Perbandingan Neutrophil Gelatinase Associated Lipocalin (NGAL) dan Cystatin C Serum Terhadap Deteksi Cedera Ginjal Akut pada Pasien Sepsis di Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Haji Adam Malik Medan
65
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
Abosaif NY, Tolba YA, Heap M.The outcome of acute renal failure in the
intensive care unit according to RIFLE: model applicability, sensitivity,
and predictability.Am J Kidney Dis 2005; Vol. 46: 1038–48.
Abraham E, Singer M: Mechanisms of sepsis-induced organ dysfunction.Crit
Care Med.2007; 35:2408-2416.
Ali T, Khan I, Simpson W.Incidence and outcomes in acute kidney injury: a
comprehensive population-based study.J Am Soc Nephro 2007; Vol.
18: 1292–8.
Aydogdu M, Gursel G, SancakB, et al. The Use Of Plasma And Urine
Neutrophil Gelatinase Associated Lipocalin (NGAL) And Cystatin C In
Early Diagnosis Of Septic Acute Kidney Injury In Critically Ill
Patients. Disease Markers 2013: 34: 237-246.
Bagshaw SM, Langenberg C, Wan L, May CN, Bellomo R: A systematic
review of urinary findings in experimental septic acute renal failure.
Crit Care Med. 2007;35: 1592–1598.
Bagshaw SM, Uchino S, Bellomo R.Septic acute kidney injury in critically ill
patients: Clinical characteristics and outcomes. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol
2007; Vol. 2: 431-439.
Bellomo R, Ronco C, Kellum JA.Acute renal failure - definition, outcome
measures, animal models, fluid therapy and information technology
needs: the Second International Consensus Conference of the Acute
Dialysis Quality Initiative (ADQI) Group. s.l. Crit Care 2004; Vol. 8.
Bengatta S, Arnould C, Letavernier E,Monge M, de Preneuf HM, Werb Z,
Ronco P,
Berglund F, Killander J, Pompeius R. Effect of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole
on the renal excretion of creatinine in man. J Urol 1975;114:802-8.
Bjarnadottir
M,
Grubb
A,
Olafsson
I.
Promoter-mediated,
dexamethasoneinduced increase in cystatin C production in HeLa cells.
Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1995;55:617–23.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
66
blood flow abnormalities in septic and critically ill patients using a newly
designed in dwelling thermodilution renal vein catheter.Chest. 1990;98:
170–179.
Bonventre JV. Dedifferentiation and proliferation of surviving epithelial cells
in acute renal failure. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2003; 14 (suppl 1): S55–61
Bradley VE, Shier MR, Lucas CE, Rosenberg IK: Renal hemodynamic
response to furosemide in septic and injured patients. Surgery. 1976;
79: 549–554.
Brenner M, Schaer GL, Mallory DL, Suffredini AF, Parrillo JE: Detection of
renal
Chung MY, Won Jun D, Sung SA. Diagnostic value of cystatin C for
predicting acute kidney injury in patients with liver cirrhosis. The
Korean Journal of Hepatology. 2010; 16: 301-7
Dai X, Zeng Z, Fu C, et al. Diagnostic value of neutrophil gelatinase-associated
lipocalin, cystatin C, and soluble triggering receptor expressed on
myeloid cells-1 in critically ill patients with sepsis-associated acute
kidney injury. Critical care. 2015; 19:223.
De laet I, Malbrain ML, Jadoul JL.Renal implications of increased
intraabdominal pressure: are the kidneys the canary for abdominal
hypertension? Acta Clin Belg Suppl 2007; 3: 119-30
de Mendonca A, Vincent JL, Suter PM, Moreno R, Dearden NM, Antonelli M,
Takala J, Sprung C, Cantraine F: Acute renal failure in the ICU: Risk
factors and outcome evaluated by the SOFA score. Intensive Care Med
2000;26: 915–21
De Vriese AS, Bourgeois M: Pharmacologictreatment of acute renal failure in
sepsis. Curr Opin Crit Care. 2003;9: 474–480.
Dennen P, Douglas IS, Anderson R. Acute kidney injury in the intensive care
unit: An update and primer for the intensivist Denver. Crit Care Med
2010; Vol 38
Dent CL, Ma Q, Dastrala S, Bennett M, Mitsnefes MM, Barasch J.Plasma
neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin predicts acute kidney injury,
Universitas Sumatera Utara
67
morbidity and mortality after pediatric cardiac surgery: a prospective
uncontrolled cohort study. Crit Care 2007; Vol. 11: 127.
Devarajan P. Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL): A new
marker of kidney disease. Scand J Clin Lab Invest Suppl. 2008; 241;
89-94.
Devarajan P.Emerging Biomarkers of Acute Kidney Injury. Bellomo R,
editors. Acute Kidney Injury. Basel: Karger AG; 2007.p.203-9.
