTAR PUSTAKA .................................................................................
LAMPIRAN................................................................................................
90
92
xii
✠✡☛☞✡✌ ☞✡✍✎✏
☞✑✒✓✔
✕✑✔✑✖✑✗
✘✙✚ ✛✜✢✟✣✤✥✦✧ ★✩✜✟✪✤✟✤✜ ✫✩✬✤✬✭✮✤✜ ✯✩✧✰✤✰✤✜✱✤✧✤✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙
✲✘
✘✙✳ ✴✩✬✵✤✧ ✶✵✷✩✧✸✤✷✟ ✹✣✥✟✸✟✥✤✷ ✺✟✷✰✤ ✢✤✪✤✬ ★✧✦✷✩✷ ★✩✬✵✩✪✤✻✤✧✤✜ ✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙
✲✼
✘✙✘ ✴✩✬✵✤✧ ✶✵✷✩✧✸✤✷✟ ✹✣✥✟✸✟✥✤✷ ✽✮✧✮ ✢✤✪✤✬ ★✧✦✷✩✷ ★✩✬✵✩✪✤✻✤✧✤✜ ✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙
✲✾
✘✙✲ ✿✦✪✦✣ ❀✣✮✧ ★✩✜✟✪✤✟✤✜ ✫✩✬✤✬✭✮✤✜ ✯✩✧✰✤✰✤✜✱✤✧✤✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙
✲❁
✲✙✚ ❂✟✷✥✧✟✵✮✷✟ ✫✩✬✤✬✭✮✤✜ ✯✩✧✰✤✰✤✜✱✤✧✤ ★✧✤✷✟✣✪✮✷ ✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙
❃✳
✲✙✳ ❂✟✷✥✧✟✵✮✷✟ ✫✮✬✮✪✤✥✟❄ ✫✩✬✤✬✭✮✤✜ ✯✩✧✰✤✰✤✜✱✤✧✤ ✺✟✣✪✮✷ ✛✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙
❃✼
✲✙✘ ✫✩✬✤✬✭✮✤✜ ✯✩✧✰✤✰✤✜✱✤✧✤ ✛✜✢✟✣✤✥✦✧ ✫✩✥✩✭✤✥✤✜ ❀✱✤✭✤✜ ✺✟✣✪✮✷ ✛✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙
❃✾
✲✙✲ ✫✩✬✤✬✭✮✤✜ ✯✩✧✰✤✰✤✜✱✤✧✤ ✛✜✢✟✣✤✥✦✧ ❅✤✢✤ yang Sesuai ............................
58
4.5 Kemampuan Berwawancara Indikator Pilihan Kata/Diksi Siklus I .............
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4.6 Kemampuan Berwawancara Indikator Keefektifan Kalimat Siklus I...........
59
4.7 Kemampuan Berwawancara Indikator Sikap yang Wajar, Tenang dan Tidak
Kaku Siklus I ..................................................................................................
60
4.8 Kemampuan Berwawancara Indikator Kelancaran Siklus I .........................
61
4.9 Kemampuan Berwawancara Indikator Relevansi/Penalaran Siklus I ...........
62
4.10 Kemampuan Berwawancara Indikator Penguasaaan Topik Siklus I ..........
63
4.11 Nilai Rata-rata Kemampuan Berwawancara Siklus I..................................
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4.12 Rekapitulasi Hasil Analisis Siklus I............................................................
64
✞✟✟✟
4.13 Keaktifan Siswa dalam Pembelajaran Siklus I............................................
65
4.14 Skor Kumulatif Kemampuan Berwawancara Siklus II...............................
71
4.15 Kemampuan Berwawancara Indikator Ketepatan Ucapan Siklus II...........
72
4.16 Kemampuan Berwawancara Indikator Nada yang Sesuai Siklus II............
73
4.17 Kemampuan Berwawancara Indikator Pilihan Kata/Diksi Siklus II ..........
73
4.18 Kemampuan Berwawancara Indikator Keefektifan Kalimat Siklus II .......
74
4.19 Kemampuan Berwawancara Indikator Sikap yang Wajar, Tenang dan Tidak
Kaku Siklus II ..............................................................................................
75
4.20 Kemampuan Berwawancara Indikator Kelancaran Siklus II ......................
76
4.21 Kemampuan Berwawancara Indikator Relevansi/Penalaran Siklus II........
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4.22 Kemampuan Berwawancara Indikator Penguasaaan Topik Siklus II .........
77
4.23 Nilai Rata-rata Kemampuan Berwawancara Siklus II ................................
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4.24 Rekapitulasi Hasil Analisis Data Siklus II ..................................................
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4.25 Keaktifan Siswa dalam Pembelajaran Siklus II ..........................................
80
4.26 Perbandingan Ketuntasan Siswa Berwawancara, Prasiklus, Siklus I, dan
Siklus II ........................................................................................................
85
4.27 Aktivitas Siswa Siklus I dan Siklus II.........................................................
86
4.28 Aktivitas Guru Siklus I dan Siklus II ..........................................................
87
xiv
❆❇❈❉❈❊❋●❍●❈ ❋❇■●■❆❏●❈ ❑❇▲▼●▼●❈◆●▲●
■❇❖●❖❏❉ ❍❇❋❈❉❋ ❆❇■P◗❇❖●❈ ❆●◗● ❘❉❘▼●
❋❇❖●❘ ❙❉❉❉ ❘■❆ ❈❇❊❇▲❉ ❉ ❍❇❊❉❈❇❈❇❈❊
❍●❚❏❈ ❆❇❖●❯●▲●❈ 2011/2012
❱❲❳❨
❚❇❖❩❉❍●❘●▲❉
❬❳❭❳❲❪❫❪❴❭ ❵❪❭❛❴❜❴❭ ❝❳❲❴❞
❡❳❢❴❣❴❪ ❞❴❲❴❨ ❞❴❫❤ ❞✐❴❥❴❫ ❤❭❫❤❜ ❦❳❦❧❳❥♠❲❳❨ ❣❳❲❴❥
❡♥♦♣♥q♥ ❬rqstst❝♥q
❬❴❛❴
❬❥♠❣❥❴❦ ❡❫❤❛❪ ✉❴❨❴❞❴ ❛❴❭ ❡❴❞❫❥❴ t❭❛♠❭❳❞❪❴ ❛❴❭ s❴❳❥❴❨
♣❤❥❤❞❴❭ ❬❳❭❛❪❛❪❜❴❭ ✉❴❨❴❞❴ ❛❴❭ ❡❳❭❪
✈❴❜❤❲❫❴❞ ❝❳❣❤❥❤❴❭ ❛❴❭ t❲❦❤ ❬❳❭❛❪❛❪❜❴❭
✇❭❪versitas Lampung
FAKULTAS KEGURUAN DAN ILMU PENDIDIKAN
UNIVERSITAS LAMPUNG
BANDARLAMPUNG
2012
①②③④②⑤⑥⑦⑧⑥③
⑨⑩ ❶❷❸ ❹e❺❻❼❽❷
❾❿➀➁➂
➊❿➋➌❿➀➂➌➍➎
➃ ⑤u❸➄➅➆❷, ⑤⑩❹➇⑩➈ ①⑩⑦❸u ⑩
➃ ②k➄ ⑤➏➐❷➄ ⑥❻❼➑➆❷❺➄➈ ⑤⑩❹➇⑩➈ ①⑩❹➇⑩
➒❿➓➔➁→➍
➣➁➋➂➓ ➒❿↔➣➍↔➣➍➓➔ ➃ ↕➅⑩ ③➅u➙➄➛➑➄❺➄ ②k➏ ➜u➑❸❷❺➆➏➈ ①⑩❹➇⑩
➝⑩ ↕➞k➄❺ ➟➄➛u➙➆➄➑ ⑧➞❻❼➅➄u❺ ➇➄❺ ➠➙❸u❹➞❺➇❷➇❷k➄❺
↕➅⑩ ➡❽u➄❺❻ ➜➄➢❸➄❺, ①⑩⑤❷⑩
③➠❹ ⑨➤➥➦➦➧⑨➨ ⑨➤➩➨➦➧ ⑨➦➦➧
❶➄❺❻❻➄➙ ➫➙u➑u ➭❽❷➄❺ ➃ ➝➤ ➯❼❺❷ ➝➦⑨➝
➉➉⑩⑩➉➉➉⑩⑩
➲➳➵➳
➸➺➻➼ ➻➼➽➾ ➽➚➪➶➹➺➘➾➪➶ ➪➺➻➽➼➘ ➴➷➷➼➹➬ ➻➼➽➾ ➘➺➮➼➻ ➼➻➼➪ ➽➼➽➱➾ ➽➚➪➚➪➘➾➻➼➪
✃➾➽➷➼➹➪❐➼❒ ❮➾➪➶➶➾➹ ➴➷➷➷➼➹ ❰➼➹➼ Ï➚➪➶➼➽➱➾➪ ➮➼➪ ❰➼➹➼ Ï➚➪❐➼❐➼➪➶❒
ÐÑ❒❮❒ ➴➪ Ò➼➹➷ÓÔÕÖ
×➷➽➾➼➮➼➷➼➹ ➱➚➪❐➾➷➾➹ ➽➼Ø➼ ➮➚➱➼➪
×➷➽➾➘➼➪➱➼ ➼➽➼➷ Ù➼➶➼➺➻➼➪ ➱Ú➹Ú➪ ➘➼➻ Ù➚ÛÙ➾➪➶➼
❮➚Ù➼➶➺➼➪ ➺➷➽➾ ➴➷➷➼➹ ➘➚➷➼➹ ➮➺➱➚➷➼✃➼Û➺➬ ➘➚➘➼➱➺ ➽➼Ø➺➹ Ù➼➪❐➼➻➷➼➶➺ ➺➷➽➾ ➴➷➷➼➹ ❐➼➪➶
➘➚Û➼➹➼Ø➺➼❒
➴➷➷➼➹ ➽➚➪➶➹➚➪➮➼➻➺ ➻➚➪❐➼➘➼➼➪➬ ➘➺➮➼➻➱➚Û➚➪Ü➼➪➼➼➪
Ý➼➺➻Ù➾Û➾➻ ➱➚ÛÙ➾➼➘➼➪ ➻➺➘➼ ➘➺➮➼➻ ➽➚➽➱➚➪➶➼Û➾➹➺ ➴➷➷➼➹
❰➚➪Ü➼Û➺ ➮➼➪ ➽➚➪➶➼➽➼➷➻➼➪ ➺➷➽➾➼➮➼➷➼➹ ➺Ù➼➮➼➹
Þ➺➮➾➱➬ ➽➼➘➺➬ ➺Ù➼➮➼➹➬ ➼➽➼➷ ➮➼➪ ✃Ú➮Ú➹➼➮➼➷➼➹ Û➼➹➼Ø➺➼ ➴➷➷➼➹
ÐÏ➚➪➾➷➺ØÖ
ßàáâàãäåæåç
èéêëìê íéêîï ðìñì ñòîóîð ìôìñ êõóöìô íéê÷õ÷õóìê òìêë ôéøìï ùøøìï
úîûïìêìïîüìôìýìøì ûéðõóìêþ óîíéðñéöûìïóìê óìðòì õêõ óéíì÷ì ñîìöõ ÷ìê óéôõëì
ûéøìïìê ÿõüìóî , ✁ìê ✂éòêìø÷õ
ûðìö ✝ðõêìôì✞
ôìöì, ù☎ïöì÷ ✂ìñïéø
✄
ìûìüõ, ÷ìê ù☎ïöì÷
✆
✟✠✡✠☛
PT☞
✌
P✍✎✏✎✑✒✓✔✓✎ ☞✍✕✓✕✖✠✓✎ ✗✍✘✙✓✙✓✎✚✓✘✓ ✛✍☛✓☛✠✏
T✍✒✎✏✒ ✜✍✕✢✡✍☛✓✎ ✖✓✡✓ S✏✣✙✓ ☞✍☛✓✣ ✤III S✛✜
✥✍✑✍✘✏ I T✍✑✏✎✍✎✍✎✑ T✓✦✠✎ ✜✍☛✓✧✓✘✓✎ ★✩✪✪✫★✩✪★
✥✓✕✓ ✛✓✦✓✣✏✣✙✓
✌
H✍☛✬✏✔✓✣✓✘✏
P✢✒✢✒ ✛✓✦✓✣✏✣✙✓ ✌
✥✢✕✢✘
✪✩✪✭✪✩✮✩✩✭
P✘✢✑✘✓✕ S✔✠✡✏
✌
P✍✎✡✏✡✏✒✓✎ ✗✓✦✓✣✓ ✡✓✎ S✓✣✔✘✓ I✎✡✢✎✍✣✏✓ ✡✓✎ ✯✓✍✘✓✦
✟✠✘✠✣✓✎
✌
P✍✎✡✏✡✏✒✓✎ ✗✓✦✓✣✓ ✡✓✎ ✰✍✎✏
✱✓✒✠☛✔✓✣
✌
☞✍✑✠✘✠✓✎ ✡✓✎ I☛✕✠ ✜✍✎✡✏✡✏✒✓✎
✲✳✴✵✳✶✷✸✷✹✺
P✍✕✻✏✕✻✏✎✑ ✪
P✍✕✻✏✕✻✏✎✑ ★
S✠✕✓✘✔✏ , S✼✜✡✼✽ ✛✼✾✠✕✼
✥ IP ✪✿❀✩✩✭✪❁✪✿✿❂✩✭★✩✩★
❃✒✓ S✢✬✏✓ ❄✑✠✣✔✏✎✓,
✥ IP ✪✿❀❁✩❁✩✿★✩✩❁✩✪★✩✩✪
☞✍✔✠✓ ✟✠✘✠✣✓✎ P✍✎✡✏✡✏✒✓✎
✗✓✦✓✣✓ ✡✓✎ ✰✍✎✏
✯✘✣✼ I✕✓✕
S✼P✡✼✽ ✛✼✜✡✼
R✍✧✓✎✓, ✛✼✰✏✼
✥ IP ✪✿❂❁✩❂★✪✪✿❀❁✩✭✪✩✩❂
❅❆❇❈❉❈❊ ❋❆●❍■
❏e❑▲▼◆❖ d◆▼aP◆◗❘❙❑ d◆ ❚ a❯a◗❱ ❲ab▲❳❙❯e❑ ❨a❩❳▲❑❬ ❭e▼a❯a❑❱ ❳ ada ❪❫ Ma◗ e❯ ❴❵75❛
❏e❑▲▼◆❖ ada▼aP a❑❙❘ ❳❜◗❯a❩a da◗◆ e❑❙❩ be◗❖❙▲❝ a◗a ❳❙❖❙❑❬a❑ da◗◆ Ba❳❙❘ M❛ Ba❖◗◆❱
❭❛❞ da❑ Ib▲ ❭▲❝❙◗❑◆ ❡a▼❩❢❛
❣e❑❤a❑❬ ❳❜❑❝◆d◆❘❙❑ ❳ e❑▲▼◆❖ d◆❩▲▼a◆ da◗◆ ❭D ❚ e❬❜◗◆ ❴ Ba❑❤ a◗❑❜❬e◗◆❱ ✐❜❬◆❑❜❑❜❑❬
▼▲▼▲❖ ❴❵87❱ ❭M❏ B◆❑❙ ❥e❩a❤ a ✐❜❬◆❑❜❑e❑❬ ▼▲▼▲❖ ❴❵❵❫❱ ❭MA ❚e❬❜◗◆ ❚ a❯a◗ ▼▲▼▲❖
❴❵9❪❱ ❝❙❑ D◆❳▼❦❩a ❪ BaP❙❖❙ da❑ ❭a❖❯◗a ❨a❩❳▲❑❬ ❧❑◆▼a ▼▲▼▲❖ ♠❫❫❴❛
✐❙❑❬❬❙▼ ❴❵ ❣▲▼◆ ♠❫❫❴❱ ❳❜❑▲▼◆❖ ❩▲▼a◆ ❩e❑❬a❤a◗ d◆ ❭M❏ ❚e❬e◗◆ ❴ ✐❜❬◆❑❜❑❜❑❬❱
❲ ab▲❳❙❯e❑ ❏e❖❙♥ a◗ a❑ B◆da❑❬ ❭❯▲❝◆
BaP❙❖❙
❨a❩❳▲❑❬❛ ✐❙❑❬❬❙▼ ❴ A❳◗◆▼ ♠❫❫6❱
❳❜❑▲▼◆❖ d◆a❑❬❘❙❯ ❏❚❭ ❯e❯a❳ ❳❙da ❭M❏ ❚ e❬e◗◆ ❴ ✐❜❬◆❑❜❑❜❑❬❱ ❲eca❩a❯a❑
✐❜❬◆❑e❑❜❑❬❱ ❲ ab▲❳❙❯e❑ ❏e❖❙♥ a◗ a❑ P◆❑❬❬a ❖❙a❯ ◆❑◆ ❳❜❑▲▼◆❖ ❯e❯a❳ ❩e❑❬❙❤ a◗ b◆da❑❬
❖❯▲❝◆ BaP❙❖❙ ❨a❩❳▲❑❬❛
✐❙P▲❑ ♠❫❴❫❱ ❳❜❑▲▼◆❖ ❩e❑❬◆❘▲❯◆ ❏◗❦❬◗ a❩ ❏e❑❝◆d◆❘❙❑ ❭♦❴ da▼a❩ ❣aba❯a❑ da◗◆ D◆❑❙❖
❏e❑❝◆d◆❘❙❑ d◆ ♣❲ I❏ ❧❑◆▼a❛ ❏e❑▲▼◆❖ ❖▲❝❙P ❩e▼a❘❖❙❑❙❘❙❑ ❏◗❦❬◗a❩ ❏e❑❬❙▼a❩a❑
❨a❳ a❑❬a❑ ❡❏❏❨❢ a❯a▲ ❏◗❦❬◗a❩ ❏e❩a❑❯a❳❙❑
Me❑❬❙❤ a◗
❡❏❲M❢
da❑
❏e❑❜▼◆❯◆a❑
✐◆❑❝❙❘❙❑ ❲ e▼a❖ ❡❏✐❲❢ d◆ ❭M❏ ❚ e❬e◗◆ ❴ ✐❜❬◆❑e❑❜❑❬ ❯e❩❳❙❯ ❳ e❑▲▼◆❖ ❩e❑❬❙❤ a◗
qa❑❬
be◗ a▼a❩a❯❘❙❑ d◆
❏e❖❙♥a◗ a❑❛
✐◗◆❩▲▼q❦ ❚❦❛❴r ❲eca❩a❯a❑ ✐❜❬◆❑❜❑e❑❬❱ ❲ab▲❳❙❯e❑
st✉✈t✇t✉t
①②③④ ⑤②y⑥②⑦ ⑧ ⑨⑩②❶④⑤ ⑧❷⑩③❷❸⑥❷⑩ ⑥⑨❹❷❺④⑦❷❸ ❻❶❶❷❹ ❼②❽❹❷⑩❷❹②❾❷❸❷❷❶❷ ❷❸❷⑤ ❶④❿⑧❷❹❷⑩
⑦❷❹❿❷❸ ❺❷⑩ ❹④❺❷❷y❹ -➀❷y , ⑤⑨❹④⑩➁➁❷ ⑧⑨⑩②❶④⑤ ❺❷⑧❷❸ ❿⑨⑩⑨y❶⑨⑤❷④⑥❷⑩ ①➂➃ ❺⑨⑩➁❷⑩
③②❺②❶ ①⑨⑩④⑩➁⑥❷❸❷⑩ ➃⑨❿❷❿⑧②❷⑩ ➄⑨⑦❾❷❾❷⑩➅❷⑦❷ M⑨❶❷❶②④ ➂⑨⑥⑩④⑥ ①⑨❿➆❺⑨❶❷⑩ ①❷❺❷
❼④⑤❾❷ ➃⑨❶❷⑤ ➇ III ❼M① ➀⑨➁⑨⑦④ I ➂⑨➁④⑩⑨⑩⑨⑩➁ ➂❷❹②⑩ ①⑨❶❷③❷⑦❷⑩ 2011/2012 .
