HOMONYMS IN WONOREJO’S JAVANESE LANGUAGE - Diponegoro University | Institutional Repository (UNDIP-IR)

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the study

Language is one of human characteristics, because there is no human who is living without language. Language is considered to be an exclusively human mode of communication. Whereas, Indonesia is well known of Indonesian language as the national language, and also the traditional languages (from each ethnicity). Traditional language has an important role towards the society.

Javanese language is acquainted with three language stratification, they are krama inggil, krama madya, and ngoko. Ngoko is the lowest level and it is used when addressing someone of the same status, of the same age, or the lower status, such as close friends, younger persons, and subordinates. Krama madya is the middle level and it is used when addressing a second person who is fairly respected for example for a new acquainted. Krama inggil is the highest level and it is used when addressing a second person or talking about third person who is highly respected, such as teachers, parents, grandparents, etc.

Language can be said as a means of communication which is not only in form of written language but also in spoken language. The success of communication process is affected by the meaning of words. Some words have a unique characteristic in meaning; some of them have a meaning with a

form of word, while some of them have many forms of words represented one meaning. It is always called as homonyms. Homonyms are several words with the same form.

Homonyms is divided into two categories; they are homophone and homograph. Homograph is some words which are spelt in the same way but pronounced differently. Besides, homophone is some words which are spelt in different way but pronounced in the same way.

Wonorejo’s Javanese language is very unique and interesting to study and analyze. It is because Wonorejo’s Javanese language has homonyms words that make ambiguous meaning as the effect of homonyms. The homonyms will exist in Wonorejo’s Javanese language if it is compared with Javanese dictionaries. Something that makes Wonorejo’s Javanese language is interesting and unique to be analyzed because there are several words with the same shape; it has different usage if it is compared with the Javanese dictionaries. To make it clear, the writer gives an example that is : “Marah” in general, it is used to express bad feeling, but in Wonorejo’s Javanese language “marah” is used to invite someone. So that, it is interesting and unique to be analyzed. Because there is different usage of the same word between Wonorejo’s Javanese language if it is compared with Javanese dictionaries.

Javanese language in Wonorejo, Pesantren, Mijen, Semarang has different meaning if it is compared with another area even for the same political district as Wonorejo. Wonorejo’s Javanese language has homonyms

words, because the society always uses the same words to express different purpose. It is always called as homograph. Besides, why homonyms words exist in Wonorejo’s Javanese language is also because Wonorejo’s society uses some words which are spelt differently, but pronounced in the same way. It is called as homophone. There are some words having homonymous words in Wonorejo, Pesantren, Mijen, Semarang, those are : “nylampar, bongko, meni, mbaon, warung keli, kali, kasak, penek, sak, boros, kenteng, cemet, luweh, mberuh, ora esak, lambung, marah, bantah, mbok, katisen, cepak, mboso, leden, mainan, semang, pasar krempyeng, bener, mangkel, eyong, gembeng, brokoan, sementek, antep, bantah, basang, pelita, metoan, tebas, kesliring, merat, jaduman, kerok, nggoto, mendheng, bloboh, surup, gandik, payon, ngrinciki, melek pasian, gambreng, gogoh, tetek, maesan, trenten, enthek, dunak, irik, ngayap, nyendekke, jimpitan, metetah, kecret, gupruk, nyekek, mahal, mremen, mremo, barut, amben, ambeng, mloto, kemplung, musim mareng, ngaron, monyeng, demenan, koak, nimpar, sedetan, dadah, ponyong, puang, ciplis, ciblek, kentis, mboreg, kloyong, kenthip, toklo, keni, rungkut, bentik, setriwel, bongkrek, glandir, cikri, klowor, betem, dipan, sengkrek, cengek, denggel, kemplakaren, anyit, njedodot, oto, cupar, doso, bongkro, membo, dlondong, pongge, bajang, momrot, kedik, lagang, mercak-mercak, mangas, laut, kebo-kebonan, irengan, suker, kondang, kepyak, pitek horen, pacen, ora nggaleboh, kodo, purunan, nyamari, enyah, sangkan paran, kobokan, otah-atuh, dipoteng-poteng, rengket, dioso-oso, blendrek, madal, mbandang, gasik, ogleng,

tom-tomen, cetil, matean, mendreng, kuneng, slempitan, akon, manjeng, temonjo, nyepatani, ngatang-atang, cekak, metoto, gandrik, kieng, kayul, jarang, ngasak, tritipen, sayah, karipen, monteng, cuntel, diwelehke, kecis, lengo gas, dideh, putek, jo ngasi, angkringan, lhas-lhes, kemanjon, mbanggel, dileleh, nyluruk, ra ka iki, mbeler, toklek, liwat cangking, yi, larak, nyetatel, anut, diwalek, cengklek, sikep, bongkok, emak, gelorot, mekekelen, amoh ra amoh, medok merok, metotolen, sareh, nglagreng, stereg, kurop, onclang, mekakon, kerentepen, ora pinter, sentet, cubluk, mengangah, mrantasi, parisiseten, ra kendat, metal, kiyel, seluntur, lagang, mbengkuk, din tang-ntang, kreangan, menjuluk, mbregudul.

Because too many words have homonyms words as above the writer tries to study and analyze the language that is used by Wonorejo’s societies. The writer compares Javanese language in Wonorejo’s society with Javanese language in Javanese dictionaries as reference.

Because of the opinion as above, the writer decides to take Javanese language in Wonorejo, Pesantren, Mijen, Semarang as object of research with the title “HOMONYMS IN WONOREJO’S JAVANESE LANGUAGE, WONOREJO, PESANTREN, MIJEN, SEMARANG”.

B. Scope of the study

Scope of the study in this research are :

1. What are the homonyms words in Wonorejo’s Javanese language ? 2. How do they exist in Wonorejo’s Javanese language ?

3. Why Wonorejo’s Javanese language is different from Javanese language in Javanese dictionaries ?

C. Purpose of the research

Herewith this research, the writer hopes that the results can give the description about language that is used by Wonorejo’s societies. There are some purposes of this research, they are :

1. To explain about homonyms and to classify homonyms words that exist in Wonorejo’s Javanese language.

2. To analyze the process in forming the homonyms in Wonorejo’s Javanese language.

3. To identify why the people use this variation or homonym rather than the other variation.

D. Underlying theory

The writer adopts the meaning of ambiguous from Jerrold J. Katz opinion that is : “semantic ambiguity is multiplicity of senses versus uniqueness of sense that more than one sense and the fact that the sentences have two or more senses (1964:296). The writer takes this opinion because ambiguous is the effect of homonyms words that exists in Wonorejo’s Javanese language.

The writer also uses semantic books written by F.R Palmer as reference in writing and researching this research.in this book, the writer takes Bloomfield opinion about behaviorism. The writer tries to look for and analyze the connection between homonyms words in Wonorejo’s Javanese

language and behaviorism theory. Bloomfield said that “we can define the meaning of a speech form accurately when this meaning has to do with the same matter of which possess scientific knowledge” (1981:58). The opinion can help the researcher in identifying the causes of homonyms words that exist in Wonorejo’s Javanese language. Because behaviorism is influencing language acquisition so that, it certainly has connection to the homonyms word that exist in Wonorejo’s Javanese language.

In this research, the writer adopts Hymes opinion with his theories that is called SPEAKING. The writer will identify the connection between homonyms words in Wonorejo’s Javanese language and Hymes SPEAKING model. By using this theory, the writer can look for and identify the relationship between the participant, setting, and another aspect that will help this research. The writer takes Hymes opinion from Jan Renkema’s book with the title “Discourse Studies” published in 1993. The researcher takes this opinion, because the writer will look for the background knowledge of Wonorejo’s society. It is used to point the reason why Wonorejo’s choose this variant and not another variant.

E. Research method

1. Type of Research

Type of this research is descriptive qualitative. The writer adopts Moleong’s opinion about descriptive qualitative research. Moleong (1988:2) affirms that qualitative research is a type of research which does not include any calculation or enumerating. Further Moleong explains that a qualitative

research is the research of which the data in the form of written or oral word are descriptively analyzed. Based on this, the type of this study is descriptive, since the data are not enumerating., but they are written and oral words.

2. Method of Collecting data a. Data Sources

The writer categories the data in this research into 2 categories those are :

i. Primary data

Primary data are the data directly collected from the research, observed, and noted for the first time (Marzuki, 1995). Primary data that the writer used in this research are collected from observing and interviewing some people who have competence about homonyms words in Wonorejo’s Javanese language. The observation is done by the writer through observing and collecting homonyms words that are found in Wonorejo’s Javanese language. The observer interviewed some people who have competence about homonyms, especially the opinions that show the causal factor of homonyms words; so that, the writer can identify the causal factor of how homonyms word exist in Wonorejo’s Javanese language.

b. Technique of Collecting Data

The writer applied some methods in collecting the data. They are Simak Libat Cakap method, observation method, interview method.

In this research, the writer uses observation method. The writer observes the object that will be examined (Gorrys Keraf, 1980:163). The writer did directly observation to the Wonorejo’s Javanese language in Wonorejo, Pesantren, Mijen, Semarang..

The writer uses Simak method in collecting data. Metode simak adalah suatu cara pemerolehan data dengan cara menyimak penggunaan bahasa baik bahasa lisan maupun bahasa tulis (Sudaryanto,1993:133-136).