Devarajan P.Neutrophil gelatinase-associated Lipocalin: An emerging troponin
for kidney injury.. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2008; Vol. 23: 3737-43
Doi K, Peter ST, Eisner C, et al. Reduced production of creatinine limits its use
as a marker of kidney injury in sepsis. J Am Soc Nephrol 2009; 20:
1217-21.
Grigoryev DN, Liu M, Hassoun HT, CheadleC, Barnes KC, Rabb H: The local
and systemic inflammatory transcriptome afteracute kidney injury. J
Am Soc Nephrol. 2008;19: 547–558.
Grootaert V, Willems L, Debaveye Y, Meyfroidt G, Spriet I. Augmented renal
clearance in the critically ill: how to assess kidney function. Ann
Pharmacother. 2012; 46(7-8): 952-9.
Han WK, Bailly V, Abichandani R, Thadani R, Bonventre JV. Kidney injury
molecule-1 (KIM-1): a novel biomarker for human renal proximal
tubule injury. Kidney Int 2002; Vol. 62: 237-44..
Herget-Rosenthal S, Marggraf G, Hüsing J, Göring F, Pietruck F, Janssen O, et
al. Early detection of acute renal failure by serum cystatin C.Kidney Int
2004; Vol. 66: 1115-22.
Heyman SN, Brezis M, Epstein FH.Effect of glycine and hypertrophy on renal
outer medullary hypoxic injury in ischemia reflow and contrast
nephropathy. Am J Kidney Dis 1992;, Vol. 19: 578–86.
Hotchkiss RS, Swanson PE, Freeman BD, Tinsley KW, Cobb JP, Matuschak
GM, Buchman TG, Karl IE: Apoptotic cell death in patients withsepsis,
shock, and multiple organ dysfunction. Crit Care Med.1999; 27:12301251.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
68
Jafar TH, Chaturvedi N, Gul A, Khan AQ, Schmid CH, Levey AS. Ethnic
differences and determinants of proteinuria among South Asian
subgroups in Pakistan. Kidney Int 2603;64:1437-44.
Jones CA, McQuillan GM, Kusek JW, et al. Serum creatinine levels in the US
population: Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.
Am J Kidney Dis 1998;32:992-9. [Erratum, Am J Kidney Dis
2000;35:178.]
Kellum JA, Aspelin P, Barsoum RS, Burdmann EA, Goldstein SL, Herzog CA,
et al. KDIGO Clinical Practice Guideline for Acute Kidney Injury.
Kidney International Supplements 2012; Vol. 2: 3-4.
Kellum JA, Aspelin P, Barsoum RS, Burdmann EA, Goldstein SL, Herzog CA,
et al. KDIGO Clinical Practice Guideline for Acute Kidney Injury.
Kidney International Supplements 2012; Vol. 2: 3-4.
Kellum JA, Srisawat N.Acute Kidney Injury – Definition and Classification.
European Critical Care & Emergency Medicine. 2010; 5: 102-6.
Langenberg C, Bellomo R, May C, Wan L,Egi M, Morgera S: Renal blood
flow in sepsis.Crit Care. 2005;9: R363–R374.
Langenberg C, Wan L, Egi M, May CN, Bellomo R: Renal blood flow and
function during recovery from experimental septic acute kidney injury.
Intensive Care Med. 2007;33: 1614–1618.
Langenberg C, Wan L, Egi M, May CN, Bellomo R: Renal blood flow in
experimental septic acute renal failure. Kidney Int. 2006;69: 1996–
2002.
Lassnigg A, Schmidlin D, Mouhieddine M.Minimal changes of serum
creatinine predict prognosis in patients after cardiothoracic surgery: A
prospective cohort study. J Am Soc Nephrol 2004; Vol. 15: 1597-1605.
Lelongt B: MMP9 and SCF protect from apoptosisin acute kidney injury. J Am
Soc Nephrol. 2009;20: 787–797.
Lerolle N, Nochy D, Guérot E, Bruneval P, Fagon JY, Diehl JL, Hill G:
Histopathology of septic shock induced renal injury: Apotosis and
leukocytic infiltration. Intensive Care Med.2010; 36:471-478.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
69
Levey AS. Measurement of renal function in chronic renal disease. Kidney Int
1990;38:167-84.
Liangos O, Han WK, Wald R, Perianayagam MC, Mackinnon RW, Dolan N,
et al.Urinary kidney injury molecule-1 level is an early and sensitive
marker of acute kidney injury following cardiopulmonary bypass. J Am
Soc Nephrol 2006; Vol. 17: 403
Licari E, Calzavacca P, Ronco C, Bellomo R: Fluid resuscitation and the septic
kidney: The evidence. Contrib Nephrol. 2007;156: 167– 177.