❼❷❶❷❾❷❸ ⑤⑨⑦❸❷ ⑤❷❶❷❿ ⑤⑨❿➆➁❷ ⑤⑨⑩❷⑩❸④❷⑤❷ ❸⑨⑦➅②⑦❷❹ ⑥⑨⑧❷❺❷ ③②⑩③②⑩➁❷⑩ ⑥④❸❷ , ➀❷❽④
➄⑨⑤❷⑦ M②❹❷❿❿❷❺ ❼❷❶❷②❶❷❹②➈❷❶❷④❹④❾❷⑤❷❶❷❿ , ⑤⑨⑦❸❷ ⑧❷⑦❷ ⑤❷❹❷❽❷❸, ⑥⑨❶②❷⑦➁❷, ❺❷⑩
⑧⑨⑩➁④⑥②❸⑩❷y ❷y⑩➁
⑤⑨⑩❷⑩❸④❷⑤❷ ⑤⑨❸④❷ ⑤❷❿⑧❷④ ❷⑥❹④⑦ ❷z❿❷⑩➉ ❻❿④⑩➉
①⑨⑩②❶④⑤ ❸⑨❶❷❹ ❽❷⑩❷y⑥ ❿⑨⑩⑨⑦④❿❷ ❽❷⑩❸②❷⑩➊ ❺②⑥②⑩➁❷⑩➊ ❺❷⑩ ❽④❿❽④⑩➁❷⑩ ❺❷⑦④ ❽⑨⑦❽❷➁❷④
⑧④❹❷⑥ ❺❷❶❷❿ ❿⑨⑩⑨y❶⑨⑤❷④⑥❷⑩ ①➂➃ ④⑩④ . ➋❶⑨❹ ⑥❷⑦⑨⑩❷ ④❸②➊ ❺⑨⑩➁❷⑩ ⑤⑨ ➁⑨⑩❷⑧ ③④❾❷
⑤⑨❽❷➁❷④ ❾②③②❺ ⑦❷⑤❷ ❹➆⑦❿❷❸ ❺❷⑩ ❸⑨⑦④❿❷ ⑥❷⑤④❹ ⑤⑨⑦❸❷ ⑧⑨⑩➁❹❷⑦➁❷❷⑩ ❷❸❷⑤ ⑤⑨➁❷❶❷
❽❷⑩❸②❷⑩➊ ⑧⑨⑩②❶④⑤ ❿⑨⑩➁②➅❷⑧⑥❷⑩ ❸⑨⑦④❿❷⑥❷⑤④❹ ⑥⑨⑧❷❺❷ ⑧④❹❷⑥ -⑧④❹❷⑥ ❽⑨⑦④⑥②❸.
1. ❼②❿❷⑦❸④ , ❼.①❺➉➊ M.H②❿ ., ⑤⑨❶❷⑥② ❺➆⑤⑨⑩ ⑧⑨❿❽④❿❽④⑩➁ I, ❷y⑩➁ ❸❷⑥ ❹⑨⑩❸④ -❹⑨⑩❸④⑩❷y
❿⑨❿❽⑨⑦④⑥❷⑩ ❺➆⑦➆⑩➁❷⑩➊ ⑤❷⑦❷⑩➊ ❺❷⑩ ❽④❿❽④⑩➁❷⑩ ❺⑨❿④ ⑥⑨⑤⑨❿⑧②⑦⑩❷❷⑩ ⑧⑨⑩②❶④⑤❷⑩
①➂➃ ④⑩④➌
2. ➍⑥❷ ❼➆➎④❷ ❻➁②⑤❸④⑩❷, ❼.①❺➉➊ M.①❺➉ , ⑤⑨❶❷⑥② ❺➆⑤⑨⑩ ⑧⑨❿❽④❿❽④⑩➁ 2, ❷y⑩➁ ❸⑨❶❷❹
❿⑨❿❽⑨⑦④⑥❷⑩ ❽④❿❽④⑩➁❷⑩➊ ❷⑦❷❹❷⑩➊ ❺❷⑩ ⑤❷⑦❷⑩-⑤❷⑦❷⑩ ❿②❶❷④ ⑧⑨❿❽②❷❸❷⑩ ⑧⑦➆⑧➆⑤❷❶
❹④⑩➁➁❷ ⑧⑨⑩⑨y❶⑨⑤❷④❷⑩ ①➂➃ ④⑩④ ❺⑨⑩➁❷⑩ ⑧⑨⑩②❹ ⑥⑨⑤❷❽❷⑦❷⑩ ➌
3. ➏⑦. ➍❺y❼②❷y⑩❸➆➊ M.①❺➉
, ⑤⑨❶❷⑥② ➃⑨❸②❷ ①⑦➆➁⑦❷❿ ❼❸②❺④ ⑤⑨⑥❷❶④➁②⑤ ①⑨❿❽④❿❽④⑩➁
❻⑥❷❺⑨❿④⑥ , ❷y⑩➁ ❸⑨❶❷❹ ❿⑨❿❽⑨⑦④⑥❷⑩ ❽④❿❽④⑩➁❷⑩ ❺❷⑩ ❷⑦❷❹❷⑩ ⑥⑨⑧❷❺❷ ⑧⑨⑩②❶④⑤
x
y
→➓➔ ➙↔→➛ ➜➒↕➐➓➔➔ → ➣➒➓↔➠➐➜
➑➒➓➔→➓ ➣➒➓↔↕ ➙➒➛➒➔→➜→➓ ➑ →➓ ➝➞➛➐➟→➜➐
➛➒➡➣→➢↔
y
↔➓➛↔➙ ➝➒➓ ➒➠➒➜→➐➙→➓ ➤➥➦ ➐➓➐ ➧
4.
.
➨➡
➩↔ ➡➠→➙➜→➓→ ➫➙➞ ➭↔➜➝➐➓➛➞➯
y
→➓➔ ➛➒➠→↕ ➝➒➝➲➒➡➐➙→➓
M.➤➑ .,
➜➒➠→➙↔ ➑➞➜➒➓ ➣ ➒➝➲→↕→➜ ➑ →➓ ➣ ➒➓➔↔➳➐
,
➛↔➓➛↔➓→➓ ➑ →➓ ➝→➜↔➙→➓ ➜➒↕➐➓➔➔ → ➤➥➦ ➐➓➐ ➝➒➓➳→➑➐ ➠➒➲➐↕
➜➒➝➣↔ ➡➓→➧
5.
➨➡➜➵
I➝→➝
, M.➸➐ .,
➭➒➳→➓→
➜➒➠→➙↔ ➦➒➛↔ → ➺↔➡↔➜→➓ ➤➒➓➑➐➑➐➙ →➓ ➻→↕→➜→ ➑→➓ ➸➒➓➐
,
I
➼➦ ➤ ➽➓➐➟➒➡➜➐➛→➜ ➾→➝➣↔ ➓➔➧
6.
➨➡
. H➐ . ➻↔ ➳→➓➔ ➭→↕➝→➓➯ M.➸➐ ., ➜➒➠→➙↔ ➨➒➙→➓ ➼➦I➤ ➽➓➐➟➒➡➜➐➛→➜
7.
➦➒➠↔→➡➔→ ➲➒➜→➡ ➸
M➤
H➒➡➐
.
➸↔ ➲→➔➐➞➯ ➸ ➤➑➵
➜➛→➪ ➥➽
,
,
➩➒➔➒➡➐
1
➾→➝➣↔➓➔➧ ➑→➓
➥➒➔➐➓➒➓➒➓➔ ➛➒➡↔ ➛→➝→ ➦➒➣ →➠→ ➸➒➙➞ ➠→↕ ➻→➣→➙
➛➒➝→➓ ➜➒➳→➚→➛ ➥↔ ➛
yI➡➐→➓➛➐ , ➸.➤➑➵ ,
-
-
➛➒➝→➓ ➛➒➝→➓ ➔↔➡↔ ➑→➓
y
➜➐➜➚→ ➜➐➜➚➐ →➛→➜ ➙➒➡➳→ ➜→➝→ ➑→➓ ➙ ➒➝↔➑→↕→➓ → ➓➔ ➣ ➒➓↔ ➠➐➜ ➑ →➣ →➛➙→➓
M ➑ →➓ ➤➥➦ ➐➓➐ .
➜➒➠→➝→ ➝➒➠→➙➜→➓→➙→➓ ➤➦
➤➒➓↔➠➐➜
y
➝➒➓→➑ →➡➐
➙ ➒➜→➠→↕→➓➵
➑→➠→➝
➣➒➓↔➠➐➜→➓ ➤➥➦
➐➓➐
y
➝→➜➐↕
➲→➓→➙
➙➒➙↔➡→➓➔ →➓ ➑→➓
➦→➡➒➓→ ➐➛↔➯ ➣ ➒➓↔ ➠➐➜ ➝➒➓➔ ↕→➡→➣ ➙ ➡➐➛➐➙ ➑→➓ ➜→➡→➓ ➑ →➡➐ ➜➒➝↔ → ➣➐↕→➙ ➑ ➒➝➐
➙ ➒➜➒➝➣↔ ➡➓→→➓ ➤➥➦ ➐➓➐
,
➲→➔➐ ➙➐➛→ ➜➒➝↔→
. H→➡→➣ →➓ ➣➒➓↔➠➐➜➯
y
➜➒➝➞➔ → ➙ →➡→ ➙ ➒➢➐➠ ➐➓➐ ➲➐➜→ ➲➒➡➝→➓➪→→➛
y
➙↕↔➜↔➜➓→ ➑→➠→➝ ➣ ➒➓➔→➳→➡→➓ ➻→↕→➜→
➑ →➓ ➸→➜➛➡→
I➓➑➞ ➓➒➜➐→
➜➒➙➞ ➠→↕➵
➻→➓➑→➡ ➾→➝➣↔ ➓➔
➤➒➓↔ ➠➐➜
,
➶➹➘➴➷➬➮➱➮✃➷
x
➐
,
2012
➑➐
❐
❒❮ ❰ÏÐÑÒÓÔÕÔÒÐ
Ö❮Ö Õ×Ø×Ù ÚÛÜ×Ý×Þß à×á×Ü×â
ãäåæäçèéèêèë ìèíèîè ïëðñëäîòè ðò óôã õäêçuðòèêèíöèë ÷ëø÷ö åäëòëùöètöèë
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èçèå öñëøäöî
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ò÷t û
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tçä
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èðèçèí îèçèí îètuõêñùêèå ÷ëø÷ö åäëùäåæèëùöèë õäëùäèt í÷èëû öäät êèåõòçèë
æäêæèíèîèû ðèë îòöèõ õñîòòt✞ ät êíèðèõ ìèíèîè ïëðñëäîòèý
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ëùîò ðèë t÷é÷èë
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æèíèîè ðèë îèîøêè ïëðñëäîòè èyëù æèòö ÷ëø÷ö æäêæèùèò öäõäêç÷èëû ÿ☞✝ îèêèëè
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ïëðñëäîòè åäçèç÷ò öíèîèëèí öäîèîøêèèë ïëðñëäîòè ÿ äõðòöëèîû ✁✂✂✌✝ý
✍çäí öèêäëè
✎
✏✑t ✒ t✑✓✑✔✕ ✖✗✘✙✗✚✔✓✔✛✔✕ ✙✔✜✔✢✔ ✣✏✜✔✛✔✖✤✔✕ ✣✔✖✔ t ✘✗✘✙✗✕✥✑✤ ✤✦✘✖✗t✗✕✢✏ ✙✔✜✔✢✔
✧✕✣✦✕✗✢✏✔ ✢✏✢★✔ ✩✪✫ ✣✔✕ ✪✬✢ ✣✗✕✭✔✕ ✪✮✗✕✔y✓✏✤✔✕ ✤✦✘✖✦✕✗✕ ✤✗✙✔✜✔✢✔✔✕✒
✤✦✘✖✦✕✗✕ ✖✗✘✔✜✔✘✔✕✒ ✣✔✕ ✤✦✘✖✦✕✗✕ ✖✗✕✭✭✑✕✔✔✕ ✙✔✜✔✢✔ ✢✗✯✔✛✔ t✗✛✖✔✣✑✰
✱✗✗t ✛✔✘✖✏✚✔✕ ✙✗✛✙✏✯✔✛✔ ✘✗✛✑✖✔✤✔✕ ✢✔✚✔✜ ✢✔ tu✔✢✖✗✤ ✤✗✙✔✜✔✢✔✔✕ ✔y✕✭ ✢✔✕✭✔ t
✖✗✕✥✏✕✭✰ ✲✗✕✭✔✕ ✙✗✛✙✏✯✔✛✔ ✤✏✔t ✣✔✖✔t✘✗✘✗✕✑✜✏ ✤✗✙✑✥✑✜✔✕ ✙✗✛✤✦✘✑✕✏✤✔✢✏ ✣✗✕✭✔✕
✘✔✢✔y✛✔✤✔ t✢✗✤✏✔t ✛ ✚✏✕✭✤✑✕✭✔✕ ✤✏✔t ✰ ✩✗✚✔✏✕ ✏tu✔✖✔✙✏✚✔
✤✦✘✑✕✏✤✔✢✏ ✔y✕✭ ✣✏✭✑✕✔✤✔✕
✣✗✕✭✔✕ ✙✔✜✔✢✔ ✚✏✢✔✕✒ ✘✔✤✔ ✤✦✘✑✕✏✤✔✢✏ t✗✛✢✗✙✑✥ ✔✤✔✕ ✙✗✛✚✔✕✭✢✑✕✭ ✗✳✗✤ t✏✳ ✣✔✕
✗✳✏✢✏✗✕✰ ✱✔✛✗✕✔ ✣✗✕✭✔✕ ✘✗✕✭✭✑✕✔✤✔✕ ✙✔✜✔✢✔ ✚✏✢✔✕✒ ✙✗✛✔✛t✏ ✤✦✘✑✕✏✤✔✢✏ ✔y✕✭
✣✏✚✔✤✑✤✔✕ ✘✗✕✭✭✑✕✔✤✔✕ ✘✗✣✏✔ ✑✯✔✖✔✕✒ ✣✔✕ ✜✔✤✏✤✔ t✙✔✜✔✢✔ ✔✣✔✚✔✜ ✑✯✔✖✔✕✰ ✫✛✦✢✗✢
✖✗✕✭u✯✔✖✔✕ ✙✑✕✏y ✮✙✑✕✏y ✙✔✜✔✢✔ ✏tut✏✣✔✤
✚✔✏✕ ✔✣✔✚✔✜ ✣✗✕✭✔✕ ✙✗✛✙✏✯✔✛✔✒ u✕✥✑✤
✣✔✖✔ t ✙✗✛✙✏✯✔✛✔ ✣✗✕✭✔✕ ✙✔✏✤ ✣✏✖✗✛✚✑✤✔✕ ✤✗t✗✛✔✘✖✏✚✔✕ ✙✗✛✙✏✯✔✛✔ ✴✬✔✛✏✭✔✕✒ ✵✶✶✷✸
✵✹✺✰
✻✗✛✣✔✢✔✛✤✔✕ ✱u✛✏✤✑✚✑✘ ✬✏✕✭✤✔t✩✔t✑✔✕ ✫✗✕✣✏✣✏✤✔✕ ✴✱✬✩✫✺ ✖✗✘✙✗✚✔✓✔✛✔✕ ✻✔✜✔✢✔
✧✕✣✦✕✗✢✏✔ ✩✪✫ ✣✔✕ ✪✬✢ ✖✔✣✔ ✤✗✗t ✛✔✘✖✏✚✔✕ ✙✗✛✙✏✯✔✛✔✒ ✢✗✙✔✭✔✏ ✙✔✜✔✕ ✖✗✕✗✚✏✏t✔✕
✢✔✚✔✜ ✢✔tu ✔y✕✭ ✩✗✢✑✔✏ ✣✗✕✭✔✕ ✢✥✔✕✣✔✛ ✤✦✘✖✗✗t ✕✢✏ ✤✗✚✔✢✒ ✼✧✧✧ ✔y✏tu
✘✗✕✭✑✕✭✤✔✖✤✔✕ ✙✗✛✙✔✭✔✏ ✏✕✳✦✛✘✔✢✏ ✘✗✚✔✚✑✏ ✔w✔w✕✯✔✛✔ ✣✔✕ ✖✛✗✢✗✕✥✔✢✏ ✚✔✖✦✛✔✕✰
✱✗✗t ✛✔✘✖✏✚✔✕ ✙✗✛✙✏✯✔✛✔ ✔y✕✭ ✣✏✘✔✤✢✑✣ ✣✔✚✔✘ ✢✥✔✕✣✔✛ ✤✦✘✖✗t✗✕✢✏ ✏
✕✏ ✣✏✖✗✛t✗✭✔✢
✣✔✚✔✘ ✤✦✘✖✗✗t ✕✢✏ ✣✔✢✔✛ ✔y✏tu✙✗✛✔w✔w✕✯✔✛✔ ✣✗✕✭✔✕ ✕✔✛✔✢✑✘✙✗✛ ✣✔✛✏ ✙✗✛✙✔✭✔✏
✤✔✚✔✕✭✔✕ ✣✗✕✭✔✕ ✘✗✘✖✗✛✜✔ ✏t✤✔✕ ✗t✏✤✔ ✙✗✛✔w✔w✕✯✔✛✔ ✴✲✗✖✣✏✤✕✔✢✒ ✎✽✽✾✺✰
✿✔✔w✕✯✔✛✔ ✘✗✛✑✖✔✤✔✕ ✤✗✗t ✛✔✘✖✏✚✔✕ ✙✗✛✙✏✯✔✛✔ ✔y✕✭ ✢✗✛✏✕✭ ✣✏✚✔✤✑✤✔✕ ✦✚✗✜ ✖✗✚✏✖✑✥
✙✗✛✏✔t ✣✔✕ ✖✔✛✔ ✖✗✕✗✚ ✏t✏ ✣✔✚✔✘ ✙✗✛✙✔✭✔✏ ✙✏✣✔✕✭✰ ✻✔✭✏ ✖✔✛✔ ✖✗✕✗✚✏✏t✒ ✙✗✛✔w✔w✕✯✔✛✔