Technique to collect data that is used by the writer is sadap technique. Teknik sadap adalah peneliti menyadap penggunaan bahasa seseorang atau beberapa orang yang menjadi informan. Data yang disadap bisa berupa bahasa lisan maupun data bahasa tulis. Penyadapan data lisan bisa diperoleh dari pemakaian bahasa seseorang yang sedang pidato, kotbah, atau anak yang sedang berbicara. Sedangkan sadap bahasa tulis dilakukan terhadap pemakaian bahasa dalam wujud bahasa tulis (bukan bahasa tutur lisan/cakap/wicara). Misalnya, naskah teks pidato, teks narasi, naskah kuno, brosur, liflet, atau teks media masa (Sudaryanto,1993:133-136).

In this research, the writer uses metode simak libat cakap (SLC). Simak Libat Cakap adalah peneliti melakukan penyadapan dengan cara menyimak dan terlibat langsung dalam percakapan serta berpartisipasi dalam percakapan yang terjadi di Wonorejo, Pesantren, Mijen, Semarang (Sudaryanto,

1993:133-136). The writer uses this method to collect the data needed in researching and writing this research.

Besides, the writer uses interview method. The method in collecting data is giving question that have connection with this research to get relevant answer with the purpose of the research (Anto Dajan, 2000:34). In this case, the writer interviews the writer’s husband as the informant that is also one of Wonorejo’s communities. Because he is a direct object that has all information about homonyms word in Wonorejo’s Javanese language. On the other hand, the writer interviewed some people or the neighbor of husband families in Wonorejo, Pesantren, Mijen, Semarang and recorded their daily conversation.

The writer uses rekam technique to get a documentation of Wonorejo’s people conversation. Teknik rekam adalah tindak merekam setiap peristiwa kebahasaan dengan media recorder (tape recorder, kamera recorder, atau digital recorder). In this case the writer records her husband families conversation. Further the recorder is noted by using catat technique.

Teknik catat adalah peneliti menyadap dengan menyimak dan mencatat setiap peristiwa kebahasaan yang terjadi. Oleh karena itu peneliti harus membawa alat catat dan mencatat berbagai hal seperti situasi tutur, penutur, dan mitra tutur, keadaan pertuturan, norma pertuturan dan berbagai hal sekiranya membantu peneliti dalam analisis data khususnya untuk menjawab latar belakang/konteks pertuturan (Sudaryanto,1993:133-136). The writer uses catat technique in the transcript formation. Further the transcript is used by the writer as a data in this research.

The writer takes some references from books having correlation with this research as theory and standard of comparison in report (Gorrys Keraf, 1980:165). In this matter, the observer reads, studies, and takes a note about the content of some books having relationship with this analysis.

c. Method of Analyzing Data

The next is analyzing the data prior to be classified. Analyzing data is organizing process and ordering data in the pattern categories, and analyzing base unit. Therefore, the observer can get the topic and formulate hypothesis work likes the data suggested (Moleong, 2000:103). The writer begins the analysis by making a list of homonyms words in Wonorejo’s Javanese language and grouping the data of homonyms word. So that, the writer can get the topic that there are some homonyms word in Wonorejo’s Javanese language if it is compared with the Javanese dictionaries.

In analyzing data, the writer takes padan pragmatics method. Padan pragmatics method is a method that is used to point the purpose content in sayer statement, by doing interpretation to the sayer statements.

F. Writing Organization

The content of introduction are background of the study, reasons to take the title, scope of the study, purpose of the study, underlying theory, research method (type of research, method of collecting data, data sources, technique of collecting data, method of analyzing data), writing organization.

CHAPTER II : LITERARY REVIEW

The content of literary review is underlying theory which is used to support the research.

CHAPTER III : METHODOLOGY

The content of methodology are method of collecting data, technique of collecting data, method of analyzing data, the population and sample, steps to analyze data.

CHAPTER IV : ANALYSIS

It contains Homonyms and its forming process (homophone, homograph, dialek asli Wonorejo, affixational process, a new word coming into Indonesia, acronym and shorting process, phoneme adding process, phoneme losing process, phoneme changing, phoneme substitution.

Conclusion contains result of the research and suggestion.

CHAPTER II LITERARY REVIEW

In writing this thesis the writer uses some theories to explain about homonyms word in Wonorejo’s Javanese language. By using these theories, hopefully the analysis can describe the homonyms words in Wonorejo’s Javanese language. The theories used to look for the causal factor of homonyms words and the effect of homonyms that exist in Wonorejo’s Javanese language.

Research is a form of social action which introduces its own outcomes into the social field. In complex societies, research becomes a process of metacommunication, a self-reflective learning process. Providing an account of the plurality and tensions constituting collective life, which can contribute to the practice of freedom (Alberto Melucci, 1996:367).

Homonyms is a relation holding between two or more etic expressions that have the same form but a different meaning. Complete homonyms have the same pronunciation and the same spelling (Allan, 1986). Alan also divides homonyms into two categories, they are homography and homophony. Homophony is some words that have the same pronunciation but different meaning, whereas homography is some words that have the same spelling but different meaning (Alan, 1986).

In this research, the writer adopts Hymes opinion with his theory that is called SPEAKING. The writer will identify the connection between homonyms words in Wonorejo’s Javanese language and Hymes SPEAKING

model. By using this theory, the writer can find and identify the relationship between the participant, setting, and another aspect that will help this research. The writer takes Hymes opinion from Jan Rankema’s book with the title “Discourse Studies” published 1993. The researcher takes this opinion, because the writer will look for background knowledge of Wonorejo’s society. It is used to look for the causal factor of homonyms words that exist in Wonorejo’s Javanese language.

S Setting, it is about the time, place, and other physical conditions surrounding the speech act.

Scene, it is about the psychological counterpart to setting. What is meant here is that a setting can be changed, for example, from formal to in formal, by participants.

P Participant, The speaker or Sender, the Addressor, the Hearer, Receiver or Audience, and the Addressee.

E Ends, the purpose-outcomes and purpose-goals. A Act Squence, the form and the content of the message.

K Keys, The tone of the conversation, for example, serious or mocking. I Instrumentalitis, The channels; written, telegraph, etc, and the forms

of interpretation, for example how a listener’s suddenly looking away must be interpreted.

N Norms, The norms of interaction; e.g. interruption and norms of interpretation, for example how a listener’s suddenly looking away must be interpreted.

G Genre, Fairly tale, advertisement, etc.

To find out the causal factor of homonyms word the writer takes I dewa putu wijana’s opinion, Wijana’s said that “pengalaman membuktikan bahwa mereka yang baru masuk bidang linguistik kadang-kadang membiarkan diri digoda untuk lebih memperhatikan ejaan (ortografis) daripada bentuknya dalam bahasa lisan, sejauh yang berhubungan dengan homonymi antar kata dalam bahasa Indonesia Wijana menyebutkan sebab pembentukan homonim karena empat hal di samping kebetulan ada dua buah leksem atau lebih memiliki bentuk yang sama juga karena empat hal di antaranya karena adanya afiksasi, masuknya kata-kata ke dalam kosa kata bahasa Indonesia” (Wijana,2004).

Wijana’s opinion above is an answer of Verhaar opinions who is classified homonyms just homophony. Verhaar said that “hanya homofon yang layak diperlakukan sebagai homonim dengan dasar bahwa tulisan (ortografi) bukanlah merupakan objek primer linguistic” (Verhaar, 1977).

Because there are too many gejala bahasa as part of the causal factor of homonyms, Wijana classifies in his book with the title “Semantik” . Wijana’s classifies gejala bahasa into gejala bahasa karena penambahan fonem, gejala bahasa penghilangan fonem, gejala pertukaran letak fonem, gejala perubahan fonem (Wijana, 2004).

“Gejala bahasa adalah peristiwa yang menyangkut bentukan-bentukan kata, atau kalimat dengan segala macam proses pembentukanny (Badudu, 1980, 47).

According to Weijnen dialect is “dialek adalah sistem kebahasaan yang digunakan masyarakat untuk membedakannya dari masyarakat lain yang bertetangga dengan mempergunakan system yang berlainan walaupun erat hubungannya” (Weijnen, 1975).

Guiraud said that “pembeda dialek dalam hal semantik terciptanya kata-kata baru berdasarkan perubahan fonologi dan geseran bentuk. Geseran tersebut ada dua bentuk, yaitu pemberian nama berbeda untuk linambang sama di tempat berbeda, geseran ini pada umumnya dikenal sebagai sinonim, padan kata atau sama makna. Sedangkan pemberian nama sama untuk hal berbeda di beberapa tempat berbeda geseran ini disebut homonim (Guiraud, 1970)”.

The writer takes an opinion that is proposed by Chaer that is “Homonyms is formed from two words. They are “onoma” that means as “name”, and “homo” that means as “same” so homonym is some words that have same name but different meaning (Chaer, 1990:96)”.

Keraf says “Homonim adalah kata-kata yang bunyinya sama tetapi berbeda arti” (Keraf, 1984:37). In homonyms it is usually called as homograph, because there are some words which are spelt in the same way, but pronounced differently.

Besides, there are some words which are spelt differently, but they are pronounced in the same way. It is called as homophone. On the other hand, homonyms is some words with the same shape.

Sociolinguistics is concerned with the relationship between language and society, the context in which it is used. It identifies the social function of language and the ways it is used to convey social meanings (J. Holmes, 1992). This theory used to look for the causal factor of homonyms and the effect of homonyms words in Wonorejo’s Javanese language. Hopefully, this research can give a little description about Wonorejo’s Javanese Language.