Manetti L, Pardini E, Genovesi M, Campomori A, Grasso L. Thyroid function
differently affects serum cystatin C and creatinine concentrations. J
Endocrinol Invest. 2005;28: 346-349.
Martins PS, Brunialti MK, da Luz FernandesM, Martos LS, Gomes NE, Rigato
O, SalomaoR: Bacterial recognition and inducedcell activation in
sepsis. Endocr Metab ImmuneDisord Drug Targets. 2006;6: 183–191.
Mehta RL, Kellum JA, Shah SV, Molitoris BA, Ronco C, Warnock DG, et
al.Acute Kidney Injury Network: Acute Kidney Injury Network: report
of an initiative to improve outcomes in acute kidney injury. Crit Care
2007; Vol. 11: 31.
Mehta RL, Pascual MT, Soroko S, Savage BR, Himmelfarb, J, Ikizler TA, et
al.Program to improve Care in Acute Renal Disease:Spectrum of acute
renal failure in the intensve care unit:The PICARD experience. s.l. :
Kidney Int 2004; Vol. 66.
Melnikov VY, Ecder T, Fantuzzi G, Siegmund B, Lucia MS, Dinarello CA, et
al. Impaired IL-18 processing protects caspase-1 deficient mice from
ischemic acute renal failure. J Clin Invest 2001; Vol. 107: 1145-52.
Mishra J, Dent C, Tarabishi R. Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin
(NGAL) as a biomarker for acute renal injury after crdiac surgery.s.l. :
Lancet 2005; Vol. 365: 1231-38.
Mishra J, Ma Q, Prada A, Zahedi K, Yang Y, Barasch J, et al.Identification of
neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin as a novel urinary biomarker
for ischemic injury. J Am Soc Nephrol 2003; Vol. 4: 2534-43.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
70
Mohanram A, Toto R. Measurementof kidney function. In: Pereira BJG,
Sayegh MH, Blake PG, eds. Chronic kidney disease, dialysis, and
transplantation: a companion to Brenner and Rector’s The Kidney.
Philadelphia: Saunders, 2005:20-30.
Molitoris BA, Melnikov VY, Okusa MD, Himmelfarb J.Technology insight:
Biomarker development in acute kidney injury – What can we
anticipate?. Nat Clin Pract Nephrol 2008; Vol. 4: 154-65.-165.
Monneret G, Venet F, Pachot A, Lepape A:Monitoring immune dysfunctions
in the septicpatient: A new skin for the old ceremony.Mol Med.
2008;14: 64–78.
Mori K, Lee HT, Rapoport D, Drexler I, Foster K, Yang J, et al.Endocytic
delivery of lipocalin-siderophore-iron complex rescues the kidney from
ischemia-reperfusion injury. J Clin Invest 2005; Vol. 115: 610-21
Munford RS, Pugin J: Normal responses toinjury prevent systemic
inflammation andcan be immunosuppressive. Am J Respir CritCare
Med. 2001;163: 316–321.
of septic acute kidney injury: What do wereally know? Crit Care Med.
2008;36: S198–S203.
Okusawa S, Gelfand JA, Ikejima T, ConnollyRJ, Dinarello CA: Interleukin 1
induces a
Parikh CR, Abraham E, Ancukiewicz M, Edelstein CL. Urine IL-18 is an early
diagnostic marker for acute kidney injury and predicts mortality in the
intensive care unit. J Am Soc Nephrol 2005: Vol. 16: 3046-52.
Parikh CR, Mishra J, Thiessen-Philbrook H, Dursun B, Ma Q, Kelly C, et al.
Urinary IL-18 is an early predictive biomarker of acute kidney injury
after cardiac surgery.Kidney Int 2006; Vol. 70: 199-203
Park KM, Byun JY, Kramers C, Kim JI, Huang PL, Bonventre JV. Inducible
nitric oxide synthase is an important contributor to prolonged protective
effects of ischemic preconditioning in the Mouse. kidney. J Biol Chem.
2003; 278: 27256–66
Universitas Sumatera Utara
71
Parker MM, Shelhamer JH, Natanson C,Alling DW, Parrillo JE: Serial
cardiovascular variables in survivors and nonsurvivors of human septic
shock: Heart rate as an earlypredictor of prognosis. Crit Care Med.
1987;15: 923–929.
Piccinni P, Cruz DN, Gramaticopolo S, Garzotto F, Dal Santo M, Aneloni G,
et al. Prospective multicenter study on epidemiology of acute kidney
injury in the ICU: a critical care nephrology Italian collaborative effort
(NEFROINT).. s.l. : Minerva Anestesiol 2011; Vol. 77
RC, Blantz.Pathophysiology of pre-renal azotemia. Kidney International 1998;
Vol. 53: 512-513.
