Illocutionary Force Indicating Device IFID and Felicity Condition

16 The second type is representative. Yule 1996 describes representative as that kind of speech acts that “state what the speaker believes to be the case or not” p. 53, such as describing, clamming, hypothesizing, insisting and predicting. That definition is also same with what Searle 1976 proposes that “the purpose of the member of representative class is to commit the speaker to something’s being the case” p. 10. Additionally, he says that we have to emphasize the term ‘believe’ and ‘commit’ in representative because they are there intended to mark dimension p. 10. Example 9: a. The earth is flat. b. Chomsky didn’t write about peanuts. c. It was a warm sunny day. Those examples show us how the speaker represents the world as he or she believes it is. In using representative, the speaker makes the words fit the world of belief. In utterance 9a, the speaker makes a hypothesis that the earth is flat. Without considering the fact that his statement scientifically proved or not, the speaker expresses what he believes. In utterance 9b, the speaker claims that Chomsky didn’t write about peanuts. In hisher claim, the speaker believes that Chomsky didn’t write about peanuts. In utterance 9c, the speaker describes that it was a warm sunny day. In hisher description, the speaker believes that it was a warm sunny day because he can see and feel it. 3. Expressive The next type of speech acts is expressive. According to Yule 1996, Expressive is that kind of speech acts that state what the speaker feels p. 53. 17 Searle 1976 says that expressive is used “… to express the psychological state” p. 12. Additionally, Yule 1996 says that the psychological state can be “statement of pleasure, pain, likes, dislikes, joy, or sorrow” p. 53. According to Yule 1996, it can be caused by something the speaker does or the audience does, but it is about the speaker’s experience p. 53. In using an expressive, the speaker makes the word fit the world of feeling. Example 10: a. I’m really sorry b. Congratulations c. Oh, yes, great Other examples of expressive: I apologize for…, I appreciate that…, I congratulate you on…, I deplore that…, I detest that…, I regret that…, I thank you for…, I welcome…, I’m glad that… 4. Directive The next type of speech acts is Directive. Yule 1996 defines directive as “that kind of speech acts that the speakers use to get someone else to do something” p. 54. That statement is also same with what Searle 1976 says that directive is used to “get the hearer to do something” p. 11. In using a directive, the speaker attempts to make the world fit the words via the audience. There are commands, orders, requests, suggestions, and, prohibitions as illustrated in the examples 11. Example 11: PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 18 a. Give me a cup of coffee. Make it black. b. Could you lend me a pen, please? c. Don’t touch that. Other examples of directive: I ask you to…, I beg you to…, I challenge you to…, I command you to…, I dare you to…, I invite you to…, I request you to… 5. Commissive The last type of speech acts is Commissive. Yule 1996 describes Commissive as “that kind of speech acts that speaker uses to “commit themselves to some future actions” p. 54. Searle 1976 defines commissive as type of speech acts that aims “…to commit the speaker to some future course of action” p. 11. Commissive can be performed by the speaker alone, or by a speaker as a member of a group. In using a commissive, the speaker undertakes to make the world fit the words via the speakers. There are promises, threats, refusals, pledges, and as illustrated in the examples 12 below. Example 12: a. I’ll be back. b. I’m going to get it right next time. c. We will not do that. Other examples of commissives: I guarantee that…, I pledge that…, I promise that…, I swear that…, I vow that…, I undertake to…, I warrant that…, I want to… Table 1. The five general functions of speech acts Speech act type Direction of fit S = speaker; X = situation Declarations Words change the world S causes X Representatives Make words fit the world S believes X Expressive Make words fit the world S feels X Directives Make the world fit words S wants X Commissives Make the world fit words S intends X PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 19

2.1.3 Public Speaking

Nowadays, public speaking whether we realize it or not becomes a skill that is commonly used in doing communication with other people. According to Coopman and Lull 2009, “We use public speaking skill every day, although not usually in the formal way most people associate with speaking in public” p. 3. You answer question in class, participate in meetings at work, presentations that you present during your study, tell classmates about some experience are some examples of how public speaking is applied in our daily life. When we speak in front of public, we try to transfer or share our ideas to people. Lucas 2009 defines public speaking in three ways, “a way of making your ideas public, a way of sharing them with other people, and a way of influencing other people” p. 4. Influencing other people becomes a goal in public speaking because the speaker will expect the audience to believe on his or her ideas and do something about it. In a formal way, public speaking is done in front of public. It means that there are numbers of people that listen to the speech. It has also limited time to do the speech. Coopman and Lull 2009 define public speaking as “a situation in which an individual speaks to a group of people, assuming responsibility for speaking for a defined length of time” p. 4. Wilson, Arnold, Wertheimer 1990 propose three types of speech based on its purpose: “speech to inform”, “speech to entertain”, and “speech to persuade” p. 30. They explains that speech to inform aims to “let the audiences or listeners