Because of Wonorejo’s Javanese Language has different meaning if it is compared with the Javanese dictionaries, the writer takes Halim opinion about

traditional language. Hopefully, the reader or Wonorejo’s society especially all of the Javanese societies are proud with their traditional language. Halim (1984:22) said that “traditional language’s position in Indonesia is guaranteed by UUD 1945 which state that traditional language are one of culture’s potential wealths which can influence, support, enrich national language which have to maintain by all parts of the nation.

Javanese language is one of the regional languages in Indonesia. Besides, it has an old age and deeply rooted of literature tradition; until recent days, it is still used on daily communication by large number of its speech communities. It is observed from the amount of the users, Javanese language is used by over than 60 millions of Javanese people (Djojodigoeno, 1976:1). The writer takes this opinion because Wonorejo’s Javanese language is a language that has different interesting thing to analyze.

According to Geertz (1977), Javanese language is acquainted with three language stratification. They are karma inggil, krama madya, and ngoko. Ngoko is the lowest level. It is used when addressing someone of the same status, of the same age or of lower status, such as close friends, younger persons, and subordinates. Krama madya is the middle level which is used when addressing a second person who is fairly respected, for example a new acquaintance and respected younger persons. Krama inggil is the highest level. It is used when addressing a second person or talking about third person who is highly respected, such as teachers, parents, grandparents, etc. the writer

takes this opinion to find out the Javanese language level that Wonorejo’s societies choose in their spoken.

Since a kid “each individuals is absorbed by culture’s value of their society, the culture’s conception becomes rooted into their mentality and difficult to substitute by other culture’s value for brief periods” (Koentjaraningrat, 1969:18). Actually, every body is a part of certain culture in their own environment. The culture is influencing their attitude and behavior which can develop their personality. This pattern is reflected in the society’s daily life related to their views (Sastroatmaja, Suryanto, 2001). This condition concerns on the language of Javanese teenagers will be maintained and restored their language because the value of traditional culture has particularistic feature. And teenagers are the only hope who can continue the perpetuation of traditional heritage. It means that the value occurs generally and gradually in culture region of certain tribes.

The writer adopts the meaning of ambiguous from Jerrold J. Katz opinion that is “semantic ambiguity is multiplicity of senses versus uniqueness of sense that have more than one sense and the fact that the sentences have two or more senses (1964:296). The writer takes this opinion because ambiguous is the effect of homonyms words that exists in Wonorejo’s Javanese language.

The writer also uses semantic books written by Palmer as reference in writing and researching this research. In this book, the writer takes Bloomfield opinion about behaviorism. The writer tries to look for and analyze the connection between homonyms words in Wonorejo’s Javanese language and

behaviorism theory. Bloomfield said that “we can define the meaning as a speech form accurately when this meaning has to do with same matter of which possess scientific knowledge” (1981:58). This opinion can help the researcher in identifying the causal factor of homonyms word which exist in Wonorejo’s Javanese language. Because behaviorism influences language acquisition, it has connection to the homonyms word that presence in Wonorejo’s Javanese language.

According to Wijana’s opinion about homonyms, he divided homonyms into two categories, they are homography and homophony. He said that “homografi kesamaanya terletak pada keidentikan oftografi (tulisan atau ejaan), seperti kata “seri” yang dapat bermakna ‘sinar/sari/ dan ‘jilid’ /seri/, semi yang bermakna ‘tumbuh’ /sami/. Sementara iu, homofoni menyandarkan kesamaanya pada keidentikan bunyi atau pengucapan. Misalnya kata ‘bang’ dapat bermakna ‘kakak’ (dari abang), ‘yayasan keuangan’ dari (bank), ‘suara azan’, dan ‘tiruan bunyi peti jatuh” (Wijana, 1995:192).

The writer adopts Leech’s Seven Types of Meaning to look for the relationship between homonym expression presence in Wonorejo’s Javanese language with this theories. Geofrey Leech (1981:9-23).

i. Conceptual meaning ii. Connotative meaning

iii. Social meaning, i.e. what is communicated of the social circumstances of language use.

iv. Affective meaning, i.e. what is communicated of the feelings and attitudes of the speaker or writer.

v. Reflected meaning, i.e. what is communicated through association with another sense of the same expression. vi. Collocative meaning, i.e. what is communicated through

association with words which tent to occur in the environment of another word. Example : pretty and handsome is the same meaning for good looking word expression.

vii. Thematic meaning, i.e. what is communicated by the way in which the message is organized in terms or order, focus, and emphasis.

CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY

In this chapter the writer will describe about the method that is used in this research. The writer will explain about type of research, method of collecting data (population and sample), method of analyzing data.

A. Type of research

Type of this research is descriptive qualitative. The writer adopts Moleong’s opinion about descriptive qualitative research. Moleong (1988:2) affirms that qualitative research is a type of research which does not include any calculation or enumerating. Further Moleong explains that a qualitative research is the research of which the data in the form of written or oral word are descriptively analyzed. Based on this, the type of this study is descriptive, since the data are not enumerating., but they are written and oral words (Moleong, 1982).

B. Population and sample 1. Population

Population is the entire group from which the sample is chosen (Hadi, 2001:2). Nawawi (1991:141) says that population is all research objects consisting people, animal, things, plants or score test. Based on Koentjaraningrat (1977:115) population is the whole research data.

The population of this research are all the homonyms words that exist in Wonorejo’s Javanese language which are found in the writer’s family conversation and some of the writer neighbor’s conversation. Total of the

homonyms words that exist in Wonorejo’s Javanese language are 200 homonyms words. The words are collected on December 12, 2008 and august 28, 2009. The process in collecting data is recording the writer’s family conversation with her neighbor’s. The writer uses rekam technique in recording her family’s conversation with her neighbor’s.

2. Sample

According to Sugiyono the writer adopts the opinion about sample. Sugiyono (1999:73) says that a sample is the part of the population’s member which has special characteristic that connects to the research. It means, a sample is an individual which has special characteristic that connects to the research taken from the population that are composed in generalizing the result of the population. In general there are two ways in collecting the sample namely probability and non-probability sampling. Then probability is classified into random, proportionate random, disproportionate random, and area random; while, non-probability sampling is classified into sistematis, kuota, aksidental, purposive, total/jenuh and snowball sampling.

In this research the writer uses purposive sampling technique. Purposive sampling adalah suatu penelitian sample yang dilakukan dengan cara mengambil subjek bukan didasarkan atas strata/random/daerah tertentu tetapi didasarkan pada adanya tujuan tertentu tetapi didasarkan pada adanya tujuan tertentu yang disebabkan adanya pertimbangan keterbatasan waktu, tenaga atau biaya sehingga seorang peneliti tidak dapat mengambil sample yang banyak atau letaknya jauh dari jangkauan (Sudaryanto,1993:133-136).

C. Method of collecting data a. Data Sources

The writer categories the data in this research into 2 categories those are :

i. Primary data

“Primary data are the data directly collected from the research, observed, and noted for the first time (Marzuki, 1995). Primary data that the writer used in this research are collected from observation, and interview some people who have competence about homonyms words in Wonorejo’s Javanese language. The observation is done by observing and collecting homonym expression found in Wonorejo’s Javanese language. The observer is also interviewing some people who have competence about homonyms, especially the opinions that show the factor of homonym expression; so that the writer can identify the causal factor of how homonyms expression exist in Wonorejo’s Javanese language.

b. Technique of collecting data

The writer applied some methods in collecting the data. They are Simak Libat Cakap method, observation method, interview method.

In this research, the writer uses observation method. The writer observes the object that will be examined (Gorrys Keraf, 1980:163). The writer did directly observation to the Wonorejo’s Javanese language in Wonorejo, Pesantren, Mijen, Semarang..

The writer uses Simak method in collecting data. Metode simak adalah suatu cara pemerolehan data dengan cara menyimak penggunaan bahasa baik bahasa lisan maupun bahasa tulis (Sudaryanto,1993:133-136).

Technique to collect data that is used by the writer is sadap technique. Teknik sadap adalah peneliti menyadap penggunaan bahasa seseorang atau beberapa orang yang menjadi informan. Data yang disadap bisa berupa bahasa lisan maupun data bahasa tulis. Penyadapan data lisan bisa diperoleh dari pemakaian bahasa seseorang yang sedang pidato, kotbah, atau anak yang sedang berbicara. Sedangkan sadap bahasa tulis dilakukan terhadap pemakaian bahasa dalam wujud bahasa tulis (bukan bahasa tutur lisan/cakap/wicara). Misalnya, naskah teks pidato, teks narasi, naskah kuno, brosur, liflet, atau teks media masa (Sudaryanto,1993:133-136).

In this research, the writer uses metode simak libat cakap (SLC). Simak Libat Cakap adalah peneliti melakukan penyadapan dengan cara menyimak dan terlibat langsung dalam percakapan serta berpartisipasi dalam percakapan yang terjadi di Wonorejo, Pesantren, Mijen, Semarang (Sudaryanto, 1993:133-136). The writer uses this method to collect the data needed in researching and writing this research.

Besides, the writer uses interview method. The method in collecting data is giving questions that have connection with this research to get relevant answer with the purpose of the research (Anto Dajan, 2000:34). In this case, the writer interviews the writer’s husband as the informant that is also one of Wonorejo’s communities, because he is a direct object that has all information about homonyms word in Wonorejo’s Javanese language. On the other hand, the writer interviewed some people or the neighbor of

husband families in Wonorejo, Pesantren, Mijen, Semarang and recorded their daily conversation.