✗t ✛✘✔✢✑✤ ✘✗t✦✣✗ ✔t ✕✔y ✓✔✔w✙ ✔y✕✭ ✙✗✛✚✔✕✣✔✢✤✔✕ ✖✔✣✔ ✑t ✓✑✔✕ ✖✗✕✗✚✏✏t✔✕ ✔y✤✕✏
❀
❁❂❃❂y❄❅❆❅❇❅ ❈❂❃❉❊❄❊❁❊❃❋ ❈❂●❊❍❊❊❃❋ ❁■❏❅❑❋ ❆❊❃ ❁■❏❅▲❊❍❅ ❍❂❍❂■●❊❃❉ ▼◆❊❆❅❋ ❖P◗❖❘
❖P❀❙❚ ❯❂●❊w❊w❃❱❊●❊ ❁❂●❲❈❊❇❊❃ ❍❊❄❊❳ ❍❊tu ❈❂❄❊
❅t❳❊❃ ❲❃❏❲❇ ❁❂❃❅❃❉❇❊t❇❊❃
❇❂❁❊❁❈❲❊❃ ❨❂●❨❅❱❊●❊ ❍❅❍❩❊❚ ❬❄❂❳ ❇❊●❂❃❊ ❅t❲❋ ❈❂❁❨❂❄❊❭❊●❊❃ w
❊w
❊❃❱❊●❊ ❍❊❊t ❅❃❅
❆❅●❊❍❊ ❍❊❃❉❊t❈❂❃❏❅❃❉ ❇❂❨❂●❊❆❊❊❃❃ y
❊❚
❯❂●❆❊❍❊●❇❊❃ ❳❊❍❅❄ ❲❄❊❃❉❊❃ ❳❊●❅❊❃ ❯❊❳❊❍❊ ❪❃❆■❃❂❍❅❊ ❍❅❍❩❊ ❇❂❄❊❍ ❫❪❪❪ ❴❵❛ ❜❂❉❂●❅
❖ ❝❂❉❅❃❂❃❂❃❉ ❈❊❆❊ ❈■❇■❇ ❨❊❳❊❍❊❃ ❨❂●❊w❊w
❃❱❊●❊ ❨❂❄❲❁ ❁❂❃❱❊❈❊❅ ❞❞❵ ❊y❃❉
❂t ❄❊❳ ❆❅❂t ❃❏❲❇❊❃❋ ❍❂❨❂❍❊● ❡❢ ❍❂❆❊❃❉❇❊❃ ❃❅❄❊❅ ●❊❊t ❣●❊t❊ ❇❂❄❊❍ ❊y❃❉ ❆❅❈❂●■❄❂❳ ❳❊❃❊y
u ❄❊❳ ❍❅❍❩❊ ❍❂❄❲●❲❳❃❊y ✐❥ ❍❅❍❩❊❋ ❊y❃❉ ❁❂❃❱❊❈❊❅ ❞❞❵ ❳❊❃❊y ❖❡ ❍❅❍❊w❆❊❃
❢◗❚ ❤❁
❊y❃❉ ❨❂❄❲❁ ❁❂❃❱❊❈❊❅ ❞❞❵ ❨❂●❭❲❁❄❊❳ ❦✐ ❍❅❍❊w❚ ❛❂❃❂y❨❊❨ ●❂❃❆❊❳❃ y❊ ❳❊❍❅❄
❨❂❄❊❭❊● ❂t ●❍❂❨❲❏ ❇❊●❂❃❊ ❍❅❍❩❊ ❇❲●❊❃❉ ❆❊❈❊t ❁❂❃❲❊❃❉❇❊❃ ❉❊❉❊❍❊❃ ▼❅❆❂❙❋ ❇❲●❊❃❉
❄❊❅t❳❊❃ ❨❂●❨❅❱❊●❊❋ ❆❊❃ ❇❂❍❊❄❊❳❊❃ ❈❊❆❊ ❇❂❨❊❳❊❍❊❊❃❚ ❯❂●❆❊❍❊●❇❊❃ ❊w❊w❃❱❊●❊❋ ❍❅❍❩❊
❊w
❊❃❱❊●❊❚ ◆❊❄
❇❲●❊❃❉ ❂t ●❁■❏❅▲❊❍❅ ❆❊❄❊❁ ❈❂❁❨❂❄❊❭❊●❊❃ ❨❂●❨❅❱❊●❊ ❇❳❲❍❲❍❃ ❊y ❨❂●w
❅❃❅ ❆❅❍❂❨❊❨❇❊❃ ❁❂●❂❇❊ ❭❊●❊❃❉ ❁❂❁❈❂●■❄❂❳ ❃❅❄❊❅ ❅t❃❉❉❅❚ ❧❂❃❉❊❃ ❆❂❁❅❇❅❊❃❋
❊w
❊❃❱❊●❊ ❍❅❍❩❊ ❇❂❄❊❍ ❫❪❪❪ ❴❵❛ ❜❂❉❂●❅ ❖ ❝❂❉❅❃❂❃❂❃❉ ❈❂●❄u
❇❂❂t ●❊❁❈❅❄❊❃ ❨❂● w
❆❅❅t❃❉❇❊t❇❊❃❚ ❧❂❃❉❊❃ ❆❂❁❅❇❅❊❃ ❋ ❆❊❈❊t ❆❅❍❅❁❈❲❄❇❊❃ ❨❊❳❩❊ ❈❂❁❨❂❄❊❭❊●❊❃
❊❊w❃❱❊●❊ ❁❊❍❅❳ ❨❂❄❲❁ ❨❂●❳❊❍❅❄❋ ❲❃❏❲❇ ❅ tu ❆❅❨❲❏❲❳❇❊❃ ❍❲❊tu ❂t ❇❃❅❇
❨❂●w
❈❂❁❨❂❄❊❭❊●❊❃ ❊y❃❉ ❂t ❈❊t❲❃❏❲❇ ❆❊❈❊t❁❂❃❉❊❊t ❍❅❃ y❊❚
❯❂●❆❊❍❊●❇❊❃ ❳❊❄ ❆❅ ❊❊t ❍❋ ❈❂❁❨❂❄❊❭❊●❊❃ ❨❂●❊w❊w❃❱❊●❊ ❈❂●❄ u❁❂❃❆❊❈❊t ❈❂●❳❊❅t❊❃
❍❲❃❉❉❲❳❣❍❲❃❉❉❲❳ ❍❂❁❲❊ ❈❅❳❊❇❋ ❂t ●u
t❊❁❊ ❉●uu❯❊❳❊❍❊ ❪❃❆■❃❂❍❅❊❚ ♠●uu❍❂❨❊❉❊❅
❑❊❍❅❄❅ ❊t ■t ● ❳❂❃❆❊❇❃❊y ❁❂❃❉❉❲❃❊❇❊❃ ❂t ❇❃❅❇ ❈❂❁❨❂❄❊❭❊●❊❃
❊w❊w❃❱❊●❊ ❊y❃❉
❁❂❃❊●❅❇ ❆❊❃ ❄❂❨❅❳ ❨❂●▲❊●❅❊❍❅ ❊❉❊● ❍❅❍❩❊ ❄❂❨❅❳ ❂t ● t❊●❅❇ ❆❊❃ ❁❂❁❅❄❅❇❅ ❇❂❁❊❁❈❲❊❃
❨❂●❨❅❱❊●❊ ❇❳❲❍❲❍❃❊y ❨❂●❊w❊w❃❱❊●❊
❊y❃❉
❨❊❅❇❚
❯❂●❆❊❍❊●❇❊❃
❇❂❃❊yt❊❊❃❋
♥
♦♣qr♣st✉t✈t✇ r♣✈twtw✇①t✈t ty✇② ③④st⑤⑥t✇t⑤t✇ ⑤⑦✈t✇② ♦✈⑧③⑦⑤⑨④⑩❶ ❷⑦✈ u⑦q⑦q✇ty
❸t✇ty q♣✇♣✈t✇②⑤t✇ ❸ts ❹❸ts ty✇② r♣✈⑤♣✇tt✇ ③♣✇②t✇ ♣t ⑧✈④❶ ❺♣q♣✇⑨t✈t ♦♣st t④❸t✇
ty✇② ⑥♣r♣✇t✈✇ty ⑤⑦✈t✇② ③④⑥♣✇⑨⑦❸❶ ❻s♣❸ ⑤t✈♣✇t ④t⑦❼ ⑤♣♣t ✈tq♦④st✇ r♣✈r④①t✈t ♦♣✈s u
③④r♣st✉t✈⑤t✇ ③♣✇②t✇ r♣✇t✈❼ ty⑤✇④ q♣qr♣st✉t✈⑤t✇ ⑥④⑥❽t ⑦✇⑨⑦⑤ ⑨♣✈tq♦④s r♣✈r④①t✈t❶
❾✇⑨⑦⑤
q♣✇④✇②⑤t ⑤t t✇
⑤♣♣t ✈tq♦④st✇
r♣✈r④①t✈t
⑥ ④⑥❽t
⑤❸⑦⑥⑦⑥✇ty
③tstq
r♣✈twtw✇①t✈t ③t♦t t ③④②⑦✇t⑤t✇ ♣t ⑤✇④⑤ ♦♣q⑧③♣st✇❶ ❿⑧q♦⑧✇♣✇ ♦♣q⑧③♣st✇
q♣✈⑦♦t⑤t✇ rt②④t✇ ③t✈④ ⑥⑨✈t♣t ②④ ♦♣qr♣st✉t✈t✇ ⑤⑧✇⑨♣⑤⑥⑨⑦ts❶ ➀t⑤⑥⑦③✇ty❼ ③tstq
⑥♣r⑦t❸ ♦♣qr♣st✉t✈t✇ ⑤♣♣t ✈tq♦④st✇ r♣✈rt❸t⑥t ttt u♦♣✇②♣tt ❸⑦t✇ ⑨♣✈♣t ✇⑨ut③t q⑧③♣s
ty✇② r④⑥t ③④t④✈ u ❶ ➁tstq ❸ts ④✇④❼ ②⑦✈uq♣qr♣✈④ q⑧③♣s ♣t ✇⑨t✇② ①t✈t❼ q♣✇②♣✈✉t⑤t✇
⑥♣⑥⑦t tu ③t✇ rt②t④qt✇t ①t✈t r♣st✉t✈❶ ❺④⑥❽t ③t♦t t ③④⑤ttt ⑤t✇ q♣✇②⑦t⑥t④
⑤♣♣t ✈tq♦④st✇ rt✈✇ ③♣✇②t✇ rt④⑤ ✉④⑤t ②✈uuq♣qr♣✈④ ①⑧✇⑨⑧❸ ③t✇ q⑧③♣s ⑦✇⑨⑦⑤ ③④s④❸tt
③t✇ ③④t④✈ u➂➁♣♦③④⑤✇t⑥ ➃➄➄➃➅ ➆➇➈ ❶
➉♣✇③♣⑤ttt ✇ ⑤⑧ ✇⑨♣⑤⑥⑨⑦ts ➂Contextual Teaching and Learning➈ q♣✈⑦♦t⑤t✇ ⑤⑧✇⑥♣♦
r♣st✉t✈ ty✇② q♣qrt✇⑨u②⑦✈uq♣✇②t④t⑤t✇ qt♣t ✈④ ty✇② ③④t✉t✈⑤t✇ ③♣✇②t✇ ⑥④t⑦t⑥④
③⑦✇④t ✇tytt ⑥④⑥❽t❶ ➁♣✇②t✇ ③♣q④⑤④t✇❼ q♣✇③⑧✈⑧✇② ⑥④⑥❽t q♣qr⑦t t❸⑦r⑦✇②t✇ t✇⑨t✈t
♦♣✇②♣tt ❸⑦t✇ ty✇② ③④q④s④⑤④ ③♣✇②t✇ ♦♣✇♣✈t♦t✇
⑤♣s⑦t✈②t
③t✇ qt⑥ty✈t⑤tt❼ ③♣✇②t✇
♦♣qr♣st✉t✈t✇
♣⑩♣⑤⑨④⑩❼
ty④⑦t ➅
③tstq ⑤♣❸④③⑦♦t✇ ⑥♣rt②t④ t✇②②⑧⑨t
q♣s④rt t⑤t✇
⑤⑧✇⑥⑨✈⑦⑤⑨④➊④⑥q♣
t⑦✉⑦❸
⑤⑧q♦⑧✇♣✇ tu
t qt
➂ constructivism➈❼
r♣✈tt ✇ty
➂➋⑦♣⑥⑨④⑧✇④✇②➈❼ q♣✇♣q⑦⑤t✇ ➂inquiry➈❼ qt⑥ty✈t⑤tt r♣st✉t✈ ➂ learning community➈❼
♦♣q⑧③♣st✇ ➂q⑧③♣s④✇②➈❼ ♦♣✇④st④t✇ ⑥♣r♣✇tqty ➂ authentic assessment➈❼ ③t✇ ✈♣⑩s♣⑤⑥④
➂reflection➈ ➂➁♣♦③④⑤✇t⑥ ➃➄➄➇➅ ➌➈❶ ➁♣✇②t✇ ⑤⑧✇⑥♣♦ ♦♣✇③♣⑤ttt ✇ ⑤⑧✇⑨♣⑤⑥⑨⑦ts ♣t ✈⑥♣r⑦⑨ ❼
♦✈⑧⑥♣⑥ ♦♣qr♣st✉t✈t✇ ③t♦tt r♣✈st✇②⑥⑦✇② ⑥♣①t✈t tstq④t❸ ③tstq r♣✇⑨⑦⑤ ⑤♣②④ttt ✇
➍
➎➏➎➐➑ ➒➓➔➓→➣➑ ↔➑↕ ➙➓↕➛➑➜➑➙➏➝ ➒➞➔➑↕ →t➑↕➎➟➓→ ➠➓↕➛➓➑t ➡➞➑↕ ↔➑→➏ ➛→uu➔➓ ➎➏➎➐➑➢
➤➑➎➏➜ ➠➓➙➒➓➜➑➣➑→➑↕ ➔➥↕➦➓➔➎➦➞➑➜ ↔➏➡➑→➑➠➔➑↕ ➜➓➒➏➡ ➒➓→➙➑➔↕➑ ➒➑➛➏ ➎➏➎➐➑➢ ➧➑➜➑➙ ➡➑➜
➏↕➏➝ ➎➦→➑ ➓t ➛➏ ➠➓➙➒➓➜➑➣➑→➑↕ ➜➓➒➏➡ ↔➏➠➓↕➦➏↕➛➔➑↕ ↔➑→➏➠➑↔➑ ➡➑➎➏➜➢
➨➓➔↕➏➔ ➠➓➙➥↔➓➜➑↕ ↔➓↕➛➑↕ ➠➓↕↔➓➔➑➑t ↕ ➔➥↕➦➓➔➎➦➞➑➜ ➙➓➙➏➜➏➔➏ ➔➓➜➓➒➏➡➑↕ ➑ ↕➦➑→➑ ➜➑➏↕
➩➫➭ ➙➓↕ ➓y↕➑↕➛➔➑↕ ➎➏➎➐➑➝ ➩➯➭ ➙➓↕➛➛➑➜➑➔➔➑↕ ➛➞→u ➞↕➦➞➔ ➙➓↕➛➓➙➒➑↕➛➔➑↕
➔→➓➑➏t➟➏➑t ➎ ➎➏➎➐➑➝ ➩➲➭ ➙➓↕➛→u➑↕➛➏ ➡➑➜
➳➡➑➜ ➑y↕➛ ➒➓→➎➏➟➑ t ➵➓→➒➑➜ ↔➑↕ ➑➒➎➦→➑➔➝ ➩➸➭
➙➓↕➏➙➒➞➜➔➑↕ →➓➎➠➥↕ ➑y↕➛ ➠➥➎➏➏t➟ ↔➑→➏ ➎➏➎➐➑ ➑y↕➛ ➜➑➙➒➑↕➺➔➞→➑↕➛ ➻➑➔➑➠➝ ↔➑↕ ➩➍➭
➙➓↕➞➙➒➞➡➔➑↕ ➻➑→➑ ➒➓→➠➏➔➏→ ➑y↕➛ ➔→➏➏t➎➝ ➔➑→➓↕➑ ➎➏➎➐➑ ➙➓↕➑y➔➎➏➔➑↕ ➜➑↕➛➎➞↕➛
➙➓➜➑➜➞➏ ➠➓➙➥↔➓➜➑↕ ➑y↕➛ ↔➏↔➓➙➥↕➎➦→➑➎➏➔➑↕ ↔➏ ↔➓➠➑↕ ➔➓➜➑➎➢
➼➓↕➏↕➛➔➑➑t ↕ ➔➓➓t →➑➙➠➏➜➑↕ ➒➓→➑w➑w↕➻➑→➑ ➙➓➜➑➜➞➏ ➓t ➔↕➏➔ ➠➓➙➥↔➓➜➑↕
➠➑↔➑ ➎➏➎➐➑
➔➓➜➑➎ ➽➾➾➾ ➚➪➼ ➶➓➛➓→➏ ➫ ➨➓➛➏↕➓↕➓↕➛ ↔➏➡➑→➑➠➔➑↕ ↔➑➠➑ t➙➓↕➛➑➑t ➎➏ ➔➓➎➞➜➏➑t ↕ ➎➏ ➎➐➑
↔➑➜➑➙ ➠➓➙➒➓➜➑➣➑→➑↕ ➒➓→➑w➑w↕➻➑→➑➢ ➼➓➙➒➓➜➑➣➑→➑↕ ↔➓↕➛➑↕ ➠➓↕↔➓➔➑➑t ↕ ➔➥↕➦➓➔➎➦➞➑➜
➙➓↕➛➑➏ t➔➑↕ ➑↕➦➑→➑ ➙➑ t➓→➏ ➑y↕➛ ↔➏➑➣➑→➔➑↕ ↔➓↕➛➑↕ ➎➏➞t ➑➎➏ ↔➞↕➏➑ ↕➑y➑t ➎➏➎➐➑➢
➼➓➙➥↔➓➜➑↕ ➎➓➒➑➛➑➏ ➎➑➜➑➡ ➎➑ tu ➔➥➙➠➥↕➓↕ ➠➓↕↔➓➔➑➑t ↕ ➔➥↕➦➓➔➎➦➞➑➜ ➙➓➙➠➞↕➑y➏
➠➓→➑↕ ➠➓↕➦➏↕➛ ↔➑➜➑➙ ➠➓➙➒➓➜➑➣➑→➑↕ ➔➓t➓→➑➙➠➏➜➑↕ ➒➓→➒➏➻➑→➑➢ ➹➓➛➏➑➑t ↕ ➠➓➙➒➓→➏➑↕
➙➥↔➓➜
↔➑➜➑➙
➠➓➙➒➓➜➑➣➑→➑↕
➔➓➓t →➑➙➠➏➜➑↕
➒➓→➒➏➻➑→➑
➒➓→➞t ➣➞➑↕
➞↕➦➞➔