Rittirsch D, Hoesel LM, Ward PA: The disconnect between animal models of
sepsis and human sepsis. J Leukoc Biol. 2007;81: 137– 143.
Royakkers AA, Korevaar JC, Van Suijlen JD, Hofstra LS, Kuiper MA, Spronk
PE, et al. Serum and urine cystatin C are poor biomarkers for acute
kidney injury and renal replacement therapy. Intensive Care Med. 2011;
37: 493–501.
Schrier RW, Wang W, Poole B, Mitra A. Acute renal failure: definitions,
diagnosis,
pathogenesis,
and
therapyThe
Journal
of
Clinical
Investigation 2004; Vol.114: 10-14.
Schrier RW.Need to intervene in established acute renal failure.. J Am Soc
Nephrol 2004; Vol. 15: 2756-8.
Sharfuddin AA, Sandoval RM, Berg DT, Mc-Dougal GE, Campos SB, Phillips
CL, Jones BE,Gupta A, Grinnell BW, Molitoris BA: Soluble thrombo
modulin protects ischemic kidneys. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2009;20: 524–
534.
shock-like state in rabbits: Synergism withtumor necrosis factor and the effect
of cyclooxygenaseinhibition. J Clin Invest. 1988;81: 1162–1172.
Singer M, Deutschman CS, Seymour CW, Shankar-Hari M, Annane D, Bauer
M, et al. The Third International Consensus Definitions For Sepsis And
Septic Shock (Sepsis-3) JAMA 2016; 315(8) : 801-10
Universitas Sumatera Utara
72
Slort PR, Ozden N, Pape L, Offner G, Tromp WF, Wilhelm AJ, et al.
Comparing cystatin C and creatinine in the diagnosis of pediatric acute
renal allograft dysfunction. Pediatr Nephrol. 2012; 27: 843–9
Stevens LA, Levey AS. Measurement of kidney function. Med Clin North Am
2005;89:457-73.
Thadhani R, Pascual M, Bonventre JV. Acute renal failure. N Engl J Med.
1996; 334: 1448–60.
Thijs LG, Hack CE. Time course of cytokine levels in sepsis. Intensive Care
Med . 1995; 21(suppl 2): S258–63
Tracey KJ, Beutler B, Lowry SF, MerryweatherJ, Wolpe S, Milsark IW, Hariri
RJ,Fahey TJ, 3rd, Zentella A, Albert JD, ShiresGT, Cerami A: Shock
and tissue injury inducedby recombinant human cachectin.Science.
1986;234: 470–474.
Uchino S, Bellomo R, Goldsmith D.An assessment of the RIFLE criteria for
acute renal failure in hospitalized patients.Crit Care Med 2006; Vol. 34:
1913–7
Uchino S, Kellum JA, Bellomo R, Doig GS, Morimatsu H, Morgera S, et al.
Acute renal failure in critical ill patients: a multinational, multicenter
study. JAMA. 2005; 294(7):813-8.
Uchino S, Kellum JA, Bellomo R.Acute renal failure in critically ill patients: A
multinational, multicenter study. 2005, Jama 2005; Vol. 294: 813-8
Vaidya VS, Ferguson MA, Bonventre JV. Biomarkers of acute kidney
injury.Ann Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2008; Vol. 48: 463-93.
Villa P, Jiménez M, Soriano MC, Manzanares J, Casasnovas P. Serum cystatin
C concentration as a marker of acute renal dysfunction in critically ill
patients. Critical Care.2005; 9: 139-43
Vivino G, Antonelli M, Moro ML.Risk factors for acute renal failure in trauma
patients. Intensive Care Med 1998; Vol. 24: 808-14
Wan L, Bagshaw SM, Langenberg C, SaotomeT, May C, Bellomo R:
Pathophysiology
Universitas Sumatera Utara
73
Wesson L. Physiology of the human kidney. New York: Grune & Stratton,
1969.
Wheeler Derek S, Devarajan P, Ma Q, et al. Serum Neutrophil Gelatinaseassociated Lipocalin (NGAL) as a Marker of Acute Kidney Injury in
Critically Ill Children with Septic Shock. Crit Care Med. 2008; 36(4);
2=1297-1303.
Xu S, Venge P. Lipocalins as biochemical markers of disease.. Biochim
Biophys Acta 2000; Vol. 1482: 298-307.
Yegenaga I, Hoste E, Van Biesen W, Vanholder R, Benoit D, Kantarci G,
Dhondt A, Colardyn F, Lameire N: Clinical characteristics of patients
developing ARF due to sepsis/systemic inflammatory response
syndrome: Results of a prospective study. Am J Kidney Dis 2004;43:
817–24.