The writer uses rekam technique to get a documentation of Wonorejo’s people conversation. Teknik rekam adalah tindak merekam setiap peristiwa kebahasaan dengan media recorder (tape recorder, kamera recorder, atau digital recorder). In this case the writer records her husband families conversation. Further the recorder is noted by using catat technique (Sudaryanto,1993:133-136).

Teknik catat adalah peneliti menyadap dengan menyimak dan mencatat setiap peristiwa kebahasaan yang terjadi. Oleh karena itu peneliti harus membawa alat catat dan mencatat berbagai hal seperti situasi tutur, penutur, dan mitra tutur, keadaan pertuturan, norma pertuturan dan berbagai hal sekiranya membantu peneliti dalam analisis data khususnya untuk menjawab latar belakang/konteks pertuturan (Sudaryanto,1993:133-136). The writer uses catat technique in the transcript formation. Further the transcript is used by the writer as a data in this research.

The writer takes some references from books having correlation with this research as theory and standard of comparison in report (Gorrys Keraf, 1980:165). In this matter, the observer reads, studies, and takes a note about the content of some books having relationship with this analysis.

c. Method of Analyzing Data

The next is analyzing the data which are classified before. Analyzing data is organizing process and ordering data in the pattern categories, and analyzing base unit. We can get the topic and formulate hypothesis work likes the data suggested (Moleong, 2000:103). The writer

begins the analysis by making a list of homonym word in Wonorejo’s Javanese language, so that, the writer gets some homonym words in Wonorejo’s Javanese language if it is compared with the Javanese dictionaries.

In analyzing data, the writer takes padan pragmatics method. Padan pragmatic method is a method that is used to point the purpose content in speaker statement, by doing interpretation to the speaker statements.

d.Steps to analyze data

In analyzing the data there are some steps that the writer takes as follows:

1. The writer observes the research object that is Wonorejo’s Javanese language.

2. Making a list of homonyms word in Wonorejo’s Javanese language and classifying the data that will be analyzed in a research. The writer gets the data from the informant that is interviewed before. The informants are the writer’s husband and her husband’s family and so some of the writer’s neighbor’s. 3. Finding and comparing homonyms word in Wonorejo’s Javanese

4. Using some references in analyzing homonym expression in Wonorejo’s Javanese language. The references are used to support the analysis.

CHAPTER IV ANALYSIS

Homonym may be defined as a relation holding between two or more etic expressions that have the same form but a different meaning. Complete homonyms have the same pronunciation and the same spelling. The writer identifies Wonorejo’s Javanese language as the object of research. In Wonorejo’s Javanese language the writer finds several words which have different meaning and usage but the same form. There is an example to explain language phenomenon that exist in Wonorejo’s Javanese language. The example is ‘marah’. It has different meaning and usage. ‘marah 1’ means /get angry/, it is used to express bad feeling. On the other hand, ‘marah 2’ means /inviting someone/, it is used to request helping. If there are several words with the same shape or form but different meaning exist in a language, it will make homonyms expression forming.

Homonym is divided into two categories, they are homophone and homograph. The writer begins the analysis from homophone classifications and its forming process also another explaination about homophone.

A. Homophone

Homophone may be defined as several words which are spelt in different way but pronounced in the same way. The writer found 85 homophone words in Wonorejo’s Javanese language. The words classified into a table as follows :

Homophone classifications

NO Words

Meaning in Wonorejo’s Javanese

language

Meaning in Javanese dictionary

1. bongko /bόŋkό/

perasaan jengkel, buah yang matangnya tidak sempurna atau kurang matang.

lauk dari gudhe atau sayur gudhe.

2. nylampar _/nylΛmpΛr/ menggoda, kurang ajar

membuat tambang yang digunakan untuk memanjat

3. berdondi/bərdόndΙ/ buah bibir, masalah pembohong 4. mangkel /mΛŋkəl/ rasa pegal atau sakit yang sangat pada

punggung

jengkel atau perasaan marah

5. mbaon /mbΛόn/ lading tempat menanam padi, kosong atau jagung, kacang.

banyak aroma

6. sak /sΛk/ karung, wadah saku baju atau celana,

kekecilan atau sempit. 7. cemet /cεmεt/ kurang adalah umpatan tapi ajar, intinya

untuk bercanda

kurang nafsu makan 8. menek /mεnεk/ memetik, memanjat

membangun rumah, contohnya

membetulkan genting. 9. lambung /lΛmbόŋ/ pinggang, punggung perut

10. marah /mΛrΛh/ menyuruh, _mengundang meminta, rasa tidak suka atau _benci

11. mbok /mbόk/ tante ibu-ibu, ibu

12. gembul /gəmbόl/ kumpul, _campur bersama, gendut, perut yang _besar 13. bener /bənər/ tepat, hari h. betul

14. kasak /kΛsΛk/ gosok, _membersihkan sikat, isu

15. gembeng /gəmbεŋ/ penakut cengeng, kecil hati 16 semang /šəmλŋ/ tidak usah, jangan tiba-tiba, susah 17. bantah /bλntλh/ diskusi, _{bercakap-cakap} ngobrol, menyangkal 18. basang /bΛsΛŋ/ jualan, _mengumpulkan memetik, bersama-sama, _memasang 19. tebas /təbλs/ menjual dalam partai

besar, memotong, membersihkan rumput.

20. kesliring /kəšlιrεŋ/ kaki yang keseleo sakit punggung 21. surup /šurόp/ memasukkan benang

dalam jarum sore

22. gandik /gλn₤εk/ anak kecil pendamping nikah

buah yang tergantung

23. payon /pλyόn/ terjual atap rumah

24. gambreng

/gλmbrεŋ/ cengeng bau yang menyengat

25. tetek /£εtεk/ buruh khitan

26. gupruk /guprόk/ bertengkar ramai

berbincang-bincang, asik

mengobrol

27. nyekek /nyəkεk/ makan mencekik

28. mahal /mλhλl/ berat, puas, mantap tak terjangkau 29. barut /bλrόt/ gedong bayi besi tipis

30. ambeng /λmbəŋ/ silahkan dimakan kepung dan jaga 31. mloto /mlόtό/ besar kepala, sombong lucu

32. kemplong

/kəmplόŋ/ bodoh palu

33. ngaron /ŋλrόn/ kwali dari tanah menanak nasi setengah matang sebelum dikukus

34. koak /kόλk/ mencangkul atau

melubangi tanah dengan cangkul khusus untuk ditanami kacang-kacangan dan padi

berteriak

35. dadah /dλdλh/ pagar bamboo pijat

36. ciplis /cιplεs/ kecil dibunuh

37. ciblek /cιblεk/ cerewet pelacur

38. toklo /£όklό/ kayu baker tanduk sapi atau

kerbau yang turun ke bawah

39. klowor /klόwόr/ idiot badanya besar, longgar 40. betem /bə£əm/ pipi yang cabi beton kluwih

41. dipan /dιpλn/ lemari hias tempat tidur

42. sengkrek /šəŋkrεk/ rusak patah, sobek

43. cengek /cəŋεk/ banyak omong mengiba

44. anyit /λnyιt/ lembek bau busuk

45. cupar /cu:pλr/ pelit tidak percaya pada

isteri

46. bongkro /bόŋkro/ rusak tua

47. songkro /šόŋkrό/ gerobak sudah tua sekali,

usang, rusak 48. bajang /bλjλŋ/ tidak lebat kecil, kuntet, orok

49. momrot /mόmrόt/ luka akibat kekerasan -

50. kedhik /kəθιk/ repot sedikit

51. mangas /mλŋλs/ rakus murka

52. laut /lλόt/ istirahat samudera, hamparan

air yang luas

53. suker /šukər/ kotor susah, sulit

54. kondang /kόndλŋ/ amat sangat, tak terhingga

gotong royong, hajatan 55. kepyak /kəpyλk/ mengerahkan orang mengumumkan

56. pacen /pλcεn/ sesaji untuk orang

meninggal `kebun mengkudu

57. rengket /rəŋkət/ dekat, lengket kebanyakan bawaan 58. blendrek /blεndrεk/ memalsukan membuka dengan

paksa 59. madal /mλdλl/ ancang-ancang maju berkilah 60. gasik /gλšιk/ pagi buta, cepat bersih

61. ogleng /όglεŋ/ koplak, gila menancapkan keris

62. cetil /cə£εl/ pelit gila

63. manjeng /mλnjeŋ/ kelunturan masuk

64. Temonjo /təmόnjό/ ada hasilnya atau ada wujudnya

-

65. kiyeng /kιyəŋ/ berotot kuat

66. lhas-lhes /lhλs-lhəs/ bekerja dengan cepat boros 67. nyluruk /nylurόk/ lari yang tak beraturan terjerembab

68. sikep /šιkəp/ peluk membawa, bersedia

69. bongkok /mόŋkok/ ikat dahan kelapa

70. amoh ra amoh

/λmoh r5λ λmoh/ tidak karu-karuan baru

71. sareh /ŠΛreh/ redam sabar

72. kurop /kurόp/ untung seimbang

73. Onclang /όnclΛŋ/ daun bawang lari 74. ora pinter /rλ pιntər/ tidak berbakti bodoh

75. senthet /šən£εt/ retak panas

76. ndiler /ndιlər/ tidur ngantuk

77. parisiseten

/pλrιsιsεtən/ parises luka

78. janggol /jλŋgol/ minta makanan pada

orang yang mempunyai acara hajatan, mengemis

kuli tetap di kelurahan, mendengarkan orang yang berbincang-bincang.