➙➓➙➒➑➡➑➎➑➔➑↕ ➛➑➛➑➎➑↕ ➑y↕➛ ↔➏➠➏➔➏→➔➑↕ ↔➓↕➛➑↕ ➻➑→➑ ➙➓↕↔➓➙➥↕➎➦→➑➎➏➔➑↕➝ ➑➛➑→
➠➑→➑ ➎➏➎➐➑ ➒➓➜➑➣➑→ ➙➓➜➑➔➞➔➑↕ ➎➓➎➞➑➞t ➢ ➘→➏t↕➑y➝ ➑↔➑ ➙➥↔➓➜ ➑y↕➛ ↔➏➏t→u↔➑↕ ↔
➏➑➙➑➏t
➥➜➓➡ ➎➏➎➐➑➢ ➧➑➜➑➙ ➠➓➙➒➓➜➑➣➑→➑↕ t➓→➎➓➒➞➦➝ ↔➏➒➓→➏ ➻➥↕➦➥➡ t➓➔➎ ➑w➑w↕➻➑→➑➢
➹➥➙➠➥↕➓↕ ➠➓➙➥↔➓➜➑↕ ➙➓➜➏➒➑ ➔t ➑↕ ➛→u➞➝ ➎➏➎➐➑➝ ↔➑↕ ➙➥↔➓➜ ↔➑→➏ ➜➞➑→ ➞↕➦➞➔ ➙➓↕➣➑↔➏
➙➥↔➓➜➢
➴
➷➬➬t ➮➱✃❐❒❮➱❰ Ï➬➮Ï❒Ð➱➮➱ ✃➬❮➱❮Ñ❒ t➬Ò❰❒Ò ❐➬✃ÓÔ➬❮➱❰ Ô❒➱ÕÑ✃Õ❒Ò➱❰ Ô➱❐➱ t ✃➬❰Ö➱ ➱t Õ❒
❐➬➮✃➱Õ➱❮➱×➱❰ Õ❒ÕØ➱ Ô➱❮➱✃ ❐➬✃Ï➬❮➱Ù➱➮➱❰ Ï➬➮➱w➱w❰Ð➱➮➱Ú Û❮➬× Ò➱➮➬❰➱ ❒ tÑÜ ❐➬❰➬❮❒❒t
✃➬❮➱ÒÑÒ➱❰ ❐➬❰➬❮❒❒t➱❰ Ò➱Ù❒ ❒t❰Ô➱Ò Ñ❰ÝÑÒ ✃➬❰❒❰ÖÒ➱Òt ➱❰ Ò➬✃➱✃❐Ñ➱❰ Ï➬➮➱w➱w❰Ð➱➮➱
✃➬❮➱❮Ñ❒ ➬t Ò❰❒Ò ❐➬✃ÓÔ➬❮➱❰ ❐➱Ô➱ Õ❒ÕØ➱ Ò➬❮➱Õ Þßßß àáâ ã➬Ö➬➮❒ ß ä➬Ö❒❰➬❰➬❰ÖÚ
åæç èéêéëìí îìëìïìð
ñ➬➮Ô➱Õ➱➮Ò➱❰ ❮➱➱t ➮ Ï➬❮➱Ò➱❰Ö ✃➱Õ➱❮➱×Ü ➮Ñ✃ÑÕ➱❰ ✃➱Õ➱❮➱× ❐➱Ô➱ ❐➬❰➬❮❒❒t➱❰ ❒❰❒ ➱Ô➱❮➱×
Ï➱Ö➱❒✃➱❰➱Ò➱× ❐➬❰❒❰ÖÒ➱➱t ❰ Ò➬✃➱✃❐Ñ➱❰ Ï➬➮➱w➱w❰Ð➱➮➱ Õ❒ÕØ➱ ✃➬❮➱❮Ñ❒ t➬Ò❰❒Ò
❐➬✃ÓÔ➬❮➱❰ Ô❒ Ò➬❮➱Õ Þßßß àáâ ã➬Ö➬➮❒ ò ä➬Ö❒❰➬❰➬❰Ö ➱t ×Ñ❰ ❐➬❮➱Ù➱➮➱❰ óôòòõóôòóÚ
åæö ÷éøéìí ùúíúïûüûìí
äÑÙÑ➱❰
❐➬❰➬❮❒❒t➱❰ ❒❰❒
➱Ô➱❮➱×
✃➬❰Ô➬ÕÒ➮❒❐Õ❒Ò➱❰
❐➬❰❒❰ÖÒ➱➱t ❰ Ò➬✃➱✃❐Ñ➱❰
Ï➬➮➱w➱w❰Ð➱➮➱ Õ❒ÕØ➱ ✃➬❮➱❮Ñ❒ ➬t Ò❰❒Ò ❐➬✃ÓÔ➬❮➱❰ Ô❒ Ò➬❮➱Õ Þßßß àáâ ã➬Ö➬➮❒ ò
ä➬Ö❒❰➬❰➬❰Ö ➱t ×Ñ❰ ❐➬❮➱Ù➱➮➱❰ óôòòõóôòóÚ
åæý îìíþììü ùúíúïûüûìí
ÿ➱Õ❒❮ ❐➬❰➬❮❒❒t➱❰ ❒❰❒ Ô❒×➱➮➱❐Ò➱❰ Ô➱❐➱t Ï➬➮✃➱❰ ➱➱ t Ï➱❒ÒÚ Õ➬Ð➱➮➱ t➬Ó➮➬❒tÕ ✃➱Ñ❐Ñ❰
Õ➬Ð➱➮➱ ❐➮➱ÒÝ❒ÕÚ
åæýæå ✁ú✂ì✄ì ÷úo✄ úüûë
ÿ➱Õ❒❮ ❐➬❰➬❮❒❒t➱❰ ❒❰❒ Ï➬➮✃➱❰ ➱➱ t Ñ❰ÝÑÒ ✃➬❰➱✃Ï➱× ❐➬❰Ö➬✃Ï➱❰Ö➱❰ ❐➬❰Ö➬➱t ×Ñ➱❰
Ò➬t➬➮➱✃❐❒❮➱❰ Ï➬➮Ï❒Ð➱➮➱ Ò×ÑÕÑÕ❰➱y ➱w➱w❰Ð➱➮➱
Õ➬➮➱t ✃➬✃Ï➬➮❒Ò➱❰ ➱❮t➬➮❰➱❒t Ô➱❮➱✃
❐➬✃❒❮❒×➱❰ ➬t Ò❰❒Ò ❐➬✃Ï➬❮➱Ù➱➮➱❰Ú ä➬Ò❰❒Ò ❐➬✃ÓÔ➬❮➱❰ Ô➱❐➱t Ô❒Ù➱Ô❒Ò➱❰ Õ➱❮➱× Õ➱ tu
ÕÓ❮ÑÕ❒ ➬ ➬ÒÝ❒ Ô➱❮➱✃ Ñ❐➱ ➱y ✃➬❰Ö➱➱t Õ❒ ✃➱Õ➱❮➱× Ò➬ÕÑ❮❒➱t ❰
Ï➬➮➱w➱w❰Ð➱➮➱Ú
☎
✆✝✞✝✟ ✠✡☛☞✌☞ ✍✌☞✎✏✑✒
✓✔✕✖✗ ✘✙✚✙✗✖✖t✔✚ ✛✙✗✔✕ ✖✚✖ ✜✖✢✔✣✔✘✛✔✚ ✜✔✘✔t✤✙✣✥✔✚✦✔✔t✤✔✧✖ ✕✖✕★✔
✜✔✚ ✧✩✣ u✪
☞✝ ✫☞✬✑ ✠✑✒✭☞
✮✔✚✦✔✔t ✤✔✧✖ ✕✖✕★✔ ✜✔✘✔t ✗✙✤✖✢ ✥✩✜✔✢ ✥✙✚✙✥✩✛✔✚ ✜✔✚ ✥✙✚✧✙✥✤✔✚✧✛✔✚ ✖✜✙
✜✔✗✔✥ ✤✙✣✔w✔w✚✯✔✣✔
✜✙✚✧✔✚ ✙t ✛✚✖✛ ✘✙✥✰✜✙✗✔✚✪ ✱✙✚ ✧✔✚ ✔✜✔✚✔y ✥✰✜✙✗✲ ✕✖✕★✔
✜✔✘✔t✥✙ ✚✯✰✚✳✰✢ ✤✔✧✔✖✥✔✚✔ ✤✙✣✔w✔w✚✯✔✣✔ ✔y✚✧ ✤✙✚✔✣✪
✴✝ ✫☞✬✑ ✵✶✌✶
✮✔✚✦✔✔t ✤✔✧✖ ✧✩✣ u✷✔✢✔✕✔ ✸✚✜✰✚✙✕✖✔ ✔✜✔✗✔✢ ✥✙✚✔✥✤✔✢ w
✔w
✔✕✔✚ ✧✩✣ u✙t ✚✳✔✚✧
✛✙✙t ✣✔✥✘✖✗✔✚ ✤✙✣✤✖✯✔✣✔ ✛✢✩✕✩✕✚✔y ✤✙✣w
✔✔w✚✯✔✣✔ ✥✙✗✔✗✩✖ ✙t ✛✚✖✛ ✘✙✥✰✜✙✗✔✚
✪
✹
✺✺✻ ✼✽✾✿✽❀✽✾ ❁❂❃❄✺
r ❋❏❉❑❉
❅✻❆ ❇❈❈t ❉r ❊❋p●❉❍ ■❈b
▲▼▼t ◆r ❖P◗❘◆❙ ❚▼r❚◗❯◆◆r ❖▼❱r P◆❲◆❙ ❚◆❳◗◆❙ ◗❙❨▼❳❩◆❘ ❬◆❘◆❖ P▼❖❚▼❘◆❭◆r◆❙ ❚◆❪◆❫◆
❬◆❙ ❫◆◆str ❴❙❬❵❙▼❫◗◆❛ ▲▼❚▼r❪◆❫◗❘◆❙ P▼❖❚▼❘◆❭◆◆r ❙ ❚◆❪◆❫◆ ❬◆❙ ❫◆◆str ❴❙❬❵❙▼❫◗◆
❚▼❲r ◆◗◆t ❙ ▼r◆t ❬▼❙❳◆❙ ❲❵❖P❵❙▼❙ ❚▼❚r ◗❯◆r◆ ❬◆❙ ❬◗▼t ❙❨❱❲◆❙
❚▼❚▼r◆P◆ ❜◆❲❨❵❩❛
r ❡ ❫◗sw
❝◆❲❨❵❩❞❜◆❲❨❵❩ ▼t ❫r ▼❚❱❨ ◆❙❨◆◆r ❘◆◗❙ ❳❱u
◆❡ t▼❲❙◗❲ P▼❖❚▼❘◆❭◆r◆❙❡ ❖◆t▼r◗
P▼❖❚▼❘◆❭◆r◆❙❡ ❖▼❬◗◆ P▼❖❚▼❘◆❭◆r◆❙❡ ▼❢◆❘❱◆❫◗ P▼❖❚▼❘◆❭◆◆r ❙❡ ❬◆❙ ❘◗❙❳❲❱❙❳◆❙❛
❝◆❲❨❵❩❞❜◆❲❨❵❩ ▼t sr▼❚❱❨ ❫◆❘◗❙❳ ❖▼❙❳◆◗t ❬◆❙ ❖▼❙▼❙❨❱❲◆❙ ❬◆❘◆❖ P▼❖❚▼❘◆❭◆◆r ❙
❲▼t▼r◆❖P◗❘◆❙ ❚▼❚r ◗ ❯◆◆r ❣❤❫r❭◆❬ ❬◆❙ ✐❱❲❨◗❡ ❥❦✹❧ ♠ ♥♦❛
r ❋❏❉❑❉
❅✻❆✻❆ ♣❈❍q❈ tr❋❉❍ ■❈ b
r▼r❚◗❯◆r◆ ◆❬◆❘◆❪ su◆tu
◆❘◆t P▼❙❳❲❵❖❱❙◗❲◆❫◗◆❙ ❳◆❳◆❫◆❙❞❳◆❳◆❫◆❙ ◆y❙❳ ❬◗❫❱❫❱❙
❫▼tr◆ ❬◗❲▼❖❚◆❙❳❲◆❙ ❫▼su◆◗ ❬▼❙❳◆❙ ❲▼❚❱❨❱❪◆❙
❞❲▼❚❱u
t ❪◆❙ ❫◆❙❳ P▼❙◗y❖◆❲ ❬◆❙ ❫◆❙❳
P▼❙❬▼❙❳◆❛r r▼❚r ◗❯◆r◆ ❖▼❱r P◆❲◆❙ ❫❱◆tu❫◗▼st ❖ t◆❙❬◆
❞t◆❙❬◆ y
◆❙❳ ❬◆P◆t ❬◗❬▼❙❳◆r
❣st✉✈ ble♦ ❬◆❙ ◆y❙❳ ❲▼❘◗❪◆t◆❙ ❣ visible♦ ◆y❙❳ ❖▼❖◆❙❜◆◆❲t ◆❙
❫▼❭❱❖❘◆❪ ❵❨❵❨ ❬◆❙
❭◆◗r❙❳◆❙ ❱t ❚❱❪ ❖◆❙❱❫◗◆ ❬▼❖◗ ❖◆❲❫❱❬ ❬◆❙ ❱t ❭❱◆❙ ❳◆❳◆❫◆❙ ❞❳◆❳◆◆s ❙ ◆t◆u◗❬▼ ◆y❙❳
t ❤❫r❭◆❬ ❬◆❙ ✐❱❲❨◗ ❣❥❦✹❧♠
❬◗❲❵❖❚◗❙◆❫◗❲◆❙ ✐❵❩◗s❣❬◆❘◆❖ ✐❵❢◗◆♠ ✇①①✇♦❛ ✐▼❙❱❩u
②③♦❡ ❚▼r❚◗❯◆◆r ◆❬◆❘◆❪ ❲▼▼t ◆r ❖P◗❘◆❙ ❖▼❙◆y❖P◆◗❲◆❙ P▼❫◆❙ ❖▼❘◆❘❱◗ ❚◆❪◆❫◆ ❘◗❫◆❙❛
④▼❖▼❙❨◆◆r ◗t ❱❛ ❖▼❙❱ urt ⑤◆r◗❳◆❙❡ ❣✇①①✹♠ ❥⑥♦ ❚▼❚r ◗❯◆r◆ ◆❬◆
MELALUI TEKNIK PEMODELAN PADA SISWA
KELAS VIII SMP NEGERI I TEGINENENG
TAHUN PELAJARAN 2011/2012
Penelitian Tindakan Kelas
Sebagai Salah Satu Syarat untuk Memperoleh Gelar Sarjana Pendidikan
Oleh
HELFITASARI
NPM 1013106003
FAKULTAS KEGURUAN DAN ILMU PENDIDIKAN
UNIVERSITAS LAMPUNG
BANDAR LAMPUNG
2012
✁✂✄✁☎ ✆✝✆
ABSTRAK ..................................................................................................
HALAMAN JUDUL...................................................................................
LEMBAR PENGESAHAN ........................................................................
RIWAYAT HIDUP.....................................................................................
PERSEMBAHAN .......................................................................................
MOTO .........................................................................................................
SANWACANA...........................................................................................
DAFTAR ISI...............................................................................................
DAFTAR TABEL.......................................................................................
DAFTAR GRAFIK.....................................................................................