Zuk A, Bonventre JV, Brown D, Matlin KS. Polarity, integrin and extracellular
matrix dynamics in the post-ischemic rat kidney. Am J Physiol Cell
Physiol. 1998; 275: C711–31
Universitas Sumatera Utara
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
Abosaif NY, Tolba YA, Heap M.The outcome of acute renal failure in the
intensive care unit according to RIFLE: model applicability, sensitivity,
and predictability.Am J Kidney Dis 2005; Vol. 46: 1038–48.
Abraham E, Singer M: Mechanisms of sepsis-induced organ dysfunction.Crit
Care Med.2007; 35:2408-2416.
Ali T, Khan I, Simpson W.Incidence and outcomes in acute kidney injury: a
comprehensive population-based study.J Am Soc Nephro 2007; Vol.
18: 1292–8.
Aydogdu M, Gursel G, SancakB, et al. The Use Of Plasma And Urine
Neutrophil Gelatinase Associated Lipocalin (NGAL) And Cystatin C In
Early Diagnosis Of Septic Acute Kidney Injury In Critically Ill
Patients. Disease Markers 2013: 34: 237-246.
Bagshaw SM, Langenberg C, Wan L, May CN, Bellomo R: A systematic
review of urinary findings in experimental septic acute renal failure.
Crit Care Med. 2007;35: 1592–1598.
Bagshaw SM, Uchino S, Bellomo R.Septic acute kidney injury in critically ill
patients: Clinical characteristics and outcomes. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol
2007; Vol. 2: 431-439.
Bellomo R, Ronco C, Kellum JA.Acute renal failure - definition, outcome
measures, animal models, fluid therapy and information technology
needs: the Second International Consensus Conference of the Acute
Dialysis Quality Initiative (ADQI) Group. s.l. Crit Care 2004; Vol. 8.
Bengatta S, Arnould C, Letavernier E,Monge M, de Preneuf HM, Werb Z,
Ronco P,
Berglund F, Killander J, Pompeius R. Effect of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole
on the renal excretion of creatinine in man. J Urol 1975;114:802-8.
Bjarnadottir
M,
Grubb
A,
Olafsson
I.
Promoter-mediated,
dexamethasoneinduced increase in cystatin C production in HeLa cells.
Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1995;55:617–23.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
66
blood flow abnormalities in septic and critically ill patients using a newly
designed in dwelling thermodilution renal vein catheter.Chest. 1990;98:
170–179.
Bonventre JV. Dedifferentiation and proliferation of surviving epithelial cells
in acute renal failure. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2003; 14 (suppl 1): S55–61
Bradley VE, Shier MR, Lucas CE, Rosenberg IK: Renal hemodynamic
response to furosemide in septic and injured patients. Surgery. 1976;
79: 549–554.
Brenner M, Schaer GL, Mallory DL, Suffredini AF, Parrillo JE: Detection of
renal
Chung MY, Won Jun D, Sung SA. Diagnostic value of cystatin C for
predicting acute kidney injury in patients with liver cirrhosis. The
Korean Journal of Hepatology. 2010; 16: 301-7
Dai X, Zeng Z, Fu C, et al. Diagnostic value of neutrophil gelatinase-associated
lipocalin, cystatin C, and soluble triggering receptor expressed on
myeloid cells-1 in critically ill patients with sepsis-associated acute
kidney injury. Critical care. 2015; 19:223.
De laet I, Malbrain ML, Jadoul JL.Renal implications of increased
intraabdominal pressure: are the kidneys the canary for abdominal
hypertension? Acta Clin Belg Suppl 2007; 3: 119-30
de Mendonca A, Vincent JL, Suter PM, Moreno R, Dearden NM, Antonelli M,
Takala J, Sprung C, Cantraine F: Acute renal failure in the ICU: Risk
factors and outcome evaluated by the SOFA score. Intensive Care Med
2000;26: 915–21
De Vriese AS, Bourgeois M: Pharmacologictreatment of acute renal failure in
sepsis. Curr Opin Crit Care. 2003;9: 474–480.
Dennen P, Douglas IS, Anderson R. Acute kidney injury in the intensive care
unit: An update and primer for the intensivist Denver. Crit Care Med
2010; Vol 38
Dent CL, Ma Q, Dastrala S, Bennett M, Mitsnefes MM, Barasch J.Plasma
neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin predicts acute kidney injury,
Universitas Sumatera Utara
67
morbidity and mortality after pediatric cardiac surgery: a prospective
uncontrolled cohort study. Crit Care 2007; Vol. 11: 127.
Devarajan P. Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL): A new
marker of kidney disease. Scand J Clin Lab Invest Suppl. 2008; 241;
89-94.
Devarajan P.Emerging Biomarkers of Acute Kidney Injury. Bellomo R,
editors. Acute Kidney Injury. Basel: Karger AG; 2007.p.203-9.