79. mbregudul

/mbrəguθl/ pemarah kain yang berbulu atau akan rusak

80. Lurug /lurόg/ main atau bertandang ke

rumah teman pergi berperang

82. lireh /lιrεh/ sayuran lirih

83. maton /mλtόn/ tetap mencabuti rumput

disela-sela padi 84. njepaplang

/jəpa:plλŋ/ telentang membuka tangan

85. tempat /təmpλt/ baskom, mangkok, rantang

letak, daerah

From the data collected the writer takes ‘nylampar’ word as the example to make the analyzes clear. ‘nylampar’ has similar sound likes ‘nyəlampar’ word. Whereas, ‘nylampar’ has two meanings. ‘nylampar’ means /make something fall or a net to climb/, and /nyəlΛmpΛr/ means /tease thing/. ‘nylampar’ also has different spelling that is /nyəlampar/ and /nylΛmpΛr/ but pronouncing in the same way nylΛmpΛr/ .

‘Nylampar’ example is representative for all of homophone classifications because it has the same forming process as all of homophone classifications on the homophone table above.

Homophone in Wonorejo’s Javanese language has the same spelling and pronunciation but different meaning. It is complete homonyms because it has the same spelling and the same pronunciation.

The phenomenon about homophone expression exist in Wonorejo’s Javanese language as a part of homonym expression. Homophones are formed as the effect of several words which are spelt in different way but pronounced in the same way.

B. Homograph

Several words which are spelt in the same way but pronounced in different way and the words have different meaning. The meaning have no

correlation each other. The data found are : ‘bongko, amben, mboso, gembul, bener, eyong, doso, kodo, kuneng. The writer analyzes the data that exist in Wonorejo’s Javanese language by giving and taking a word from the data as the example to support the language phenomenon in Wonorejo’s Javanese language. The example is ‘amben’ word. This word has two meanings, ‘amben’ /Λmben/ means /sleeping bad/ and ‘amben’ /Λmbən/ means /baby’s vest/. This phenomenon is called as homograph because there are some words which are spelt in the same way but pronounced in different way. ‘amben’ is spelt ‘amben’ but pronounced /Λmbən/ . ‘a’ letter in ‘amben’ word becomes ‘ə’ in the second ‘amben’ word shows different pronounciation. This indicaton makes homonym expression exist in Wonorejo’s Javanese language.

Homograph classifications

NO Words Meaning in Wonorejo’s

Javanese language

Meaning in Javanese dictionary

1. amben gurita atau pakaian bayi. _/Λmbən/ ikat pinggang kuda, _{tempat tidur /Λmben/} 2. mboso getah karet yang sudah _{jatuh ke tanah /mbỏso/} setengah hati /mboso/ 3. gembul kumpul, bersama, campur _/gəmbỏl/ gendut, perut yang besar _/gəmbu:l/ 4. bener tepat, hari h. /mbənər/ betul /bənər/

5. eyong rasa tidak enak hati, _{sungkan /εyoŋ/} kesakitan /i:oŋ/

6. doso marah /ө:šo/ mengeluh /£ošo/

7. kodo keras kepala /kỏ£o/ tidak buta, harus, bodoh /ku:du/

Homonyms is formed by affixational process, a new word coming into Indonesia, acronym and shorting process, and language indications (phoneme adding process, phoneme losing process, phoneme changing process, and phoneme substitutions process).

a. Affixational process

There are several homonym words caused by affixational process, they are classified into table below :

Affixational process

No Words Prefiks Sufiks Infiks Afiks Basic forms

Means 1. nylampar

/nylλmpλr /

nye- - - - slampar menjatuhkan

sesuatu tanpa sengaja. 2. nyendekke

/nyendekk ε/

ny- - - - sendekke gadai

3. katisen

/kλtιsən/ k- -en - - atis dingin

4. mainan

/mλιnλn/ - -an - - main main

5. demarene n

/dəmεrεnə n/

- -en - - demaren tumben

6. metoan

/mətόλn/ - -an - - meto’ menjemput

7. nggoto

/ŋgόto/ ng- - - - goto kerja

8. kenthip

/kən£ιp/ - - -h - kentip tinggi

9. njedodot

/jədόdot/ - -ot - - njedod terbentur

10. purunan

/pu:runλn/ - -an - - purun mau

11. dipoteng-poteng /di:po£eŋ-po£eŋ/

di- - - -

poteng-poteng

potong-potong

/kόboλn/ piring atau tangan

13. slempitan /sləmpιtλn /

- -an - - slempit terjepit

14. nyepatani /nyəpλtλnι /

nye- -ni - - sepatan sumpah

serapah 15. diwelehke

/dιwəlehkε /

di- - - - welehke membalikkan

omongan 16. ngrincikki

/ŋrιnci:kι/ ng- -ki - - rincik membersihkan 17. angkringa

n

/λŋkrιŋλn/

- -an - - angkring tempat

nongkrong 18. nyetatel

/nyə£λtəl/ - - -ta - setel putar

The writer finds some words added with affixes in the basic unit. The writer finds it in front of the word, in the middle of word, and in the last of word. The writer found prefix adding in some words that are : ‘dipotheng-potheng, dintang-ntang, diwelehke, nggoto’. The writer takes ‘diphoteng-potheng’ as an example of prefix adding process. ‘dipotheng-‘diphoteng-potheng’ /dΙpό£eŋ-pό£eŋ/ means /cutting something/ and ‘dipotheng-potheng’ /dΙpό£eŋ-pό£eŋ/ means /make doodles or rough sketches on something/. ‘diphoteng-potheng’ is formed from ‘di+potheng-potheng’. ‘potheng-potheng’ /pό£eŋ-pό£eŋ / means /torture someone/. Because of prefixational adding process in front of ‘potheng-potheng’ word, there is different meaning exist in this word. Added affixes in the basic unit of word makes homonym expression exist in Wonorejo’s Javanese language.

The second affixational adding process is added affixes in the middle of word for example,”nyetatel” words,”nyetatel” has two meanings, “nyetatel 1” / nyə£a:tel/ means / flank something/ and “nyetatel 2” / nyə£a:tel/ means / bend over of confined / this word is formed from “ nye + ta + tel “. The base unit of “nyetayel” word is ‘nyetel’ / nyətel/ means /turn on something/. Because of affixatonal added process by adding infix in the middle of ‘nyetel’ word, ‘nyetel’ becomes ‘nyetatel’.

The writer also finds affixational adding process in the last words. There are several words which are found in Wonorejo’s Javanese languages, they are : ‘katisen, mainan, demarenen, metoan, njedodot, purunan, kobokan, slempitan, nyepatani, ngrincki, angkringan’ words. The writer takes ‘metoan’ word as the example of affixational adding process in the last of words. ‘metoan’ /mətόΛn/ means /meeting/ and ‘metoan’ /mətόΛn/ means /fetching someone/. ‘metoan’ is formed from /meto’/ words. /meto’/ means /inviting someone/. It becomes /metoan/ word because there is affixational adding process in the last of /meto’/ word.

b. A New Word Coming into Indonesia

There is interesting thing found by the writer in Wonorejo’s Javanese language. There is ‘meni’ word that has the similar sound to /many/ in Englsish language. The writer analyzes that ‘meni’ is shorted from /men+iki/. For example : ‘akeh men to ace iki’, it is the example of Javanese language

in Central Java province in general. In Wonorejo’s Javanese language the writer finds /ekeh meni ace iki/. The writer analyzes is false that /meni/ is formed from /men+iki/. ‘meni ‘ is naturally formed from /meni/ word. It is influenced by a new word coming into Wonorejo’s Javanese language. ‘meni’ is influenced by ‘many’ word From English language. Because of different pronounciation, ‘many’ becomes ‘meni’ in Wonorejo’s Javanese language. The influencing is looked into pronunciation and meaning similarities.

The phenomenon in ‘meni’ /mən/ forming shows the effect of globalization era. In globalization era a country has to learn different language as introductory language to communicate with different country. This phenomenon influenced local language indirectly. The society inclined to borrow and use a new word to make conversation simple. The writer not only finds English language influencing Wonorejo’s Javanese language but also finds regional language influencing. The regional language influences looked into ‘bakul’ words. ‘bakul’ means /little trader/ and ‘bakul’ means /rice bowl made from bamboo/. Whereas, Wonorejo’s Javanese society always say ‘besek’ to say ‘rice bowl’. Because of regional language influences ‘besek’ word becomes lost. ‘besek’ is substituted by ‘bakul’ word.

c. Acronym and Shorting Process

The writer finds ‘mberuh, monteng, and pelita’ words. The writer analyzes ’mberuh, monteng, and pelita’ words forming. ‘mberuh’ is formed from /mboh ora weruh/. ‘monteng’ is formed from /montang-manteng/.

‘pelita’ is formed from /mutual cooperation every Sunday/. The writer found shorting process in ‘mberuh’ and ‘monteng’ words. ‘mberuh’ means /do not know something/ and ‘monteng’ means //unstable/. Whereas, ‘monteng’ and ‘mberuh’ has different meaning from the Javanese dictionaries. In dictionaries ‘monteng’ means /confuse/ and ‘mberuh’ means /as you wish/. Wonorejo’s society is shorting /mboh ora weruh/ becomes /mberuh/ because ‘mberuh’ forms is simpler in spelling and pronouncing than /mberuh ora weruh/ forms. The writer does not only analyze ‘mberuh’ and ‘monteng’ words but also analyzes ‘pelita’ words. ‘Pelita’ means /mutual cooperation every Sunday/. It is different from ‘pelita’s’ meaning in general. Generally, ‘pelita’ means /five-year plan/ in general forming. ‘pelita’ is acronym process in Indonesian becomes a word in Wonorejo’s Javanese language. This cases make ambiguous meaning because there is a word with different usage and meaning from general ‘pelita’s’ meaning. It is a part of interesting and unique things that the writer found in Wonorejo’s Javanese language.