DAFTAR LAMPIRAN...............................................................................
i
iii
iv
vi
vii
viii
ix
xi
xiii
xv
xvi
BAB I. PENDAHULUAN
1.1 Latar Belakang Masalah..................................................................
1.2 Rumusan Masalah ...........................................................................
1.3 Tujuan Penelitian ............................................................................
1.4 Kegunaan Penelitian........................................................................
1
6
6
7
BAB II. KAJIAN PUSTAKA
2.1 Keterampilan Berbicara ..................................................................
2.1.1 Pengertian Berbicara ..............................................................
2.1.2 Pengertian Kemampuan Berbicara.........................................
2.1.3 Tujuan Berbicara....................................................................
2.2 Wawancara......................................................................................
2.2.1 Pengertian Wawancara...........................................................
2.2.2 Jenis-jenis Wawancara ...........................................................
2.2.3 Langkah-langkah Wawancara................................................
2.2.4 Teknik Interaksi dalam Berwawancara..................................
2.2.5 Faktor Penunjang Keefektifan Berwawancara.......................
2.3 Pendekatan Kontekstual ..................................................................
2.3.1 Pengertian Pendekatan Kontekstual .......................................
2.3.2 Komponen Utama Pendekatan Kontekstual...........................
2.3.3 Teknik Pemodelan..................................................................
2.3.3.1 Pengertian Teknik Pemodelan ..................................
2.3.3.2 Prinsip-prinsip Pemodelan ........................................
2.3.3.3 Kelebihan Teknik Pemodelan ...................................
8
8
9
10
11
11
13
17
19
22
27
27
28
31
31
33
33
xi
BAB III. METODE PENELITIAN
3.1 Rancangan Penelitian....................................................................
3.2 Subjek Penelitian ..........................................................................
3.3 Tempat Penelitian .........................................................................
3.4 Waktu Penelitian...........................................................................
3.5 Indikator Kinerja ...........................................................................
3.6 Prosedur Penelitian .......................................................................
3.7 Teknik Pengumpulan Data............................................................
3.8 Instrumen Penelitian .....................................................................
3.9 Teknik Analisis Data.....................................................................
35
36
36
36
36
36
41
42
48
BAB IV. HASIL PENELITIAN DAN PEMBAHASAN
4.1 Hasil Penelitian ...............................................................................
4.1.1 Prasiklus .................................................................................
4.1.2 Siklus I....................................................................................
4.1.2.1 Tahap Perencanaan ...................................................
4.1.2.2 Tahap Pelaksanaan Tindakan....................................
4.1.2.3 Tahap Pengamatan ....................................................
4.1.2.4 Tahap Refleksi ..........................................................
4.1.2 Siklus II ..................................................................................
4.1.2.1 Tahap Perencanaan ...................................................
4.1.2.2 Tahap Pelaksanaan Tindakan....................................
4.1.2.3 Tahap Pengamatan....................................................
4.1.2.4 Tahap Refleksi ..........................................................
4.2 Pembahasan .....................................................................................
4.2.1 Siklus I...................................................................................
4.2.2 Siklus II .................................................................................
50
51
52
52
53
55
66
68
68
69
70
81
82
82
83
BAB V. SIMPULAN DAN SARAN
5.1 Simpulan .........................................................................................
5.2 Saran................................................................................................
88
88
DAFTAR PUSTAKA .................................................................................
LAMPIRAN................................................................................................
90
92
xii
✠✡☛☞✡✌ ☞✡✍✎✏
☞✑✒✓✔
✕✑✔✑✖✑✗
✘✙✚ ✛✜✢✟✣✤✥✦✧ ★✩✜✟✪✤✟✤✜ ✫✩✬✤✬✭✮✤✜ ✯✩✧✰✤✰✤✜✱✤✧✤✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙
✲✘
✘✙✳ ✴✩✬✵✤✧ ✶✵✷✩✧✸✤✷✟ ✹✣✥✟✸✟✥✤✷ ✺✟✷✰✤ ✢✤✪✤✬ ★✧✦✷✩✷ ★✩✬✵✩✪✤✻✤✧✤✜ ✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙
✲✼
✘✙✘ ✴✩✬✵✤✧ ✶✵✷✩✧✸✤✷✟ ✹✣✥✟✸✟✥✤✷ ✽✮✧✮ ✢✤✪✤✬ ★✧✦✷✩✷ ★✩✬✵✩✪✤✻✤✧✤✜ ✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙
✲✾
✘✙✲ ✿✦✪✦✣ ❀✣✮✧ ★✩✜✟✪✤✟✤✜ ✫✩✬✤✬✭✮✤✜ ✯✩✧✰✤✰✤✜✱✤✧✤✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙
✲❁
✲✙✚ ❂✟✷✥✧✟✵✮✷✟ ✫✩✬✤✬✭✮✤✜ ✯✩✧✰✤✰✤✜✱✤✧✤ ★✧✤✷✟✣✪✮✷ ✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙
❃✳
✲✙✳ ❂✟✷✥✧✟✵✮✷✟ ✫✮✬✮✪✤✥✟❄ ✫✩✬✤✬✭✮✤✜ ✯✩✧✰✤✰✤✜✱✤✧✤ ✺✟✣✪✮✷ ✛✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙
❃✼
✲✙✘ ✫✩✬✤✬✭✮✤✜ ✯✩✧✰✤✰✤✜✱✤✧✤ ✛✜✢✟✣✤✥✦✧ ✫✩✥✩✭✤✥✤✜ ❀✱✤✭✤✜ ✺✟✣✪✮✷ ✛✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙✙
❃✾
✲✙✲ ✫✩✬✤✬✭✮✤✜ ✯✩✧✰✤✰✤✜✱✤✧✤ ✛✜✢✟✣✤✥✦✧ ❅✤✢✤ yang Sesuai ............................
58
4.5 Kemampuan Berwawancara Indikator Pilihan Kata/Diksi Siklus I .............
59
4.6 Kemampuan Berwawancara Indikator Keefektifan Kalimat Siklus I...........
59
4.7 Kemampuan Berwawancara Indikator Sikap yang Wajar, Tenang dan Tidak
Kaku Siklus I ..................................................................................................
60
4.8 Kemampuan Berwawancara Indikator Kelancaran Siklus I .........................
61
4.9 Kemampuan Berwawancara Indikator Relevansi/Penalaran Siklus I ...........
62
4.10 Kemampuan Berwawancara Indikator Penguasaaan Topik Siklus I ..........
63
4.11 Nilai Rata-rata Kemampuan Berwawancara Siklus I..................................
63
4.12 Rekapitulasi Hasil Analisis Siklus I............................................................
64
✞✟✟✟
4.13 Keaktifan Siswa dalam Pembelajaran Siklus I............................................
65
4.14 Skor Kumulatif Kemampuan Berwawancara Siklus II...............................
71
4.15 Kemampuan Berwawancara Indikator Ketepatan Ucapan Siklus II...........
72
4.16 Kemampuan Berwawancara Indikator Nada yang Sesuai Siklus II............
73
4.17 Kemampuan Berwawancara Indikator Pilihan Kata/Diksi Siklus II ..........
73
4.18 Kemampuan Berwawancara Indikator Keefektifan Kalimat Siklus II .......
74
4.19 Kemampuan Berwawancara Indikator Sikap yang Wajar, Tenang dan Tidak
Kaku Siklus II ..............................................................................................
75
4.20 Kemampuan Berwawancara Indikator Kelancaran Siklus II ......................
76
4.21 Kemampuan Berwawancara Indikator Relevansi/Penalaran Siklus II........
77
4.22 Kemampuan Berwawancara Indikator Penguasaaan Topik Siklus II .........
77
4.23 Nilai Rata-rata Kemampuan Berwawancara Siklus II ................................
78
4.24 Rekapitulasi Hasil Analisis Data Siklus II ..................................................
79
4.25 Keaktifan Siswa dalam Pembelajaran Siklus II ..........................................
80
4.26 Perbandingan Ketuntasan Siswa Berwawancara, Prasiklus, Siklus I, dan
Siklus II ........................................................................................................
85
4.27 Aktivitas Siswa Siklus I dan Siklus II.........................................................
86
4.28 Aktivitas Guru Siklus I dan Siklus II ..........................................................
87
xiv
❆❇❈❉❈❊❋●❍●❈ ❋❇■●■❆❏●❈ ❑❇▲▼●▼●❈◆●▲●
■❇❖●❖❏❉ ❍❇❋❈❉❋ ❆❇■P◗❇❖●❈ ❆●◗● ❘❉❘▼●
❋❇❖●❘ ❙❉❉❉ ❘■❆ ❈❇❊❇▲❉ ❉ ❍❇❊❉❈❇❈❇❈❊
❍●❚❏❈ ❆❇❖●❯●▲●❈ 2011/2012
❱❲❳❨
❚❇❖❩❉❍●❘●▲❉
❬❳❭❳❲❪❫❪❴❭ ❵❪❭❛❴❜❴❭ ❝❳❲❴❞
❡❳❢❴❣❴❪ ❞❴❲❴❨ ❞❴❫❤ ❞✐❴❥❴❫ ❤❭❫❤❜ ❦❳❦❧❳❥♠❲❳❨ ❣❳❲❴❥
❡♥♦♣♥q♥ ❬rqstst❝♥q
❬❴❛❴
❬❥♠❣❥❴❦ ❡❫❤❛❪ ✉❴❨❴❞❴ ❛❴❭ ❡❴❞❫❥❴ t❭❛♠❭❳❞❪❴ ❛❴❭ s❴❳❥❴❨
♣❤❥❤❞❴❭ ❬❳❭❛❪❛❪❜❴❭ ✉❴❨❴❞❴ ❛❴❭ ❡❳❭❪
✈❴❜❤❲❫❴❞ ❝❳❣❤❥❤❴❭ ❛❴❭ t❲❦❤ ❬❳❭❛❪❛❪❜❴❭
✇❭❪versitas Lampung
FAKULTAS KEGURUAN DAN ILMU PENDIDIKAN
UNIVERSITAS LAMPUNG
BANDARLAMPUNG
2012
①②③④②⑤⑥⑦⑧⑥③
⑨⑩ ❶❷❸ ❹e❺❻❼❽❷
❾❿➀➁➂
➊❿➋➌❿➀➂➌➍➎
➃ ⑤u❸➄➅➆❷, ⑤⑩❹➇⑩➈ ①⑩⑦❸u ⑩
➃ ②k➄ ⑤➏➐❷➄ ⑥❻❼➑➆❷❺➄➈ ⑤⑩❹➇⑩➈ ①⑩❹➇⑩
➒❿➓➔➁→➍
➣➁➋➂➓ ➒❿↔➣➍↔➣➍➓➔ ➃ ↕➅⑩ ③➅u➙➄➛➑➄❺➄ ②k➏ ➜u➑❸❷❺➆➏➈ ①⑩❹➇⑩
➝⑩ ↕➞k➄❺ ➟➄➛u➙➆➄➑ ⑧➞❻❼➅➄u❺ ➇➄❺ ➠➙❸u❹➞❺➇❷➇❷k➄❺
↕➅⑩ ➡❽u➄❺❻ ➜➄➢❸➄❺, ①⑩⑤❷⑩
③➠❹ ⑨➤➥➦➦➧⑨➨ ⑨➤➩➨➦➧ ⑨➦➦➧
❶➄❺❻❻➄➙ ➫➙u➑u ➭❽❷➄❺ ➃ ➝➤ ➯❼❺❷ ➝➦⑨➝
➉➉⑩⑩➉➉➉⑩⑩
➲➳➵➳
➸➺➻➼ ➻➼➽➾ ➽➚➪➶➹➺➘➾➪➶ ➪➺➻➽➼➘ ➴➷➷➼➹➬ ➻➼➽➾ ➘➺➮➼➻ ➼➻➼➪ ➽➼➽➱➾ ➽➚➪➚➪➘➾➻➼➪
✃➾➽➷➼➹➪❐➼❒ ❮➾➪➶➶➾➹ ➴➷➷➷➼➹ ❰➼➹➼ Ï➚➪➶➼➽➱➾➪ ➮➼➪ ❰➼➹➼ Ï➚➪❐➼❐➼➪➶❒
ÐÑ❒❮❒ ➴➪ Ò➼➹➷ÓÔÕÖ
×➷➽➾➼➮➼➷➼➹ ➱➚➪❐➾➷➾➹ ➽➼Ø➼ ➮➚➱➼➪
×➷➽➾➘➼➪➱➼ ➼➽➼➷ Ù➼➶➼➺➻➼➪ ➱Ú➹Ú➪ ➘➼➻ Ù➚ÛÙ➾➪➶➼
❮➚Ù➼➶➺➼➪ ➺➷➽➾ ➴➷➷➼➹ ➘➚➷➼➹ ➮➺➱➚➷➼✃➼Û➺➬ ➘➚➘➼➱➺ ➽➼Ø➺➹ Ù➼➪❐➼➻➷➼➶➺ ➺➷➽➾ ➴➷➷➼➹ ❐➼➪➶
➘➚Û➼➹➼Ø➺➼❒
➴➷➷➼➹ ➽➚➪➶➹➚➪➮➼➻➺ ➻➚➪❐➼➘➼➼➪➬ ➘➺➮➼➻➱➚Û➚➪Ü➼➪➼➼➪
Ý➼➺➻Ù➾Û➾➻ ➱➚ÛÙ➾➼➘➼➪ ➻➺➘➼ ➘➺➮➼➻ ➽➚➽➱➚➪➶➼Û➾➹➺ ➴➷➷➼➹
❰➚➪Ü➼Û➺ ➮➼➪ ➽➚➪➶➼➽➼➷➻➼➪ ➺➷➽➾➼➮➼➷➼➹ ➺Ù➼➮➼➹
Þ➺➮➾➱➬ ➽➼➘➺➬ ➺Ù➼➮➼➹➬ ➼➽➼➷ ➮➼➪ ✃Ú➮Ú➹➼➮➼➷➼➹ Û➼➹➼Ø➺➼ ➴➷➷➼➹
ÐÏ➚➪➾➷➺ØÖ
ßàáâàãäåæåç
èéêëìê íéêîï ðìñì ñòîóîð ìôìñ êõóöìô íéê÷õ÷õóìê òìêë ôéøìï ùøøìï
úîûïìêìïîüìôìýìøì ûéðõóìêþ óîíéðñéöûìïóìê óìðòì õêõ óéíì÷ì ñîìöõ ÷ìê óéôõëì
ûéøìïìê ÿõüìóî , ✁ìê ✂éòêìø÷õ
ûðìö ✝ðõêìôì✞
ôìöì, ù☎ïöì÷ ✂ìñïéø
✄
ìûìüõ, ÷ìê ù☎ïöì÷
✆
✟✠✡✠☛
PT☞
✌
P✍✎✏✎✑✒✓✔✓✎ ☞✍✕✓✕✖✠✓✎ ✗✍✘✙✓✙✓✎✚✓✘✓ ✛✍☛✓☛✠✏
T✍✒✎✏✒ ✜✍✕✢✡✍☛✓✎ ✖✓✡✓ S✏✣✙✓ ☞✍☛✓✣ ✤III S✛✜
✥✍✑✍✘✏ I T✍✑✏✎✍✎✍✎✑ T✓✦✠✎ ✜✍☛✓✧✓✘✓✎ ★✩✪✪✫★✩✪★
✥✓✕✓ ✛✓✦✓✣✏✣✙✓
✌
H✍☛✬✏✔✓✣✓✘✏
P✢✒✢✒ ✛✓✦✓✣✏✣✙✓ ✌
✥✢✕✢✘
✪✩✪✭✪✩✮✩✩✭
P✘✢✑✘✓✕ S✔✠✡✏
✌
P✍✎✡✏✡✏✒✓✎ ✗✓✦✓✣✓ ✡✓✎ S✓✣✔✘✓ I✎✡✢✎✍✣✏✓ ✡✓✎ ✯✓✍✘✓✦
✟✠✘✠✣✓✎
✌
P✍✎✡✏✡✏✒✓✎ ✗✓✦✓✣✓ ✡✓✎ ✰✍✎✏
✱✓✒✠☛✔✓✣
✌
☞✍✑✠✘✠✓✎ ✡✓✎ I☛✕✠ ✜✍✎✡✏✡✏✒✓✎
✲✳✴✵✳✶✷✸✷✹✺
P✍✕✻✏✕✻✏✎✑ ✪
P✍✕✻✏✕✻✏✎✑ ★
S✠✕✓✘✔✏ , S✼✜✡✼✽ ✛✼✾✠✕✼
✥ IP ✪✿❀✩✩✭✪❁✪✿✿❂✩✭★✩✩★
❃✒✓ S✢✬✏✓ ❄✑✠✣✔✏✎✓,
✥ IP ✪✿❀❁✩❁✩✿★✩✩❁✩✪★✩✩✪
☞✍✔✠✓ ✟✠✘✠✣✓✎ P✍✎✡✏✡✏✒✓✎
✗✓✦✓✣✓ ✡✓✎ ✰✍✎✏
✯✘✣✼ I✕✓✕
S✼P✡✼✽ ✛✼✜✡✼
R✍✧✓✎✓, ✛✼✰✏✼
✥ IP ✪✿❂❁✩❂★✪✪✿❀❁✩✭✪✩✩❂
❅❆❇❈❉❈❊ ❋❆●❍■
❏e❑▲▼◆❖ d◆▼aP◆◗❘❙❑ d◆ ❚ a❯a◗❱ ❲ab▲❳❙❯e❑ ❨a❩❳▲❑❬ ❭e▼a❯a❑❱ ❳ ada ❪❫ Ma◗ e❯ ❴❵75❛
❏e❑▲▼◆❖ ada▼aP a❑❙❘ ❳❜◗❯a❩a da◗◆ e❑❙❩ be◗❖❙▲❝ a◗a ❳❙❖❙❑❬a❑ da◗◆ Ba❳❙❘ M❛ Ba❖◗◆❱
❭❛❞ da❑ Ib▲ ❭▲❝❙◗❑◆ ❡a▼❩❢❛
❣e❑❤a❑❬ ❳❜❑❝◆d◆❘❙❑ ❳ e❑▲▼◆❖ d◆❩▲▼a◆ da◗◆ ❭D ❚ e❬❜◗◆ ❴ Ba❑❤ a◗❑❜❬e◗◆❱ ✐❜❬◆❑❜❑❜❑❬
▼▲▼▲❖ ❴❵87❱ ❭M❏ B◆❑❙ ❥e❩a❤ a ✐❜❬◆❑❜❑e❑❬ ▼▲▼▲❖ ❴❵❵❫❱ ❭MA ❚e❬❜◗◆ ❚ a❯a◗ ▼▲▼▲❖
❴❵9❪❱ ❝❙❑ D◆❳▼❦❩a ❪ BaP❙❖❙ da❑ ❭a❖❯◗a ❨a❩❳▲❑❬ ❧❑◆▼a ▼▲▼▲❖ ♠❫❫❴❛
✐❙❑❬❬❙▼ ❴❵ ❣▲▼◆ ♠❫❫❴❱ ❳❜❑▲▼◆❖ ❩▲▼a◆ ❩e❑❬a❤a◗ d◆ ❭M❏ ❚e❬e◗◆ ❴ ✐❜❬◆❑❜❑❜❑❬❱
❲ ab▲❳❙❯e❑ ❏e❖❙♥ a◗ a❑ B◆da❑❬ ❭❯▲❝◆
BaP❙❖❙
❨a❩❳▲❑❬❛ ✐❙❑❬❬❙▼ ❴ A❳◗◆▼ ♠❫❫6❱
❳❜❑▲▼◆❖ d◆a❑❬❘❙❯ ❏❚❭ ❯e❯a❳ ❳❙da ❭M❏ ❚ e❬e◗◆ ❴ ✐❜❬◆❑❜❑❜❑❬❱ ❲eca❩a❯a❑
✐❜❬◆❑e❑❜❑❬❱ ❲ ab▲❳❙❯e❑ ❏e❖❙♥ a◗ a❑ P◆❑❬❬a ❖❙a❯ ◆❑◆ ❳❜❑▲▼◆❖ ❯e❯a❳ ❩e❑❬❙❤ a◗ b◆da❑❬
❖❯▲❝◆ BaP❙❖❙ ❨a❩❳▲❑❬❛
✐❙P▲❑ ♠❫❴❫❱ ❳❜❑▲▼◆❖ ❩e❑❬◆❘▲❯◆ ❏◗❦❬◗ a❩ ❏e❑❝◆d◆❘❙❑ ❭♦❴ da▼a❩ ❣aba❯a❑ da◗◆ D◆❑❙❖
❏e❑❝◆d◆❘❙❑ d◆ ♣❲ I❏ ❧❑◆▼a❛ ❏e❑▲▼◆❖ ❖▲❝❙P ❩e▼a❘❖❙❑❙❘❙❑ ❏◗❦❬◗a❩ ❏e❑❬❙▼a❩a❑
❨a❳ a❑❬a❑ ❡❏❏❨❢ a❯a▲ ❏◗❦❬◗a❩ ❏e❩a❑❯a❳❙❑
Me❑❬❙❤ a◗
❡❏❲M❢
da❑
❏e❑❜▼◆❯◆a❑
✐◆❑❝❙❘❙❑ ❲ e▼a❖ ❡❏✐❲❢ d◆ ❭M❏ ❚ e❬e◗◆ ❴ ✐❜❬◆❑e❑❜❑❬ ❯e❩❳❙❯ ❳ e❑▲▼◆❖ ❩e❑❬❙❤ a◗
qa❑❬
be◗ a▼a❩a❯❘❙❑ d◆
❏e❖❙♥a◗ a❑❛
✐◗◆❩▲▼q❦ ❚❦❛❴r ❲eca❩a❯a❑ ✐❜❬◆❑❜❑e❑❬❱ ❲ab▲❳❙❯e❑
st✉✈t✇t✉t
①②③④ ⑤②y⑥②⑦ ⑧ ⑨⑩②❶④⑤ ⑧❷⑩③❷❸⑥❷⑩ ⑥⑨❹❷❺④⑦❷❸ ❻❶❶❷❹ ❼②❽❹❷⑩❷❹②❾❷❸❷❷❶❷ ❷❸❷⑤ ❶④❿⑧❷❹❷⑩
⑦❷❹❿❷❸ ❺❷⑩ ❹④❺❷❷y❹ -➀❷y , ⑤⑨❹④⑩➁➁❷ ⑧⑨⑩②❶④⑤ ❺❷⑧❷❸ ❿⑨⑩⑨y❶⑨⑤❷④⑥❷⑩ ①➂➃ ❺⑨⑩➁❷⑩
③②❺②❶ ①⑨⑩④⑩➁⑥❷❸❷⑩ ➃⑨❿❷❿⑧②❷⑩ ➄⑨⑦❾❷❾❷⑩➅❷⑦❷ M⑨❶❷❶②④ ➂⑨⑥⑩④⑥ ①⑨❿➆❺⑨❶❷⑩ ①❷❺❷
❼④⑤❾❷ ➃⑨❶❷⑤ ➇ III ❼M① ➀⑨➁⑨⑦④ I ➂⑨➁④⑩⑨⑩⑨⑩➁ ➂❷❹②⑩ ①⑨❶❷③❷⑦❷⑩ 2011/2012 .