Devarajan P.Neutrophil gelatinase-associated Lipocalin: An emerging troponin
for kidney injury.. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2008; Vol. 23: 3737-43
Doi K, Peter ST, Eisner C, et al. Reduced production of creatinine limits its use
as a marker of kidney injury in sepsis. J Am Soc Nephrol 2009; 20:
1217-21.
Grigoryev DN, Liu M, Hassoun HT, CheadleC, Barnes KC, Rabb H: The local
and systemic inflammatory transcriptome afteracute kidney injury. J
Am Soc Nephrol. 2008;19: 547–558.
Grootaert V, Willems L, Debaveye Y, Meyfroidt G, Spriet I. Augmented renal
clearance in the critically ill: how to assess kidney function. Ann
Pharmacother. 2012; 46(7-8): 952-9.
Han WK, Bailly V, Abichandani R, Thadani R, Bonventre JV. Kidney injury
molecule-1 (KIM-1): a novel biomarker for human renal proximal
tubule injury. Kidney Int 2002; Vol. 62: 237-44..
Herget-Rosenthal S, Marggraf G, Hüsing J, Göring F, Pietruck F, Janssen O, et
al. Early detection of acute renal failure by serum cystatin C.Kidney Int
2004; Vol. 66: 1115-22.
Heyman SN, Brezis M, Epstein FH.Effect of glycine and hypertrophy on renal
outer medullary hypoxic injury in ischemia reflow and contrast
nephropathy. Am J Kidney Dis 1992;, Vol. 19: 578–86.
Hotchkiss RS, Swanson PE, Freeman BD, Tinsley KW, Cobb JP, Matuschak
GM, Buchman TG, Karl IE: Apoptotic cell death in patients withsepsis,
shock, and multiple organ dysfunction. Crit Care Med.1999; 27:12301251.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
68
Jafar TH, Chaturvedi N, Gul A, Khan AQ, Schmid CH, Levey AS. Ethnic
differences and determinants of proteinuria among South Asian
subgroups in Pakistan. Kidney Int 2603;64:1437-44.
Jones CA, McQuillan GM, Kusek JW, et al. Serum creatinine levels in the US
population: Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.
Am J Kidney Dis 1998;32:992-9. [Erratum, Am J Kidney Dis
2000;35:178.]
Kellum JA, Aspelin P, Barsoum RS, Burdmann EA, Goldstein SL, Herzog CA,
et al. KDIGO Clinical Practice Guideline for Acute Kidney Injury.
Kidney International Supplements 2012; Vol. 2: 3-4.
Kellum JA, Aspelin P, Barsoum RS, Burdmann EA, Goldstein SL, Herzog CA,
et al. KDIGO Clinical Practice Guideline for Acute Kidney Injury.
Kidney International Supplements 2012; Vol. 2: 3-4.
Kellum JA, Srisawat N.Acute Kidney Injury – Definition and Classification.
European Critical Care & Emergency Medicine. 2010; 5: 102-6.
Langenberg C, Bellomo R, May C, Wan L,Egi M, Morgera S: Renal blood
flow in sepsis.Crit Care. 2005;9: R363–R374.
Langenberg C, Wan L, Egi M, May CN, Bellomo R: Renal blood flow and
function during recovery from experimental septic acute kidney injury.
Intensive Care Med. 2007;33: 1614–1618.
Langenberg C, Wan L, Egi M, May CN, Bellomo R: Renal blood flow in
experimental septic acute renal failure. Kidney Int. 2006;69: 1996–
2002.
Lassnigg A, Schmidlin D, Mouhieddine M.Minimal changes of serum
creatinine predict prognosis in patients after cardiothoracic surgery: A
prospective cohort study. J Am Soc Nephrol 2004; Vol. 15: 1597-1605.
Lelongt B: MMP9 and SCF protect from apoptosisin acute kidney injury. J Am
Soc Nephrol. 2009;20: 787–797.
Lerolle N, Nochy D, Guérot E, Bruneval P, Fagon JY, Diehl JL, Hill G:
Histopathology of septic shock induced renal injury: Apotosis and
leukocytic infiltration. Intensive Care Med.2010; 36:471-478.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
69
Levey AS. Measurement of renal function in chronic renal disease. Kidney Int
1990;38:167-84.
Liangos O, Han WK, Wald R, Perianayagam MC, Mackinnon RW, Dolan N,
et al.Urinary kidney injury molecule-1 level is an early and sensitive
marker of acute kidney injury following cardiopulmonary bypass. J Am
Soc Nephrol 2006; Vol. 17: 403
Licari E, Calzavacca P, Ronco C, Bellomo R: Fluid resuscitation and the septic
kidney: The evidence. Contrib Nephrol. 2007;156: 167– 177.
Manetti L, Pardini E, Genovesi M, Campomori A, Grasso L. Thyroid function
differently affects serum cystatin C and creatinine concentrations. J
Endocrinol Invest. 2005;28: 346-349.