Acronym and shorting process

No Words Kepanjangan dari

Arti 1. mberuh

/mbərόh/ mboh weroh ora

tidak tahu 2. Monteng

/mόnteŋ/ montang-manting oleng

3. pelita /pəlιtλ/ pembangunan

lima tahun kerja bakti tiap hari minggu

d. language indications

1. Phoneme Adding Process

There are several language indications which are found by the writer in Wonorejo’s Javanese language. The writer found phoneme added in front of the word, in the middle of word, and in the last of word. Besides, the writer also finds word losing in the word, phoneme substitution, and phoneme changing.

The writer found phoneme adding process in front of the word on ‘esak’ and ‘mbaon’ words. ‘esak’ means /unhealthy/. It is formed from ‘sak’ word. ‘sak’ means /sack or bag/. ‘sak’ added by ‘E’ in front of this word so that ‘sak’ words become /esak/. Because of phoneme added in front of ‘sak’ words, automatically the meaning of ‘sak’ words changes. So, phoneme adding process in a word is causing changing meaning, forming, and using. ‘esak’ example process has the same as ‘mbaon’ word adding phoneme process. Absolutely ‘esak’ phoneme adding process representative for ‘mbaon’ process.

The writer also finds phoneme adding process in the middle of word. The writer finds this cases in ‘mbonggel’ words. It is formed from ‘bonggel’ word as the base unit of ‘mbonggel’. ‘mbonggel’ means /be obstinate/. Besides, ‘bonggel’ means /undergraduate/. ‘bonggel’ is added ‘mb’ letters in front of ‘bonggel’ but it is pronounced added ‘ng’ letter in the middle of ‘bonggel’ word.

Adding phoneme in the last of word exists in Wonorejo’s Javanese language e.g. ‘luweh’ word. ‘luweh’ is formed from ‘luwe+h’. ‘h’ phoneme added in the last of ‘luwe’ word so that ‘luwe’ becomes /luweh/. ‘luweh’ means /up to you/ but ‘luwe’ means /hungry/. Phoneme adding process makes the word changing and forming a new word with different forming and meaning. The writer appendiexes phoneme adding process into table below. To make the research clear in reading the writer gives phonetic transcription.

Phoneme adding process

No kata Penambahan

fonem

Bentuk dasar

arti 1. luweh

/lu:weh/

-h luwe

/lu:wε/ lapar

2. esak /εšΛk/ e- sak

/šλk/ karung 3. mbaon

/mba:on/

m- baon

/ba:on/

kebun 4. mbonggel

/bỏŋgεl/ -ng bogel /bỏgel/ putus sekolah

2. Phoneme Losing Process

There are several words which are losing a phoneme in those words. They are ‘mbandang and njanggol’ words. ‘mbandang’ /mbΛndΛŋ/ means /lost/. Generally, ‘mbandang’ /mbΛndΛŋ/ is the same as ‘mblandang’ /mbla:ndΛŋ/ in Javanese language. This word is formed from ‘mblandang’ word. ‘mblandang’ /mbla:ndΛŋ/ means /run off/. Phoneme losing in the

middle of ‘mblandang’ word by deleting ‘l’ becomes ‘mbandang’make homonym expression exist in this word.

The phenomenon above also happens in ‘janggol’ word. ‘janggol’ /jΛŋgόl/ means /having eaten in someone’s ceremonial/. It is formed from ‘n+janggol’. There is phoneme losing ‘n’ in front of ‘janggol’ word. So that ‘njanggol’ becomes ‘janggol’. Losing phoneme makes a new word formation forming with different spelling and pronunciation. A new word forming also makes a new meaning.

phoneme losing process

No kata Penambahan fonem

Bentuk dasar

arti 1. mbandang

/mbλndλŋ/ -l mblandang Kabur

2. janggol

/jλŋgỏl/ -n njanggol /ənjλŋgol/ Meminta makan pada orang punya hajat.

3. Phoneme Changing Process

Phoneme changing found by the writer on some words as follows :

kudu→kodo boso→mboso

ngukuri→nakori grapyak→gambyak

Phoneme changing makes a new word forming with different spelling, pronunciation, and meaning. The witer takes ‘kudu’ becomes ‘kodo’ as the example to make this analysis clear. ‘Kudu’ /ku:θu/ means /must/ and ‘kodo’ /kόθo/ means /bad-tempered/. Phoneme changing makes a new meaning different from the words before phoneme changing.

4. Phoneme Substitutions Process

There are two words having phoneme substitutions that are found by the writer in Wonorejo’s Javanese language. The words are : ‘loncang’ becomes ‘onclang’, and ‘kemekelen’ becomes ‘mekekelen’. Phoneme substitution only makes a new word forming with different spelling and pronunciation from the word before substitution process but the same meaning. ‘Loncang’ becomes ‘onclang’. Oncl positions is subtituted ‘lonc’ in ‘loncang’ words so that ‘loncang’ /loncΛŋ/ words become ‘onclang’ /onclΛŋ/ words.

D. Dialek Asli Wonorejo

Dialek Asli Wonorejo may be formed by social meaning, reflected meaning, affective meaning, behaviorism, Setting, Ends.

Dialek asli Wonorejo

NO Words Meaning in Wonorejo’s

Javanese language

Meaning in Javanese dictionary

1. sali /šΛlΙ/ tajir -

2. meni /mənΙ/ tak _sekali terhingga, banyak - 3. solu /sỏlu/ sanjung, pura-pura - 4. leden /leden/ membantu,

menyumbangkan tenaga - 4. sementek _{/səmεntεk/} untuk mengatakan bayi _{yang gendut dan berat} - 5. metoan /mətỏλn/ pertemuan _{maulidan, menjemput} di malam -

6. merat /merΛt/ kabur -

7. bloboh /blỏboh/ dermawan -

8. melek pasian

/məlεk pλšιλn/ malam persiapan sebelum acara hajatan digelar -

9. maesan /mæsλn/ batu nisan -

10. trenten /trəntən/ keranjang dari bamboo _{yang berukuran besar} - 11. dunak /du:nλk/ keranjang dari bamboo _{yang berukuran sedang} -

12. ngayap /ŋa:yλp/ jalan-jalan -

13. nyendekke _{/nyendek:kε/} menggadaikan -

14. metetah /mə£εtλh/ telentang -

15. mremen /mrεmen/ melebar -

16. mremo /mrεmo/ jualan musiman -

17. monyeng _/mỏnyεŋ/ kurus -

18. nimpar /nιmpλr/ menanam padi di lading - 19. sedetan /šə£εtλn/ kayu yang sudah dibelah-belah tapi belum

digunakan

20. ponyong /pỏnyoŋ/ nonong atau dahi yang _kemerahan -

21. puang /pu:λŋ/ tempat sampah -

22. kentis /kən£i:s/ lumayan -

23. mboreg /mbỏrək/ mendorong -

24. kenthip /kən£i:p/ tinggi sekali - 25. striwel /štri:wəl/ kaos kaki - 26. glandir /gə:lλnder/ daun ketela rambat -

27. cikri /ci:krι/ daun kenikir -

28. denggel /өəŋgel/ peyang -

29. njedodot _/jə:dodot/ duduk _bergeming jongkok tak - 30. membo /mεmbo/ menjelma, menyerupai - 31. momrot /mỏmrot/ luka akibat kekerasan - 32. pitik horen _horən/ /pΙtek ayam potong - 33. ora nggaleboh _gΛləboh/ /rΛ tidak tahu - 34. otah-atuh /o£a:h _a:£uh/ mengeluh kesakitan - 35. matean /mΛteΛn/ orang yang merebus air di _{acara hajatan} - 36. mendreng _/mendreŋ/ tukang kredit -

37. temonjo /təmonjo/ ada hasilnya atau ada _wujudnya -

38. cekak /cəkΛk/ pendek -

39. metoto /mətoto/ bengkak -

40. gandrik /gΛndrek/ halilintar, petir - 41. ngasak /ŋa:sΛk/ nencari _memulung sisa-sisa, - 42. tritipen /tri:tιpən/ pakaian yang terkena noda -

43. kecis /kəces/ bohong, dusta -

44. lengo gas /l_gΛs/ əŋo minyak tanah - 45. jo ngasi /jỏ ŋa:sІ/ tak sudi -

46. mbonggel /bỏŋgel/ ngotot -

47. liwat _{/li:wΛt cΛŋkεŋ/}cangking diobatkan kemana saja - 48. cengklek /cεŋklek/ gendong - 49. metotolen _{/mə£ỏtolən/} kedinginginan - 50. nglagreng _{/ŋla:grəŋ/} gendut -

51. stereg /stεrək/ sedang -

52. mekakon

/məkλkon/ busuk -

53. njlemo /njəmo/ gampang, mudah, tidak _rewel - 54. ncrandu _/ncrλndu:/ menggoda, bikin onar, _{kurang ajar} -

55. kiyel /ki:əl/ kenyal -

56. seluntur /səluntor/ meluruskan kaki -

57. di _/di:ntΛŋntang-ntang _-ntΛŋ/ diulur-ulur -

58. kreangan _{/krεΛŋΛn/} kesakitan - 59. mercak-mercake _{/mərca:-mercΛke/} membagi-bagi - 60. klejetan _{/klejeεtΛn/} kesakitan - 61. bedigasan _{/bdI:gΛsΛn/} bikin onar -

62. meges /mə:gəs/ sama persis -

63. krenyeh /krənyεh/ pecundang, penakut -

The writer found several words which have no meaning in Javanese dictionaries. The writer called those words as Dialek Asli Wonorejo. The words that exist in Wonorejo’s Javanese language is used to make something different in Wonorejo’s Javanese language from their neighbor’s language. Wonorejo’s language has special characteristic by adding ‘ra’ in the last of sentence. Besides, Njambon village as Wonorejo’s neighbor village is added ‘ju’ in the last of sentence.