❼❷❶❷❾❷❸ ⑤⑨⑦❸❷ ⑤❷❶❷❿ ⑤⑨❿➆➁❷ ⑤⑨⑩❷⑩❸④❷⑤❷ ❸⑨⑦➅②⑦❷❹ ⑥⑨⑧❷❺❷ ③②⑩③②⑩➁❷⑩ ⑥④❸❷ , ➀❷❽④
➄⑨⑤❷⑦ M②❹❷❿❿❷❺ ❼❷❶❷②❶❷❹②➈❷❶❷④❹④❾❷⑤❷❶❷❿ , ⑤⑨⑦❸❷ ⑧❷⑦❷ ⑤❷❹❷❽❷❸, ⑥⑨❶②❷⑦➁❷, ❺❷⑩
⑧⑨⑩➁④⑥②❸⑩❷y ❷y⑩➁
⑤⑨⑩❷⑩❸④❷⑤❷ ⑤⑨❸④❷ ⑤❷❿⑧❷④ ❷⑥❹④⑦ ❷z❿❷⑩➉ ❻❿④⑩➉
①⑨⑩②❶④⑤ ❸⑨❶❷❹ ❽❷⑩❷y⑥ ❿⑨⑩⑨⑦④❿❷ ❽❷⑩❸②❷⑩➊ ❺②⑥②⑩➁❷⑩➊ ❺❷⑩ ❽④❿❽④⑩➁❷⑩ ❺❷⑦④ ❽⑨⑦❽❷➁❷④
⑧④❹❷⑥ ❺❷❶❷❿ ❿⑨⑩⑨y❶⑨⑤❷④⑥❷⑩ ①➂➃ ④⑩④ . ➋❶⑨❹ ⑥❷⑦⑨⑩❷ ④❸②➊ ❺⑨⑩➁❷⑩ ⑤⑨ ➁⑨⑩❷⑧ ③④❾❷
⑤⑨❽❷➁❷④ ❾②③②❺ ⑦❷⑤❷ ❹➆⑦❿❷❸ ❺❷⑩ ❸⑨⑦④❿❷ ⑥❷⑤④❹ ⑤⑨⑦❸❷ ⑧⑨⑩➁❹❷⑦➁❷❷⑩ ❷❸❷⑤ ⑤⑨➁❷❶❷
❽❷⑩❸②❷⑩➊ ⑧⑨⑩②❶④⑤ ❿⑨⑩➁②➅❷⑧⑥❷⑩ ❸⑨⑦④❿❷⑥❷⑤④❹ ⑥⑨⑧❷❺❷ ⑧④❹❷⑥ -⑧④❹❷⑥ ❽⑨⑦④⑥②❸.
1. ❼②❿❷⑦❸④ , ❼.①❺➉➊ M.H②❿ ., ⑤⑨❶❷⑥② ❺➆⑤⑨⑩ ⑧⑨❿❽④❿❽④⑩➁ I, ❷y⑩➁ ❸❷⑥ ❹⑨⑩❸④ -❹⑨⑩❸④⑩❷y
❿⑨❿❽⑨⑦④⑥❷⑩ ❺➆⑦➆⑩➁❷⑩➊ ⑤❷⑦❷⑩➊ ❺❷⑩ ❽④❿❽④⑩➁❷⑩ ❺⑨❿④ ⑥⑨⑤⑨❿⑧②⑦⑩❷❷⑩ ⑧⑨⑩②❶④⑤❷⑩
①➂➃ ④⑩④➌
2. ➍⑥❷ ❼➆➎④❷ ❻➁②⑤❸④⑩❷, ❼.①❺➉➊ M.①❺➉ , ⑤⑨❶❷⑥② ❺➆⑤⑨⑩ ⑧⑨❿❽④❿❽④⑩➁ 2, ❷y⑩➁ ❸⑨❶❷❹
❿⑨❿❽⑨⑦④⑥❷⑩ ❽④❿❽④⑩➁❷⑩➊ ❷⑦❷❹❷⑩➊ ❺❷⑩ ⑤❷⑦❷⑩-⑤❷⑦❷⑩ ❿②❶❷④ ⑧⑨❿❽②❷❸❷⑩ ⑧⑦➆⑧➆⑤❷❶
❹④⑩➁➁❷ ⑧⑨⑩⑨y❶⑨⑤❷④❷⑩ ①➂➃ ④⑩④ ❺⑨⑩➁❷⑩ ⑧⑨⑩②❹ ⑥⑨⑤❷❽❷⑦❷⑩ ➌
3. ➏⑦. ➍❺y❼②❷y⑩❸➆➊ M.①❺➉
, ⑤⑨❶❷⑥② ➃⑨❸②❷ ①⑦➆➁⑦❷❿ ❼❸②❺④ ⑤⑨⑥❷❶④➁②⑤ ①⑨❿❽④❿❽④⑩➁
❻⑥❷❺⑨❿④⑥ , ❷y⑩➁ ❸⑨❶❷❹ ❿⑨❿❽⑨⑦④⑥❷⑩ ❽④❿❽④⑩➁❷⑩ ❺❷⑩ ❷⑦❷❹❷⑩ ⑥⑨⑧❷❺❷ ⑧⑨⑩②❶④⑤
x
y
→➓➔ ➙↔→➛ ➜➒↕➐➓➔➔ → ➣➒➓↔➠➐➜
➑➒➓➔→➓ ➣➒➓↔↕ ➙➒➛➒➔→➜→➓ ➑ →➓ ➝➞➛➐➟→➜➐
➛➒➡➣→➢↔
y
↔➓➛↔➙ ➝➒➓ ➒➠➒➜→➐➙→➓ ➤➥➦ ➐➓➐ ➧
4.
.
➨➡
➩↔ ➡➠→➙➜→➓→ ➫➙➞ ➭↔➜➝➐➓➛➞➯
y
→➓➔ ➛➒➠→↕ ➝➒➝➲➒➡➐➙→➓
M.➤➑ .,
➜➒➠→➙↔ ➑➞➜➒➓ ➣ ➒➝➲→↕→➜ ➑ →➓ ➣ ➒➓➔↔➳➐
,
➛↔➓➛↔➓→➓ ➑ →➓ ➝→➜↔➙→➓ ➜➒↕➐➓➔➔ → ➤➥➦ ➐➓➐ ➝➒➓➳→➑➐ ➠➒➲➐↕
➜➒➝➣↔ ➡➓→➧
5.
➨➡➜➵
I➝→➝
, M.➸➐ .,
➭➒➳→➓→
➜➒➠→➙↔ ➦➒➛↔ → ➺↔➡↔➜→➓ ➤➒➓➑➐➑➐➙ →➓ ➻→↕→➜→ ➑→➓ ➸➒➓➐
,
I
➼➦ ➤ ➽➓➐➟➒➡➜➐➛→➜ ➾→➝➣↔ ➓➔➧
6.
➨➡
. H➐ . ➻↔ ➳→➓➔ ➭→↕➝→➓➯ M.➸➐ ., ➜➒➠→➙↔ ➨➒➙→➓ ➼➦I➤ ➽➓➐➟➒➡➜➐➛→➜
7.
➦➒➠↔→➡➔→ ➲➒➜→➡ ➸
M➤
H➒➡➐
.
➸↔ ➲→➔➐➞➯ ➸ ➤➑➵
➜➛→➪ ➥➽
,
,
➩➒➔➒➡➐
1
➾→➝➣↔➓➔➧ ➑→➓
➥➒➔➐➓➒➓➒➓➔ ➛➒➡↔ ➛→➝→ ➦➒➣ →➠→ ➸➒➙➞ ➠→↕ ➻→➣→➙
➛➒➝→➓ ➜➒➳→➚→➛ ➥↔ ➛
yI➡➐→➓➛➐ , ➸.➤➑➵ ,
-
-
➛➒➝→➓ ➛➒➝→➓ ➔↔➡↔ ➑→➓
y
➜➐➜➚→ ➜➐➜➚➐ →➛→➜ ➙➒➡➳→ ➜→➝→ ➑→➓ ➙ ➒➝↔➑→↕→➓ → ➓➔ ➣ ➒➓↔ ➠➐➜ ➑ →➣ →➛➙→➓
M ➑ →➓ ➤➥➦ ➐➓➐ .
➜➒➠→➝→ ➝➒➠→➙➜→➓→➙→➓ ➤➦
➤➒➓↔➠➐➜
y
➝➒➓→➑ →➡➐
➙ ➒➜→➠→↕→➓➵
➑→➠→➝
➣➒➓↔➠➐➜→➓ ➤➥➦
➐➓➐
y
➝→➜➐↕
➲→➓→➙
➙➒➙↔➡→➓➔ →➓ ➑→➓
➦→➡➒➓→ ➐➛↔➯ ➣ ➒➓↔ ➠➐➜ ➝➒➓➔ ↕→➡→➣ ➙ ➡➐➛➐➙ ➑→➓ ➜→➡→➓ ➑ →➡➐ ➜➒➝↔ → ➣➐↕→➙ ➑ ➒➝➐
➙ ➒➜➒➝➣↔ ➡➓→→➓ ➤➥➦ ➐➓➐
,
➲→➔➐ ➙➐➛→ ➜➒➝↔→
. H→➡→➣ →➓ ➣➒➓↔➠➐➜➯
y
➜➒➝➞➔ → ➙ →➡→ ➙ ➒➢➐➠ ➐➓➐ ➲➐➜→ ➲➒➡➝→➓➪→→➛
y
➙↕↔➜↔➜➓→ ➑→➠→➝ ➣ ➒➓➔→➳→➡→➓ ➻→↕→➜→
➑ →➓ ➸→➜➛➡→
I➓➑➞ ➓➒➜➐→
➜➒➙➞ ➠→↕➵
➻→➓➑→➡ ➾→➝➣↔ ➓➔
➤➒➓↔ ➠➐➜
,
➶➹➘➴➷➬➮➱➮✃➷
x
➐
,
2012
➑➐
❐
❒❮ ❰ÏÐÑÒÓÔÕÔÒÐ
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æèíèîè ðèë îèîøêè ïëðñëäîòè èyëù æèòö ÷ëø÷ö æäêæèùèò öäõäêç÷èëû ÿ☞✝ îèêèëè
õäëùäåæèëùèë õäëèçèêèëû ðèë ÿ✌✝ îèêèëè õäåèíèåèë öäêèùèåèë æ÷ðèèy
ïëðñëäîòè åäçèç÷ò öíèîèëèí öäîèîøêèèë ïëðñëäîòè ÿ äõðòöëèîû ✁✂✂✌✝ý
✍çäí öèêäëè
✎
✏✑t ✒ t✑✓✑✔✕ ✖✗✘✙✗✚✔✓✔✛✔✕ ✙✔✜✔✢✔ ✣✏✜✔✛✔✖✤✔✕ ✣✔✖✔ t ✘✗✘✙✗✕✥✑✤ ✤✦✘✖✗t✗✕✢✏ ✙✔✜✔✢✔
✧✕✣✦✕✗✢✏✔ ✢✏✢★✔ ✩✪✫ ✣✔✕ ✪✬✢ ✣✗✕✭✔✕ ✪✮✗✕✔y✓✏✤✔✕ ✤✦✘✖✦✕✗✕ ✤✗✙✔✜✔✢✔✔✕✒
✤✦✘✖✦✕✗✕ ✖✗✘✔✜✔✘✔✕✒ ✣✔✕ ✤✦✘✖✦✕✗✕ ✖✗✕✭✭✑✕✔✔✕ ✙✔✜✔✢✔ ✢✗✯✔✛✔ t✗✛✖✔✣✑✰
✱✗✗t ✛✔✘✖✏✚✔✕ ✙✗✛✙✏✯✔✛✔ ✘✗✛✑✖✔✤✔✕ ✢✔✚✔✜ ✢✔ tu✔✢✖✗✤ ✤✗✙✔✜✔✢✔✔✕ ✔y✕✭ ✢✔✕✭✔ t
✖✗✕✥✏✕✭✰ ✲✗✕✭✔✕ ✙✗✛✙✏✯✔✛✔ ✤✏✔t ✣✔✖✔t✘✗✘✗✕✑✜✏ ✤✗✙✑✥✑✜✔✕ ✙✗✛✤✦✘✑✕✏✤✔✢✏ ✣✗✕✭✔✕
✘✔✢✔y✛✔✤✔ t✢✗✤✏✔t ✛ ✚✏✕✭✤✑✕✭✔✕ ✤✏✔t ✰ ✩✗✚✔✏✕ ✏tu✔✖✔✙✏✚✔
✤✦✘✑✕✏✤✔✢✏ ✔y✕✭ ✣✏✭✑✕✔✤✔✕
✣✗✕✭✔✕ ✙✔✜✔✢✔ ✚✏✢✔✕✒ ✘✔✤✔ ✤✦✘✑✕✏✤✔✢✏ t✗✛✢✗✙✑✥ ✔✤✔✕ ✙✗✛✚✔✕✭✢✑✕✭ ✗✳✗✤ t✏✳ ✣✔✕
✗✳✏✢✏✗✕✰ ✱✔✛✗✕✔ ✣✗✕✭✔✕ ✘✗✕✭✭✑✕✔✤✔✕ ✙✔✜✔✢✔ ✚✏✢✔✕✒ ✙✗✛✔✛t✏ ✤✦✘✑✕✏✤✔✢✏ ✔y✕✭
✣✏✚✔✤✑✤✔✕ ✘✗✕✭✭✑✕✔✤✔✕ ✘✗✣✏✔ ✑✯✔✖✔✕✒ ✣✔✕ ✜✔✤✏✤✔ t✙✔✜✔✢✔ ✔✣✔✚✔✜ ✑✯✔✖✔✕✰ ✫✛✦✢✗✢
✖✗✕✭u✯✔✖✔✕ ✙✑✕✏y ✮✙✑✕✏y ✙✔✜✔✢✔ ✏tut✏✣✔✤
✚✔✏✕ ✔✣✔✚✔✜ ✣✗✕✭✔✕ ✙✗✛✙✏✯✔✛✔✒ u✕✥✑✤
✣✔✖✔ t ✙✗✛✙✏✯✔✛✔ ✣✗✕✭✔✕ ✙✔✏✤ ✣✏✖✗✛✚✑✤✔✕ ✤✗t✗✛✔✘✖✏✚✔✕ ✙✗✛✙✏✯✔✛✔ ✴✬✔✛✏✭✔✕✒ ✵✶✶✷✸
✵✹✺✰
✻✗✛✣✔✢✔✛✤✔✕ ✱u✛✏✤✑✚✑✘ ✬✏✕✭✤✔t✩✔t✑✔✕ ✫✗✕✣✏✣✏✤✔✕ ✴✱✬✩✫✺ ✖✗✘✙✗✚✔✓✔✛✔✕ ✻✔✜✔✢✔
✧✕✣✦✕✗✢✏✔ ✩✪✫ ✣✔✕ ✪✬✢ ✖✔✣✔ ✤✗✗t ✛✔✘✖✏✚✔✕ ✙✗✛✙✏✯✔✛✔✒ ✢✗✙✔✭✔✏ ✙✔✜✔✕ ✖✗✕✗✚✏✏t✔✕
✢✔✚✔✜ ✢✔tu ✔y✕✭ ✩✗✢✑✔✏ ✣✗✕✭✔✕ ✢✥✔✕✣✔✛ ✤✦✘✖✗✗t ✕✢✏ ✤✗✚✔✢✒ ✼✧✧✧ ✔y✏tu
✘✗✕✭✑✕✭✤✔✖✤✔✕ ✙✗✛✙✔✭✔✏ ✏✕✳✦✛✘✔✢✏ ✘✗✚✔✚✑✏ ✔w✔w✕✯✔✛✔ ✣✔✕ ✖✛✗✢✗✕✥✔✢✏ ✚✔✖✦✛✔✕✰
✱✗✗t ✛✔✘✖✏✚✔✕ ✙✗✛✙✏✯✔✛✔ ✔y✕✭ ✣✏✘✔✤✢✑✣ ✣✔✚✔✘ ✢✥✔✕✣✔✛ ✤✦✘✖✗t✗✕✢✏ ✏
✕✏ ✣✏✖✗✛t✗✭✔✢
✣✔✚✔✘ ✤✦✘✖✗✗t ✕✢✏ ✣✔✢✔✛ ✔y✏tu✙✗✛✔w✔w✕✯✔✛✔ ✣✗✕✭✔✕ ✕✔✛✔✢✑✘✙✗✛ ✣✔✛✏ ✙✗✛✙✔✭✔✏
✤✔✚✔✕✭✔✕ ✣✗✕✭✔✕ ✘✗✘✖✗✛✜✔ ✏t✤✔✕ ✗t✏✤✔ ✙✗✛✔w✔w✕✯✔✛✔ ✴✲✗✖✣✏✤✕✔✢✒ ✎✽✽✾✺✰
✿✔✔w✕✯✔✛✔ ✘✗✛✑✖✔✤✔✕ ✤✗✗t ✛✔✘✖✏✚✔✕ ✙✗✛✙✏✯✔✛✔ ✔y✕✭ ✢✗✛✏✕✭ ✣✏✚✔✤✑✤✔✕ ✦✚✗✜ ✖✗✚✏✖✑✥