Martins PS, Brunialti MK, da Luz FernandesM, Martos LS, Gomes NE, Rigato
O, SalomaoR: Bacterial recognition and inducedcell activation in
sepsis. Endocr Metab ImmuneDisord Drug Targets. 2006;6: 183–191.
Mehta RL, Kellum JA, Shah SV, Molitoris BA, Ronco C, Warnock DG, et
al.Acute Kidney Injury Network: Acute Kidney Injury Network: report
of an initiative to improve outcomes in acute kidney injury. Crit Care
2007; Vol. 11: 31.
Mehta RL, Pascual MT, Soroko S, Savage BR, Himmelfarb, J, Ikizler TA, et
al.Program to improve Care in Acute Renal Disease:Spectrum of acute
renal failure in the intensve care unit:The PICARD experience. s.l. :
Kidney Int 2004; Vol. 66.
Melnikov VY, Ecder T, Fantuzzi G, Siegmund B, Lucia MS, Dinarello CA, et
al. Impaired IL-18 processing protects caspase-1 deficient mice from
ischemic acute renal failure. J Clin Invest 2001; Vol. 107: 1145-52.
Mishra J, Dent C, Tarabishi R. Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin
(NGAL) as a biomarker for acute renal injury after crdiac surgery.s.l. :
Lancet 2005; Vol. 365: 1231-38.
Mishra J, Ma Q, Prada A, Zahedi K, Yang Y, Barasch J, et al.Identification of
neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin as a novel urinary biomarker
for ischemic injury. J Am Soc Nephrol 2003; Vol. 4: 2534-43.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
70
Mohanram A, Toto R. Measurementof kidney function. In: Pereira BJG,
Sayegh MH, Blake PG, eds. Chronic kidney disease, dialysis, and
transplantation: a companion to Brenner and Rector’s The Kidney.
Philadelphia: Saunders, 2005:20-30.
Molitoris BA, Melnikov VY, Okusa MD, Himmelfarb J.Technology insight:
Biomarker development in acute kidney injury – What can we
anticipate?. Nat Clin Pract Nephrol 2008; Vol. 4: 154-65.-165.
Monneret G, Venet F, Pachot A, Lepape A:Monitoring immune dysfunctions
in the septicpatient: A new skin for the old ceremony.Mol Med.
2008;14: 64–78.
Mori K, Lee HT, Rapoport D, Drexler I, Foster K, Yang J, et al.Endocytic
delivery of lipocalin-siderophore-iron complex rescues the kidney from
ischemia-reperfusion injury. J Clin Invest 2005; Vol. 115: 610-21
Munford RS, Pugin J: Normal responses toinjury prevent systemic
inflammation andcan be immunosuppressive. Am J Respir CritCare
Med. 2001;163: 316–321.
of septic acute kidney injury: What do wereally know? Crit Care Med.
2008;36: S198–S203.
Okusawa S, Gelfand JA, Ikejima T, ConnollyRJ, Dinarello CA: Interleukin 1
induces a
Parikh CR, Abraham E, Ancukiewicz M, Edelstein CL. Urine IL-18 is an early
diagnostic marker for acute kidney injury and predicts mortality in the
intensive care unit. J Am Soc Nephrol 2005: Vol. 16: 3046-52.
Parikh CR, Mishra J, Thiessen-Philbrook H, Dursun B, Ma Q, Kelly C, et al.
Urinary IL-18 is an early predictive biomarker of acute kidney injury
after cardiac surgery.Kidney Int 2006; Vol. 70: 199-203
Park KM, Byun JY, Kramers C, Kim JI, Huang PL, Bonventre JV. Inducible
nitric oxide synthase is an important contributor to prolonged protective
effects of ischemic preconditioning in the Mouse. kidney. J Biol Chem.
2003; 278: 27256–66
Universitas Sumatera Utara
71
Parker MM, Shelhamer JH, Natanson C,Alling DW, Parrillo JE: Serial
cardiovascular variables in survivors and nonsurvivors of human septic
shock: Heart rate as an earlypredictor of prognosis. Crit Care Med.
1987;15: 923–929.
Piccinni P, Cruz DN, Gramaticopolo S, Garzotto F, Dal Santo M, Aneloni G,
et al. Prospective multicenter study on epidemiology of acute kidney
injury in the ICU: a critical care nephrology Italian collaborative effort
(NEFROINT).. s.l. : Minerva Anestesiol 2011; Vol. 77
RC, Blantz.Pathophysiology of pre-renal azotemia. Kidney International 1998;
Vol. 53: 512-513.
Rittirsch D, Hoesel LM, Ward PA: The disconnect between animal models of
sepsis and human sepsis. J Leukoc Biol. 2007;81: 137– 143.