In expressing and reflecting language, Wonorejo’s society is inclined to use and choose coarse word. For example they will say ‘cemet’ /cεmet/ to express and reflects bad feeling. Besides, ‘cemet’ is used to joke.

Another Wonorejo’s language characteristic is ‘a’ phone becoming ‘e’ letter. For example ‘ngantenan’ becomes ‘ngentenan’, ‘karetan’ /kΛretΛn/ becomes ‘keretan’ /kεretΛΛn/. ‘A’ letter becoming ‘e’ letter almost exist in all of Wonorejo’s vocabularies that includes ‘a’ letter.

The writer takes Hymes’ theories to analyze Wonorejo’s Javanese language. The theories called as Hymes’ SPEAKING model. The writer uses this theory to look for the correlation between the participants, setting or scene, act, keys, instrumentalities, and another aspect in SPEAKING model that influent communication process in Wonorejo’s Javanese language.

Hymes analysis focus on the societies culture with looking the language from 8 aspects that is called as SPEAKING.

S Setting, it is about the time, place, and other physical conditions surrounding the speech act.

Scene, it is about the psychological counterpart to setting. What is meant here is that a setting can be changed, for example, from formal to in formal, by participants.

P Participant, The speaker or Sender, the Addressor, the Hearer, Receiver or Audience, and the Addressee.

E Ends, the purpose-outcomes and purpose-goals. A Act Squence, the form and the content of the message.

K Keys, The tone of the conversation, for example, serious or mocking. I Instrumentalitis, The channels; written, telegraph, etc, and the forms

of interpretation, for example how a listener’s suddenly looking away must be interpreted.

N Norms, The norms of interaction; e.g. interruption and norms of interpretation, for example how a listener’s suddenly looking away must be interpreted.

G Genre, Fairly tale, advertisement, etc.

By looking Setting or Scene the writer knows where and when the communication takes place, and another physical condition surrounding the speech act. There is a different usage of the same word in different situation or setting. Because Wonorejo’s people use the same words to say different purpose. For example ‘marah’ words. They use this word to express bad feeling and inviting someone or helping request. There are two sentence that show the different usage of ‘marah’ words. ‘pak, wis marah song-wong kon leden durong?’ and ‘bapak marah-marah terus’. In the first sentence ‘marah’

/mΛrΛh/ means /inviting someone/ and /mΛrΛh/ in the second sentence means /bad feeling/. It makes confuse especially for the stranger, because Wonorejo’s people are only use their language in their community.

In Participant aspect the writer looks the relationship between the speaker and hearer. Wonorejo’s society will use different language as the introductory language with their speaking partner if they speak with a new stranger in their village. It makes Wonorejo’s language only know by Wonorejo’s community.

The writer uses Ends to show the purpose, comes out and purpose; goals of the communication. We want to know the variation in Wonorejo’s Javanese language. It concludes about the words choosing and expression in communication process. For example, in saying ‘weight’ Wonorejo’s society always use two words. The words are ‘antep’ /Λntəp/ and ‘sementek’ /səmentek/. To express the biggest and the weight baby they do not say ‘antep’ /Λntəp/ because baby is human. For human they will say ‘sementek’ /səmentek/; if you say ‘Λntəp’ they will say ‘it is taboo’.

Act sequence in Wonorejo’s Javanese language is relatively organized. It is suitable with the topic that is discussed. It makes the communication is going well. Because of the constantly topic and good turn taking system.

Keys, the tone of the conversation. it is serious talk or not. Generally, it depends on the context. But, in Wonorejo’s Javanese language there is no different keys; eventhough it is formal or informal, serious or not, they will

use the same languae. Because there is no different language usage in their communication, for example, from ngoko to kromo rarely happen.

Instrumentalities; the channels; written, telegraph, etc, and the forms of speech; dialect, standard language, etc. Wonorejo’s society just using the instrumentalities in formal situation. In habitually, they speak verbal forms. Verbal communication is communication with oral.

Norms, the norms of interaction. In habitual living, Wonorejo’s community is less attention about the norms aspect in interaction with their speaking partner. Because they give more attention to reach out for the purpose of speaking. There is no norms of interaction using both verbal communication and written. Besides, there is less norms using in their attitude.

Genre; fairly tale, advertisement, etc. Wonorejo’s society is only use special text type in formal and educational ceremonial. For example, in formal situation; they are definitely use different text. It is adapting to the context of ceremonial. So, special text is depending on the context and situation.

By using Hymes’ SPEAKING models, the writer concludes that Dialek Asli Wonorejo as part of homonym expression in Wonorejo’s Javanese language exist as the effect of Participant aspect and Ends. If we look from Ends, there is words variation that use to show the same expression. For example they are using two words in expressing ‘weight’ by using ‘antep’ and ‘sementek’. It is affected ambiguous meaning for the speaker partner or

hearer. Especially for the stranger because Wonorejo’s people do not use their language in the out side of their village.

CHAPTER V CONCLUSION

A. Conclusion

This is the result of the research that the writer did from the analysis of homonym word in Wonorejo’s Javanese language. The writer takes some conclusion about the homonym expression exist in Wonorejo’s Javanese language as follows : homonym expression presence in Wonorejo’s Javanese language because there are affixational process, new word coming into Indonesian, there are shorting and acronym process and there are any language indications Beside, it exists in Wonorejo’s Javanese language because there are conceptual meaning, social meaning, affective meaning, simple word choosing usage in conversation, different spelling (‘a’ becomes ‘e’), Wonorejo’s society want to make special characteristic on their language by adding ‘ra’ in the last of sentence in their spoken, and behaviorism.

The process of homonym expression formed by : Gejala penambahan fonem, gejala penghilangan fonem, gejala perubahan fonem, gejala pertukaran letak fonem. It is also because geseran homonim (pemberian nama berbeda untuk hal berbeda di beberapa tempat berbeda).

The writer suggests Wonorejo’s society develop and keep their language because it is their special characteristic that make their language different from another area in their village circumstances. The teenager wants to use and introduce their language to the outsider when they exist in the out side of their village so that miscommunication can minimize.

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Table of Homonyms Word in Wonorejo’s Javanese Language

NO Words Meaning in Wonorejo’s

Javanese language

Meaning in Javanese dictionary

1. sali tajir -

2. meni tak terhingga, banyak _sekali - 3. nylampar menggoda, kurang ajar

membuat tambang yang digunakan untuk memanjat

4. bongko

perasaan jengkel, buah yang matangnya tidak sempurna atau kurang matang.

lauk dari gudhe atau sayur gudhe.

5. berdondi buah bibir, masalah pembohong

6. solu sanjung, pura-pura -

7. amben gurita atau pakaian bayi ikat pinggang kuda, _{tempat tidur} 8. mangkel rasa pegal atau sakit yang

sangat pada punggung

jengkel atau perasaan marah

9. mbaon

ladang kosong atau tempat menanam padi, jagung,

kacang. banyak aroma

10. kesed pemalas keras sekali

11. sak karung, wadah saku baju atau celana, _{kekecilan atau sempit.} 12. cemet

kurang ajar, intinya adalah umpatan tapi untuk bercanda

kurang nafsu makan

13. menek

digunakan untuk

menyebut semua aktivitas memetik sesuatu, memanjat pohon

membangun rumah, contohnya membetulkan genting.

14. luweh terserah, tak peduli lapar 15. mberuh

tidak tahu, digunakan untuk menjawab hal-hal yang tidak diketahui

semaunya sendiri

16. esak tidak nyaman karung, sakit hati

17. lambung pinggang, punggung perut

18. marah menyuruh, meminta,

mengundang

rasa tidak suka atau benci

19. mbok tante ibu-ibu, ibu

20. katisen demam, sakit dingin _kedinginan sekali, 21. cepak dekat, terjangkau tersedia, menyediakan

22. leden membantu,

menyumbangkan tenaga -

23. mboso getah karet yang sudah _{jatuh ke tanah} setengah hati

24. mainan

perhiasan untuk anak kecil

khususnya bayi

perempuan yang berupa cincin, kalung, gelang, anting-anting.

tidak konsekuen atau mengingkari.