✙✗✛✏✔t ✣✔✕ ✖✔✛✔ ✖✗✕✗✚ ✏t✏ ✣✔✚✔✘ ✙✗✛✙✔✭✔✏ ✙✏✣✔✕✭✰ ✻✔✭✏ ✖✔✛✔ ✖✗✕✗✚✏✏t✒ ✙✗✛✔w✔w✕✯✔✛✔
✗t ✛✘✔✢✑✤ ✘✗t✦✣✗ ✔t ✕✔y ✓✔✔w✙ ✔y✕✭ ✙✗✛✚✔✕✣✔✢✤✔✕ ✖✔✣✔ ✑t ✓✑✔✕ ✖✗✕✗✚✏✏t✔✕ ✔y✤✕✏
❀
❁❂❃❂y❄❅❆❅❇❅ ❈❂❃❉❊❄❊❁❊❃❋ ❈❂●❊❍❊❊❃❋ ❁■❏❅❑❋ ❆❊❃ ❁■❏❅▲❊❍❅ ❍❂❍❂■●❊❃❉ ▼◆❊❆❅❋ ❖P◗❖❘
❖P❀❙❚ ❯❂●❊w❊w❃❱❊●❊ ❁❂●❲❈❊❇❊❃ ❍❊❄❊❳ ❍❊tu ❈❂❄❊
❅t❳❊❃ ❲❃❏❲❇ ❁❂❃❅❃❉❇❊t❇❊❃
❇❂❁❊❁❈❲❊❃ ❨❂●❨❅❱❊●❊ ❍❅❍❩❊❚ ❬❄❂❳ ❇❊●❂❃❊ ❅t❲❋ ❈❂❁❨❂❄❊❭❊●❊❃ w
❊w
❊❃❱❊●❊ ❍❊❊t ❅❃❅
❆❅●❊❍❊ ❍❊❃❉❊t❈❂❃❏❅❃❉ ❇❂❨❂●❊❆❊❊❃❃ y
❊❚
❯❂●❆❊❍❊●❇❊❃ ❳❊❍❅❄ ❲❄❊❃❉❊❃ ❳❊●❅❊❃ ❯❊❳❊❍❊ ❪❃❆■❃❂❍❅❊ ❍❅❍❩❊ ❇❂❄❊❍ ❫❪❪❪ ❴❵❛ ❜❂❉❂●❅
❖ ❝❂❉❅❃❂❃❂❃❉ ❈❊❆❊ ❈■❇■❇ ❨❊❳❊❍❊❃ ❨❂●❊w❊w
❃❱❊●❊ ❨❂❄❲❁ ❁❂❃❱❊❈❊❅ ❞❞❵ ❊y❃❉
❂t ❄❊❳ ❆❅❂t ❃❏❲❇❊❃❋ ❍❂❨❂❍❊● ❡❢ ❍❂❆❊❃❉❇❊❃ ❃❅❄❊❅ ●❊❊t ❣●❊t❊ ❇❂❄❊❍ ❊y❃❉ ❆❅❈❂●■❄❂❳ ❳❊❃❊y
u ❄❊❳ ❍❅❍❩❊ ❍❂❄❲●❲❳❃❊y ✐❥ ❍❅❍❩❊❋ ❊y❃❉ ❁❂❃❱❊❈❊❅ ❞❞❵ ❳❊❃❊y ❖❡ ❍❅❍❊w❆❊❃
❢◗❚ ❤❁
❊y❃❉ ❨❂❄❲❁ ❁❂❃❱❊❈❊❅ ❞❞❵ ❨❂●❭❲❁❄❊❳ ❦✐ ❍❅❍❊w❚ ❛❂❃❂y❨❊❨ ●❂❃❆❊❳❃ y❊ ❳❊❍❅❄
❨❂❄❊❭❊● ❂t ●❍❂❨❲❏ ❇❊●❂❃❊ ❍❅❍❩❊ ❇❲●❊❃❉ ❆❊❈❊t ❁❂❃❲❊❃❉❇❊❃ ❉❊❉❊❍❊❃ ▼❅❆❂❙❋ ❇❲●❊❃❉
❄❊❅t❳❊❃ ❨❂●❨❅❱❊●❊❋ ❆❊❃ ❇❂❍❊❄❊❳❊❃ ❈❊❆❊ ❇❂❨❊❳❊❍❊❊❃❚ ❯❂●❆❊❍❊●❇❊❃ ❊w❊w❃❱❊●❊❋ ❍❅❍❩❊
❊w
❊❃❱❊●❊❚ ◆❊❄
❇❲●❊❃❉ ❂t ●❁■❏❅▲❊❍❅ ❆❊❄❊❁ ❈❂❁❨❂❄❊❭❊●❊❃ ❨❂●❨❅❱❊●❊ ❇❳❲❍❲❍❃ ❊y ❨❂●w
❅❃❅ ❆❅❍❂❨❊❨❇❊❃ ❁❂●❂❇❊ ❭❊●❊❃❉ ❁❂❁❈❂●■❄❂❳ ❃❅❄❊❅ ❅t❃❉❉❅❚ ❧❂❃❉❊❃ ❆❂❁❅❇❅❊❃❋
❊w
❊❃❱❊●❊ ❍❅❍❩❊ ❇❂❄❊❍ ❫❪❪❪ ❴❵❛ ❜❂❉❂●❅ ❖ ❝❂❉❅❃❂❃❂❃❉ ❈❂●❄u
❇❂❂t ●❊❁❈❅❄❊❃ ❨❂● w
❆❅❅t❃❉❇❊t❇❊❃❚ ❧❂❃❉❊❃ ❆❂❁❅❇❅❊❃ ❋ ❆❊❈❊t ❆❅❍❅❁❈❲❄❇❊❃ ❨❊❳❩❊ ❈❂❁❨❂❄❊❭❊●❊❃
❊❊w❃❱❊●❊ ❁❊❍❅❳ ❨❂❄❲❁ ❨❂●❳❊❍❅❄❋ ❲❃❏❲❇ ❅ tu ❆❅❨❲❏❲❳❇❊❃ ❍❲❊tu ❂t ❇❃❅❇
❨❂●w
❈❂❁❨❂❄❊❭❊●❊❃ ❊y❃❉ ❂t ❈❊t❲❃❏❲❇ ❆❊❈❊t❁❂❃❉❊❊t ❍❅❃ y❊❚
❯❂●❆❊❍❊●❇❊❃ ❳❊❄ ❆❅ ❊❊t ❍❋ ❈❂❁❨❂❄❊❭❊●❊❃ ❨❂●❊w❊w❃❱❊●❊ ❈❂●❄ u❁❂❃❆❊❈❊t ❈❂●❳❊❅t❊❃
❍❲❃❉❉❲❳❣❍❲❃❉❉❲❳ ❍❂❁❲❊ ❈❅❳❊❇❋ ❂t ●u
t❊❁❊ ❉●uu❯❊❳❊❍❊ ❪❃❆■❃❂❍❅❊❚ ♠●uu❍❂❨❊❉❊❅
❑❊❍❅❄❅ ❊t ■t ● ❳❂❃❆❊❇❃❊y ❁❂❃❉❉❲❃❊❇❊❃ ❂t ❇❃❅❇ ❈❂❁❨❂❄❊❭❊●❊❃
❊w❊w❃❱❊●❊ ❊y❃❉
❁❂❃❊●❅❇ ❆❊❃ ❄❂❨❅❳ ❨❂●▲❊●❅❊❍❅ ❊❉❊● ❍❅❍❩❊ ❄❂❨❅❳ ❂t ● t❊●❅❇ ❆❊❃ ❁❂❁❅❄❅❇❅ ❇❂❁❊❁❈❲❊❃
❨❂●❨❅❱❊●❊ ❇❳❲❍❲❍❃❊y ❨❂●❊w❊w❃❱❊●❊
❊y❃❉
❨❊❅❇❚
❯❂●❆❊❍❊●❇❊❃
❇❂❃❊yt❊❊❃❋
♥
♦♣qr♣st✉t✈t✇ r♣✈twtw✇①t✈t ty✇② ③④st⑤⑥t✇t⑤t✇ ⑤⑦✈t✇② ♦✈⑧③⑦⑤⑨④⑩❶ ❷⑦✈ u⑦q⑦q✇ty
❸t✇ty q♣✇♣✈t✇②⑤t✇ ❸ts ❹❸ts ty✇② r♣✈⑤♣✇tt✇ ③♣✇②t✇ ♣t ⑧✈④❶ ❺♣q♣✇⑨t✈t ♦♣st t④❸t✇
ty✇② ⑥♣r♣✇t✈✇ty ⑤⑦✈t✇② ③④⑥♣✇⑨⑦❸❶ ❻s♣❸ ⑤t✈♣✇t ④t⑦❼ ⑤♣♣t ✈tq♦④st✇ r♣✈r④①t✈t ♦♣✈s u
③④r♣st✉t✈⑤t✇ ③♣✇②t✇ r♣✇t✈❼ ty⑤✇④ q♣qr♣st✉t✈⑤t✇ ⑥④⑥❽t ⑦✇⑨⑦⑤ ⑨♣✈tq♦④s r♣✈r④①t✈t❶
❾✇⑨⑦⑤
q♣✇④✇②⑤t ⑤t t✇
⑤♣♣t ✈tq♦④st✇
r♣✈r④①t✈t
⑥ ④⑥❽t
⑤❸⑦⑥⑦⑥✇ty
③tstq
r♣✈twtw✇①t✈t ③t♦t t ③④②⑦✇t⑤t✇ ♣t ⑤✇④⑤ ♦♣q⑧③♣st✇❶ ❿⑧q♦⑧✇♣✇ ♦♣q⑧③♣st✇
q♣✈⑦♦t⑤t✇ rt②④t✇ ③t✈④ ⑥⑨✈t♣t ②④ ♦♣qr♣st✉t✈t✇ ⑤⑧✇⑨♣⑤⑥⑨⑦ts❶ ➀t⑤⑥⑦③✇ty❼ ③tstq
⑥♣r⑦t❸ ♦♣qr♣st✉t✈t✇ ⑤♣♣t ✈tq♦④st✇ r♣✈rt❸t⑥t ttt u♦♣✇②♣tt ❸⑦t✇ ⑨♣✈♣t ✇⑨ut③t q⑧③♣s
ty✇② r④⑥t ③④t④✈ u ❶ ➁tstq ❸ts ④✇④❼ ②⑦✈uq♣qr♣✈④ q⑧③♣s ♣t ✇⑨t✇② ①t✈t❼ q♣✇②♣✈✉t⑤t✇
⑥♣⑥⑦t tu ③t✇ rt②t④qt✇t ①t✈t r♣st✉t✈❶ ❺④⑥❽t ③t♦t t ③④⑤ttt ⑤t✇ q♣✇②⑦t⑥t④
⑤♣♣t ✈tq♦④st✇ rt✈✇ ③♣✇②t✇ rt④⑤ ✉④⑤t ②✈uuq♣qr♣✈④ ①⑧✇⑨⑧❸ ③t✇ q⑧③♣s ⑦✇⑨⑦⑤ ③④s④❸tt
③t✇ ③④t④✈ u➂➁♣♦③④⑤✇t⑥ ➃➄➄➃➅ ➆➇➈ ❶
➉♣✇③♣⑤ttt ✇ ⑤⑧ ✇⑨♣⑤⑥⑨⑦ts ➂Contextual Teaching and Learning➈ q♣✈⑦♦t⑤t✇ ⑤⑧✇⑥♣♦
r♣st✉t✈ ty✇② q♣qrt✇⑨u②⑦✈uq♣✇②t④t⑤t✇ qt♣t ✈④ ty✇② ③④t✉t✈⑤t✇ ③♣✇②t✇ ⑥④t⑦t⑥④
③⑦✇④t ✇tytt ⑥④⑥❽t❶ ➁♣✇②t✇ ③♣q④⑤④t✇❼ q♣✇③⑧✈⑧✇② ⑥④⑥❽t q♣qr⑦t t❸⑦r⑦✇②t✇ t✇⑨t✈t
♦♣✇②♣tt ❸⑦t✇ ty✇② ③④q④s④⑤④ ③♣✇②t✇ ♦♣✇♣✈t♦t✇
⑤♣s⑦t✈②t
③t✇ qt⑥ty✈t⑤tt❼ ③♣✇②t✇
♦♣qr♣st✉t✈t✇
♣⑩♣⑤⑨④⑩❼
ty④⑦t ➅
③tstq ⑤♣❸④③⑦♦t✇ ⑥♣rt②t④ t✇②②⑧⑨t
q♣s④rt t⑤t✇
⑤⑧✇⑥⑨✈⑦⑤⑨④➊④⑥q♣
t⑦✉⑦❸
⑤⑧q♦⑧✇♣✇ tu
t qt
➂ constructivism➈❼
r♣✈tt ✇ty
➂➋⑦♣⑥⑨④⑧✇④✇②➈❼ q♣✇♣q⑦⑤t✇ ➂inquiry➈❼ qt⑥ty✈t⑤tt r♣st✉t✈ ➂ learning community➈❼
♦♣q⑧③♣st✇ ➂q⑧③♣s④✇②➈❼ ♦♣✇④st④t✇ ⑥♣r♣✇tqty ➂ authentic assessment➈❼ ③t✇ ✈♣⑩s♣⑤⑥④
➂reflection➈ ➂➁♣♦③④⑤✇t⑥ ➃➄➄➇➅ ➌➈❶ ➁♣✇②t✇ ⑤⑧✇⑥♣♦ ♦♣✇③♣⑤ttt ✇ ⑤⑧✇⑨♣⑤⑥⑨⑦ts ♣t ✈⑥♣r⑦⑨ ❼
♦✈⑧⑥♣⑥ ♦♣qr♣st✉t✈t✇ ③t♦tt r♣✈st✇②⑥⑦✇② ⑥♣①t✈t tstq④t❸ ③tstq r♣✇⑨⑦⑤ ⑤♣②④ttt ✇
➍
➎➏➎➐➑ ➒➓➔➓→➣➑ ↔➑↕ ➙➓↕➛➑➜➑➙➏➝ ➒➞➔➑↕ →t➑↕➎➟➓→ ➠➓↕➛➓➑t ➡➞➑↕ ↔➑→➏ ➛→uu➔➓ ➎➏➎➐➑➢
➤➑➎➏➜ ➠➓➙➒➓➜➑➣➑→➑↕ ➔➥↕➦➓➔➎➦➞➑➜ ↔➏➡➑→➑➠➔➑↕ ➜➓➒➏➡ ➒➓→➙➑➔↕➑ ➒➑➛➏ ➎➏➎➐➑➢ ➧➑➜➑➙ ➡➑➜
➏↕➏➝ ➎➦→➑ ➓t ➛➏ ➠➓➙➒➓➜➑➣➑→➑↕ ➜➓➒➏➡ ↔➏➠➓↕➦➏↕➛➔➑↕ ↔➑→➏➠➑↔➑ ➡➑➎➏➜➢
➨➓➔↕➏➔ ➠➓➙➥↔➓➜➑↕ ↔➓↕➛➑↕ ➠➓↕↔➓➔➑➑t ↕ ➔➥↕➦➓➔➎➦➞➑➜ ➙➓➙➏➜➏➔➏ ➔➓➜➓➒➏➡➑↕ ➑ ↕➦➑→➑ ➜➑➏↕
➩➫➭ ➙➓↕ ➓y↕➑↕➛➔➑↕ ➎➏➎➐➑➝ ➩➯➭ ➙➓↕➛➛➑➜➑➔➔➑↕ ➛➞→u ➞↕➦➞➔ ➙➓↕➛➓➙➒➑↕➛➔➑↕
➔→➓➑➏t➟➏➑t ➎ ➎➏➎➐➑➝ ➩➲➭ ➙➓↕➛→u➑↕➛➏ ➡➑➜
➳➡➑➜ ➑y↕➛ ➒➓→➎➏➟➑ t ➵➓→➒➑➜ ↔➑↕ ➑➒➎➦→➑➔➝ ➩➸➭
➙➓↕➏➙➒➞➜➔➑↕ →➓➎➠➥↕ ➑y↕➛ ➠➥➎➏➏t➟ ↔➑→➏ ➎➏➎➐➑ ➑y↕➛ ➜➑➙➒➑↕➺➔➞→➑↕➛ ➻➑➔➑➠➝ ↔➑↕ ➩➍➭