Royakkers AA, Korevaar JC, Van Suijlen JD, Hofstra LS, Kuiper MA, Spronk
PE, et al. Serum and urine cystatin C are poor biomarkers for acute
kidney injury and renal replacement therapy. Intensive Care Med. 2011;
37: 493–501.
Schrier RW, Wang W, Poole B, Mitra A. Acute renal failure: definitions,
diagnosis,
pathogenesis,
and
therapyThe
Journal
of
Clinical
Investigation 2004; Vol.114: 10-14.
Schrier RW.Need to intervene in established acute renal failure.. J Am Soc
Nephrol 2004; Vol. 15: 2756-8.
Sharfuddin AA, Sandoval RM, Berg DT, Mc-Dougal GE, Campos SB, Phillips
CL, Jones BE,Gupta A, Grinnell BW, Molitoris BA: Soluble thrombo
modulin protects ischemic kidneys. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2009;20: 524–
534.
shock-like state in rabbits: Synergism withtumor necrosis factor and the effect
of cyclooxygenaseinhibition. J Clin Invest. 1988;81: 1162–1172.
Singer M, Deutschman CS, Seymour CW, Shankar-Hari M, Annane D, Bauer
M, et al. The Third International Consensus Definitions For Sepsis And
Septic Shock (Sepsis-3) JAMA 2016; 315(8) : 801-10
Universitas Sumatera Utara
72
Slort PR, Ozden N, Pape L, Offner G, Tromp WF, Wilhelm AJ, et al.
Comparing cystatin C and creatinine in the diagnosis of pediatric acute
renal allograft dysfunction. Pediatr Nephrol. 2012; 27: 843–9
Stevens LA, Levey AS. Measurement of kidney function. Med Clin North Am
2005;89:457-73.
Thadhani R, Pascual M, Bonventre JV. Acute renal failure. N Engl J Med.
1996; 334: 1448–60.
Thijs LG, Hack CE. Time course of cytokine levels in sepsis. Intensive Care
Med . 1995; 21(suppl 2): S258–63
Tracey KJ, Beutler B, Lowry SF, MerryweatherJ, Wolpe S, Milsark IW, Hariri
RJ,Fahey TJ, 3rd, Zentella A, Albert JD, ShiresGT, Cerami A: Shock
and tissue injury inducedby recombinant human cachectin.Science.
1986;234: 470–474.
Uchino S, Bellomo R, Goldsmith D.An assessment of the RIFLE criteria for
acute renal failure in hospitalized patients.Crit Care Med 2006; Vol. 34:
1913–7
Uchino S, Kellum JA, Bellomo R, Doig GS, Morimatsu H, Morgera S, et al.
Acute renal failure in critical ill patients: a multinational, multicenter
study. JAMA. 2005; 294(7):813-8.
Uchino S, Kellum JA, Bellomo R.Acute renal failure in critically ill patients: A
multinational, multicenter study. 2005, Jama 2005; Vol. 294: 813-8
Vaidya VS, Ferguson MA, Bonventre JV. Biomarkers of acute kidney
injury.Ann Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2008; Vol. 48: 463-93.
Villa P, Jiménez M, Soriano MC, Manzanares J, Casasnovas P. Serum cystatin
C concentration as a marker of acute renal dysfunction in critically ill
patients. Critical Care.2005; 9: 139-43
Vivino G, Antonelli M, Moro ML.Risk factors for acute renal failure in trauma
patients. Intensive Care Med 1998; Vol. 24: 808-14
Wan L, Bagshaw SM, Langenberg C, SaotomeT, May C, Bellomo R:
Pathophysiology
Universitas Sumatera Utara
73
Wesson L. Physiology of the human kidney. New York: Grune & Stratton,
1969.
Wheeler Derek S, Devarajan P, Ma Q, et al. Serum Neutrophil Gelatinaseassociated Lipocalin (NGAL) as a Marker of Acute Kidney Injury in
Critically Ill Children with Septic Shock. Crit Care Med. 2008; 36(4);
2=1297-1303.
Xu S, Venge P. Lipocalins as biochemical markers of disease.. Biochim
Biophys Acta 2000; Vol. 1482: 298-307.
Yegenaga I, Hoste E, Van Biesen W, Vanholder R, Benoit D, Kantarci G,
Dhondt A, Colardyn F, Lameire N: Clinical characteristics of patients
developing ARF due to sepsis/systemic inflammatory response
syndrome: Results of a prospective study. Am J Kidney Dis 2004;43:
817–24.
Zuk A, Bonventre JV, Brown D, Matlin KS. Polarity, integrin and extracellular
matrix dynamics in the post-ischemic rat kidney. Am J Physiol Cell
Physiol. 1998; 275: C711–31
Universitas Sumatera Utara