25. gembul kumpul, bersama, campur gendut, perut yang besar 26. demarenen

anak kecil yang demam karena saudaranya ada yang hamil muda

sakit-sakitan

27. bener tepat, hari h. betul

28. kasak gosok, _membersihkan sikat, isu

29. gembeng penakut cengeng, kecil hati

30. eyong rasa tidak enak hati,

sungkan kesakitan

31. semang tidak usah, jangan tiba-tiba, susah 32. sementek untuk mengatakan bayi _{yang gendut dan berat} -

33. bantah diskusi, ngobrol,

bercakap-cakap menyangkal

34. metoan pertemuan di malam

maulidan, menjemput -

35. basing jualan, memetik,

mengumpulkan

bersama-sama, memasang 36. pelita kerja bakti tiap hari

minggu

cahaya, penmbangunan lima tahun

37. tebas menjual besar, dalam memotong, partai membersihkan rumput.

tak peduli, tega sekali 38. kesliring kaki yang keseleo sakit punggung

39. merat kabur -

40. kerok

koreng, bolot, kalah yang terus-menerus dalam bermain

alat untuk

membersihkan bulu

41. nggoto kerja keras kepala

42. bloboh dermawan -

43. surup memasukkan _{dalam jarum} benang sore

nikah

45. payon terjual atap rumah

46. ngrinciki

memotong atau

membersihkan dahan pohon

rewel 47. melek pasian malam persiapan sebelum

acara hajatan digelar -

48. gambreng cengeng bau yang menyengat

49. tetek buruh khitan

50. maesan batu nisan -

51. trenten keranjang dari bambu _{yang berukuran besar} - 52. dunak keranjang dari bambu _{yang berukuran sedang} -

53. ngayap jalan-jalan -

54. nyendekke menggadaikan -

55. metetah telentang -

56. gupruk bertengkar ramai _{bincang, asik mengobrol}

berbincang-57. nyekek makan mencekik

58. mahal berat, puas, mantap tak terjangkau

59. mermen melebar -

60. mremo jualan musiman -

61. barut gedong bayi besi tipis

62. amben gurita bayi

tempat tidur, ikat pinggang kuda atau pelana

63. ambeng silahkan dimakan kepung dan jaga 64. mloto besar kepala, sombong lucu

65. kemplong bodoh palu

66. ngaron kwali dari tanah menanak nasi setengah _{matang sebelum dikukus}

67. monyeng kurus -

68. demenan selingkuhan tidak rewel

69. koak

mencangkul atau

melubangi tanah dengan cangkul khusus untuk ditanami kacang-kacangan dan padi

berteriak 70. nimpar menanam padi di ladang -

71. sedetan kayu yang sudah dibelah-belah tetapi belum digunakan

72. dadah pagar bambu pijat

kemerahan

74. puang tempat sampah -

75. ciplis kecil dibunuh

76. ciblek cerewet pelacur

77. kentis lumayan -

78. mboreg mendorong -

79. kenthip tinggi sekali -

80. toklo kayu bakar tanduk sapi atau kerbau _{yang turun ke bawah}

81. striwel kaos kaki -

82. bongkrek luka bakar atau melepuh bonggol

83. glandir daun ketela rambat -

84. cikri daun kenikir -

85. klowor idiot badanya besar, longgar

86. betem pipi yang cabi beton kluwih

87. dipan lemari hias tempat tidur

88. sengkrek rusak patah, sobek

89. cengek banyak omong mengiba

90. denggel peyang -

91. anyit lembek bau busuk

92. njedodot duduk _bergeming jongkok tak -

93. cupar pelit tidak percaya pada isteri

94. doso marah mengeluh

95. bongkro rusak tua

96. songkro gerobak sudah tua sekali, usang, _rusak

97. membo menjelma, menyerupai -

98. dlondong si anu tinggi besar

99. bajang tidak lebat kecil, kuntet, orok

100. momrot luka akibat kekerasan -

101. kedhik repot sedikit

102. mangas rakus murka

103. laut istirahat samudera, hamparan air _{yang luas} 104. kebo-kebonan diperas tenaganya,

disia-siakan, dipekerjakan

mainan anak-anak berbentuk kerbau

105. irengan cincau sawah yang belum

ditanami

106. suker kotor susah, sulit

107. kondang amat sangat, tak terhingga gotong royong, hajatan

108. kepyak mengerahkan orang mengumumkan

109. pitik horen ayam potong -

110. pacen sesaji untuk orang

B : He’e/

A : disewakke padi-padi barang? B : Tak takono rak.

A : pye.

B : mboh tenan rak ngerti ngene iki, kan ngene seng jelas kan ngene. Wingi kangdi ko kene ngomong opo, yo ngomong.

A : lha pye.

B : Mbokaku ki tekoni arep duwe gawe, narti rene, ha’a aku ngene. Kono takon ngono, trus bar kuwi

A : Wong disewakke deklit barang-komplit deklit/ B : Kang Di nak opo kabar-kabar rono yo mboh paling yo ora.

A : Kae digedek-gedekke wong di sewakke deklit.sak ngertine kangmu

B : Sak ngertine Kangmu sak omah sak adine ki rak roso raga.Aku ki sak drimo nemplek masalah kabeh tetek bengekke kono kabeh.

A : Makmu sing adang lha seng matean sopo? Seng matean rak dikon golekke makmu san.

B : kene ki rak pak mu rak ragat.

A : Rak iso wong pak ku ki nylampar. Wong ngerti wis tuo jane rak ngono nak dinganu ki masalahe nak

dinganu pa’e wonge ki kodo si, aku yo kodo ngko nak tak tako’i ngko kodo karo kodo di adu yo berat, masalah rak bar-bar/

B : kwi nak masalah kwi aku rak mudeng rak ngurusi pak mu.

A : Wingi kae koyo toklo-toklo kae digowo rono. B : kayu toklo opo sih/

A : kayu sing dibongko’i sing go adang-kayu bakar kaeto wis go rono kabeh.

B : oh: :ngono

A : wes ngai kayu. Bayangake aku ndisik Wan, rak ono wong bojoku oprasi wes rak ono opo-opo men malah saiki ngono, ngomong-ngomong sayah awake golek kyu trus ngrinciki kayu terus saiki. Wong jenenge mantu duite yo rak sak yuto rong yuto kok Wan kene rak an, kene rak ono bentukke blas. Po rak sakit hati jenenge.

B : tapi nak ngomoh sih, rak ngaku sih. A : ah opo dobol kurosatun.

B : nak aku rak nyengkake, aku nyengkake ngene tapi aku rak tekan. Nak sampean rak ragat rak mungkin wong lanang moro kok rak go ragat. Isin aku. Aku jene arep ngomong ngono saiki sampean rono kok.

A : Ndabek no.

B : saiki sampean rono kok.

A : aku malah mbededek, ngrasakke ngonoki yo mbededek. Rep lungo aku iki ngantuk ni aku mo mbengi melek-melek to…karo jogo.

B : trus kwe…

A : nganti esuk kok do dolanan kertu

B : lha ngopo jimpitan rak tau dijupuki, rak tau dijupuki rak enthuk kas no.

A : gawehene akeh no. kwe rak nduwe sedetan ra. B : rak nduwe

A : yo ge bahan-bahan. B : bahan opo?

A : yo lemari.

B : kae lemari digelar A : rak karo dipan.

B : po kwe arep pesen dipan? Pesen ngomong tak gawekke kog

A : kayune wong rak nduwe sedetan

B : penting tuku dadi bar kok. Koyo ngene Ndar kae to njero.

A : e…

A : lha kuwi nak dipan piro regane? B : nak koyo gone Ndar kae 550 aku. A : anu wes dadi

B : dadi komplit.

A : dadi komplit-wes plituran-wes tetek mbengek. B : Wes plituran to ya/

A : wes ono galare? B : ha’a..

A : enak meni

B : lha kae gek udan kae tileki monying kamare udan. Sak monokae. Rak masalah modal no iso diubah. Sing penting iso digawe dowo.

A : ki garapane akeh ki. B : He’e

A : garapane ekeh.

B : wes garapane gerek iki, gerek iki to gawe lawang. A : he sok belek mudik rono Wan

B : suk to bar bodo/ A : bar bodo. B : nanggung to ya

A : ko nak mengkono kan tani. B : tani opo?

B : rak ono. Kono neng nggunung ngawur. A : rak ono tanduran pari blas?

B : onone the karo kopi.

A : penen kopi? Lha kowe iso dadi, mborek pari to kwe?

B : go to

A : E…engko kwe nak wes dadi mloto kwe.

B : bedo mengkono bubek kwe. Neng kene kerjo ngene, neng kono kerjo ngono yo wegah.

A : kae nak menurutmu esak ning ndi?

B : Esak ning kene bagi aku. Carane wong tenan golek duite gampang neng kene mengkono gawehene sabak eret-eretan.

A : Sawah?

B : nak ono sawah. A : mbaon?

B : rak ono.

A : kono yo kebon koyo ngene iki. B : tapi tandurane kopi karo cengkeh. A : akeh. lha kono rak ono mbaon? B : rak ono.

B : tanahe bedo. Kene tanahe dewe-dewe rak gawe perlu tani.

A : tanahe dewe-dewe? B : ora tanahe perhutani.

A : kono musim dingin terus rak ono mareng-marengan?

B : yo rak ono to. Rak ono to yo. A : e..

B : eh kwe tau dibel boleng po rak? A : orak.

B : kerjanano.

A : aku dikabari cah-cah kae. Urung ngerti aku barbodo jarene kan.

B : wedo’e wes ning kene? A : he’e

B : rak gelem rene rak gelem bali rak duwe duit. A : lha ko iso nggoto neng sangkan parane kok. B : nak jarene Kalimantan di aku kai ngerti. A : lungo ning parang sangkane. Boro. B : Yakin?

A : mengkono dagang sukses jarene. _______