➙➓↕➞➙➒➞➡➔➑↕ ➻➑→➑ ➒➓→➠➏➔➏→ ➑y↕➛ ➔→➏➏t➎➝ ➔➑→➓↕➑ ➎➏➎➐➑ ➙➓↕➑y➔➎➏➔➑↕ ➜➑↕➛➎➞↕➛
➙➓➜➑➜➞➏ ➠➓➙➥↔➓➜➑↕ ➑y↕➛ ↔➏↔➓➙➥↕➎➦→➑➎➏➔➑↕ ↔➏ ↔➓➠➑↕ ➔➓➜➑➎➢
➼➓↕➏↕➛➔➑➑t ↕ ➔➓➓t →➑➙➠➏➜➑↕ ➒➓→➑w➑w↕➻➑→➑ ➙➓➜➑➜➞➏ ➓t ➔↕➏➔ ➠➓➙➥↔➓➜➑↕
➠➑↔➑ ➎➏➎➐➑
➔➓➜➑➎ ➽➾➾➾ ➚➪➼ ➶➓➛➓→➏ ➫ ➨➓➛➏↕➓↕➓↕➛ ↔➏➡➑→➑➠➔➑↕ ↔➑➠➑ t➙➓↕➛➑➑t ➎➏ ➔➓➎➞➜➏➑t ↕ ➎➏ ➎➐➑
↔➑➜➑➙ ➠➓➙➒➓➜➑➣➑→➑↕ ➒➓→➑w➑w↕➻➑→➑➢ ➼➓➙➒➓➜➑➣➑→➑↕ ↔➓↕➛➑↕ ➠➓↕↔➓➔➑➑t ↕ ➔➥↕➦➓➔➎➦➞➑➜
➙➓↕➛➑➏ t➔➑↕ ➑↕➦➑→➑ ➙➑ t➓→➏ ➑y↕➛ ↔➏➑➣➑→➔➑↕ ↔➓↕➛➑↕ ➎➏➞t ➑➎➏ ↔➞↕➏➑ ↕➑y➑t ➎➏➎➐➑➢
➼➓➙➥↔➓➜➑↕ ➎➓➒➑➛➑➏ ➎➑➜➑➡ ➎➑ tu ➔➥➙➠➥↕➓↕ ➠➓↕↔➓➔➑➑t ↕ ➔➥↕➦➓➔➎➦➞➑➜ ➙➓➙➠➞↕➑y➏
➠➓→➑↕ ➠➓↕➦➏↕➛ ↔➑➜➑➙ ➠➓➙➒➓➜➑➣➑→➑↕ ➔➓t➓→➑➙➠➏➜➑↕ ➒➓→➒➏➻➑→➑➢ ➹➓➛➏➑➑t ↕ ➠➓➙➒➓→➏➑↕
➙➥↔➓➜
↔➑➜➑➙
➠➓➙➒➓➜➑➣➑→➑↕
➔➓➓t →➑➙➠➏➜➑↕
➒➓→➒➏➻➑→➑
➒➓→➞t ➣➞➑↕
➞↕➦➞➔
➙➓➙➒➑➡➑➎➑➔➑↕ ➛➑➛➑➎➑↕ ➑y↕➛ ↔➏➠➏➔➏→➔➑↕ ↔➓↕➛➑↕ ➻➑→➑ ➙➓↕↔➓➙➥↕➎➦→➑➎➏➔➑↕➝ ➑➛➑→
➠➑→➑ ➎➏➎➐➑ ➒➓➜➑➣➑→ ➙➓➜➑➔➞➔➑↕ ➎➓➎➞➑➞t ➢ ➘→➏t↕➑y➝ ➑↔➑ ➙➥↔➓➜ ➑y↕➛ ↔➏➏t→u↔➑↕ ↔
➏➑➙➑➏t
➥➜➓➡ ➎➏➎➐➑➢ ➧➑➜➑➙ ➠➓➙➒➓➜➑➣➑→➑↕ t➓→➎➓➒➞➦➝ ↔➏➒➓→➏ ➻➥↕➦➥➡ t➓➔➎ ➑w➑w↕➻➑→➑➢
➹➥➙➠➥↕➓↕ ➠➓➙➥↔➓➜➑↕ ➙➓➜➏➒➑ ➔t ➑↕ ➛→u➞➝ ➎➏➎➐➑➝ ↔➑↕ ➙➥↔➓➜ ↔➑→➏ ➜➞➑→ ➞↕➦➞➔ ➙➓↕➣➑↔➏
➙➥↔➓➜➢
➴
➷➬➬t ➮➱✃❐❒❮➱❰ Ï➬➮Ï❒Ð➱➮➱ ✃➬❮➱❮Ñ❒ t➬Ò❰❒Ò ❐➬✃ÓÔ➬❮➱❰ Ô❒➱ÕÑ✃Õ❒Ò➱❰ Ô➱❐➱ t ✃➬❰Ö➱ ➱t Õ❒
❐➬➮✃➱Õ➱❮➱×➱❰ Õ❒ÕØ➱ Ô➱❮➱✃ ❐➬✃Ï➬❮➱Ù➱➮➱❰ Ï➬➮➱w➱w❰Ð➱➮➱Ú Û❮➬× Ò➱➮➬❰➱ ❒ tÑÜ ❐➬❰➬❮❒❒t
✃➬❮➱ÒÑÒ➱❰ ❐➬❰➬❮❒❒t➱❰ Ò➱Ù❒ ❒t❰Ô➱Ò Ñ❰ÝÑÒ ✃➬❰❒❰ÖÒ➱Òt ➱❰ Ò➬✃➱✃❐Ñ➱❰ Ï➬➮➱w➱w❰Ð➱➮➱
✃➬❮➱❮Ñ❒ ➬t Ò❰❒Ò ❐➬✃ÓÔ➬❮➱❰ ❐➱Ô➱ Õ❒ÕØ➱ Ò➬❮➱Õ Þßßß àáâ ã➬Ö➬➮❒ ß ä➬Ö❒❰➬❰➬❰ÖÚ
åæç èéêéëìí îìëìïìð
ñ➬➮Ô➱Õ➱➮Ò➱❰ ❮➱➱t ➮ Ï➬❮➱Ò➱❰Ö ✃➱Õ➱❮➱×Ü ➮Ñ✃ÑÕ➱❰ ✃➱Õ➱❮➱× ❐➱Ô➱ ❐➬❰➬❮❒❒t➱❰ ❒❰❒ ➱Ô➱❮➱×
Ï➱Ö➱❒✃➱❰➱Ò➱× ❐➬❰❒❰ÖÒ➱➱t ❰ Ò➬✃➱✃❐Ñ➱❰ Ï➬➮➱w➱w❰Ð➱➮➱ Õ❒ÕØ➱ ✃➬❮➱❮Ñ❒ t➬Ò❰❒Ò
❐➬✃ÓÔ➬❮➱❰ Ô❒ Ò➬❮➱Õ Þßßß àáâ ã➬Ö➬➮❒ ò ä➬Ö❒❰➬❰➬❰Ö ➱t ×Ñ❰ ❐➬❮➱Ù➱➮➱❰ óôòòõóôòóÚ
åæö ÷éøéìí ùúíúïûüûìí
äÑÙÑ➱❰
❐➬❰➬❮❒❒t➱❰ ❒❰❒
➱Ô➱❮➱×
✃➬❰Ô➬ÕÒ➮❒❐Õ❒Ò➱❰
❐➬❰❒❰ÖÒ➱➱t ❰ Ò➬✃➱✃❐Ñ➱❰
Ï➬➮➱w➱w❰Ð➱➮➱ Õ❒ÕØ➱ ✃➬❮➱❮Ñ❒ ➬t Ò❰❒Ò ❐➬✃ÓÔ➬❮➱❰ Ô❒ Ò➬❮➱Õ Þßßß àáâ ã➬Ö➬➮❒ ò
ä➬Ö❒❰➬❰➬❰Ö ➱t ×Ñ❰ ❐➬❮➱Ù➱➮➱❰ óôòòõóôòóÚ
åæý îìíþììü ùúíúïûüûìí
ÿ➱Õ❒❮ ❐➬❰➬❮❒❒t➱❰ ❒❰❒ Ô❒×➱➮➱❐Ò➱❰ Ô➱❐➱t Ï➬➮✃➱❰ ➱➱ t Ï➱❒ÒÚ Õ➬Ð➱➮➱ t➬Ó➮➬❒tÕ ✃➱Ñ❐Ñ❰
Õ➬Ð➱➮➱ ❐➮➱ÒÝ❒ÕÚ
åæýæå ✁ú✂ì✄ì ÷úo✄ úüûë
ÿ➱Õ❒❮ ❐➬❰➬❮❒❒t➱❰ ❒❰❒ Ï➬➮✃➱❰ ➱➱ t Ñ❰ÝÑÒ ✃➬❰➱✃Ï➱× ❐➬❰Ö➬✃Ï➱❰Ö➱❰ ❐➬❰Ö➬➱t ×Ñ➱❰
Ò➬t➬➮➱✃❐❒❮➱❰ Ï➬➮Ï❒Ð➱➮➱ Ò×ÑÕÑÕ❰➱y ➱w➱w❰Ð➱➮➱
Õ➬➮➱t ✃➬✃Ï➬➮❒Ò➱❰ ➱❮t➬➮❰➱❒t Ô➱❮➱✃
❐➬✃❒❮❒×➱❰ ➬t Ò❰❒Ò ❐➬✃Ï➬❮➱Ù➱➮➱❰Ú ä➬Ò❰❒Ò ❐➬✃ÓÔ➬❮➱❰ Ô➱❐➱t Ô❒Ù➱Ô❒Ò➱❰ Õ➱❮➱× Õ➱ tu
ÕÓ❮ÑÕ❒ ➬ ➬ÒÝ❒ Ô➱❮➱✃ Ñ❐➱ ➱y ✃➬❰Ö➱➱t Õ❒ ✃➱Õ➱❮➱× Ò➬ÕÑ❮❒➱t ❰
Ï➬➮➱w➱w❰Ð➱➮➱Ú
☎
✆✝✞✝✟ ✠✡☛☞✌☞ ✍✌☞✎✏✑✒
✓✔✕✖✗ ✘✙✚✙✗✖✖t✔✚ ✛✙✗✔✕ ✖✚✖ ✜✖✢✔✣✔✘✛✔✚ ✜✔✘✔t✤✙✣✥✔✚✦✔✔t✤✔✧✖ ✕✖✕★✔
✜✔✚ ✧✩✣ u✪
☞✝ ✫☞✬✑ ✠✑✒✭☞
✮✔✚✦✔✔t ✤✔✧✖ ✕✖✕★✔ ✜✔✘✔t ✗✙✤✖✢ ✥✩✜✔✢ ✥✙✚✙✥✩✛✔✚ ✜✔✚ ✥✙✚✧✙✥✤✔✚✧✛✔✚ ✖✜✙
✜✔✗✔✥ ✤✙✣✔w✔w✚✯✔✣✔
✜✙✚✧✔✚ ✙t ✛✚✖✛ ✘✙✥✰✜✙✗✔✚✪ ✱✙✚ ✧✔✚ ✔✜✔✚✔y ✥✰✜✙✗✲ ✕✖✕★✔
✜✔✘✔t✥✙ ✚✯✰✚✳✰✢ ✤✔✧✔✖✥✔✚✔ ✤✙✣✔w✔w✚✯✔✣✔ ✔y✚✧ ✤✙✚✔✣✪
✴✝ ✫☞✬✑ ✵✶✌✶
✮✔✚✦✔✔t ✤✔✧✖ ✧✩✣ u✷✔✢✔✕✔ ✸✚✜✰✚✙✕✖✔ ✔✜✔✗✔✢ ✥✙✚✔✥✤✔✢ w
✔w
✔✕✔✚ ✧✩✣ u✙t ✚✳✔✚✧
✛✙✙t ✣✔✥✘✖✗✔✚ ✤✙✣✤✖✯✔✣✔ ✛✢✩✕✩✕✚✔y ✤✙✣w
✔✔w✚✯✔✣✔ ✥✙✗✔✗✩✖ ✙t ✛✚✖✛ ✘✙✥✰✜✙✗✔✚
✪
✹
✺✺✻ ✼✽✾✿✽❀✽✾ ❁❂❃❄✺
r ❋❏❉❑❉
❅✻❆ ❇❈❈t ❉r ❊❋p●❉❍ ■❈b
▲▼▼t ◆r ❖P◗❘◆❙ ❚▼r❚◗❯◆◆r ❖▼❱r P◆❲◆❙ ❚◆❳◗◆❙ ◗❙❨▼❳❩◆❘ ❬◆❘◆❖ P▼❖❚▼❘◆❭◆r◆❙ ❚◆❪◆❫◆
❬◆❙ ❫◆◆str ❴❙❬❵❙▼❫◗◆❛ ▲▼❚▼r❪◆❫◗❘◆❙ P▼❖❚▼❘◆❭◆◆r ❙ ❚◆❪◆❫◆ ❬◆❙ ❫◆◆str ❴❙❬❵❙▼❫◗◆
❚▼❲r ◆◗◆t ❙ ▼r◆t ❬▼❙❳◆❙ ❲❵❖P❵❙▼❙ ❚▼❚r ◗❯◆r◆ ❬◆❙ ❬◗▼t ❙❨❱❲◆❙
❚▼❚▼r◆P◆ ❜◆❲❨❵❩❛
r ❡ ❫◗sw
❝◆❲❨❵❩❞❜◆❲❨❵❩ ▼t ❫r ▼❚❱❨ ◆❙❨◆◆r ❘◆◗❙ ❳❱u
◆❡ t▼❲❙◗❲ P▼❖❚▼❘◆❭◆r◆❙❡ ❖◆t▼r◗
P▼❖❚▼❘◆❭◆r◆❙❡ ❖▼❬◗◆ P▼❖❚▼❘◆❭◆r◆❙❡ ▼❢◆❘❱◆❫◗ P▼❖❚▼❘◆❭◆◆r ❙❡ ❬◆❙ ❘◗❙❳❲❱❙❳◆❙❛
❝◆❲❨❵❩❞❜◆❲❨❵❩ ▼t sr▼❚❱❨ ❫◆❘◗❙❳ ❖▼❙❳◆◗t ❬◆❙ ❖▼❙▼❙❨❱❲◆❙ ❬◆❘◆❖ P▼❖❚▼❘◆❭◆◆r ❙
❲▼t▼r◆❖P◗❘◆❙ ❚▼❚r ◗ ❯◆◆r ❣❤❫r❭◆❬ ❬◆❙ ✐❱❲❨◗❡ ❥❦✹❧ ♠ ♥♦❛
r ❋❏❉❑❉
❅✻❆✻❆ ♣❈❍q❈ tr❋❉❍ ■❈ b
r▼r❚◗❯◆r◆ ◆❬◆❘◆❪ su◆tu
◆❘◆t P▼❙❳❲❵❖❱❙◗❲◆❫◗◆❙ ❳◆❳◆❫◆❙❞❳◆❳◆❫◆❙ ◆y❙❳ ❬◗❫❱❫❱❙
❫▼tr◆ ❬◗❲▼❖❚◆❙❳❲◆❙ ❫▼su◆◗ ❬▼❙❳◆❙ ❲▼❚❱❨❱❪◆❙
❞❲▼❚❱u
t ❪◆❙ ❫◆❙❳ P▼❙◗y❖◆❲ ❬◆❙ ❫◆❙❳
P▼❙❬▼❙❳◆❛r r▼❚r ◗❯◆r◆ ❖▼❱r P◆❲◆❙ ❫❱◆tu❫◗▼st ❖ t◆❙❬◆
❞t◆❙❬◆ y
◆❙❳ ❬◆P◆t ❬◗❬▼❙❳◆r
❣st✉✈ ble♦ ❬◆❙ ◆y❙❳ ❲▼❘◗❪◆t◆❙ ❣ visible♦ ◆y❙❳ ❖▼❖◆❙❜◆◆❲t ◆❙
❫▼❭❱❖❘◆❪ ❵❨❵❨ ❬◆❙
❭◆◗r❙❳◆❙ ❱t ❚❱❪ ❖◆❙❱❫◗◆ ❬▼❖◗ ❖◆❲❫❱❬ ❬◆❙ ❱t ❭❱◆❙ ❳◆❳◆❫◆❙ ❞❳◆❳◆◆s ❙ ◆t◆u◗❬▼ ◆y❙❳
t ❤❫r❭◆❬ ❬◆❙ ✐❱❲❨◗ ❣❥❦✹❧♠
❬◗❲❵❖❚◗❙◆❫◗❲◆❙ ✐❵❩◗s❣❬◆❘◆❖ ✐❵❢◗◆♠ ✇①①✇♦❛ ✐▼❙❱❩u
②③♦❡ ❚▼r❚◗❯◆◆r ◆❬◆❘◆❪ ❲▼▼t ◆r ❖P◗❘◆❙ ❖▼❙◆y❖P◆◗❲◆❙ P▼❫◆❙ ❖▼❘◆❘❱◗ ❚◆❪◆❫◆ ❘◗❫◆❙❛
④▼❖▼❙❨◆◆r ◗t ❱❛ ❖▼❙❱ urt ⑤◆r◗❳◆❙❡ ❣✇①①✹♠ ❥⑥♦ ❚▼❚r ◗❯◆r◆ ◆❬◆