Background of the Study

5 Qualitative research method was used because there were several reasons. The first reason was because this study was conducted in a natural setting. Ary, Jacobs and Sorensen 2010 state that qualitative research take place in “the natural setting” p. 424. Additionally, Creswell 1994 states that qualitative researcher tends to collect data in “the field where participants’ experience the issue or problem under the study” p. 38. In relation with public speaking as an object of this study, researcher collected the data by watching, listening and analyzing the speech. It means the research was conducted in a natural setting. The second reason was because this study put researcher as a key instrument. According to Creswell 1994, in qualitative research the researcher is the one who “gathers information and data through some instruments such as examining documents, observing behavior, and interviewing participants” p. 38. In this study, researcher gathered information and data through examining the transcript of the speech. The third reason was because this study used interpretive inquire. According to Creswell 1994, in qualitative research researcher makes interpretation of what they see, hear, and understand p. 39. In analyzing speech acts used in each utterance of the speech researcher interpreted the speech through watching, reading, listening and understanding the speech. This study used content and document analysis. Ary at all 2010 says that content and document analysis is a research method that “focuses on analyzing and interpreting recorded material to learn about human behavior” p. 29. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 6 Additionally, they mention that “the material analyzed can be public records, textbooks, letters, films, tapes, diaries, themes, reports, or other documents” p. 29. This study analyzed the video and the transcript of the speech. In this study, the data is collected by observing and analyzing some document related to the study. There two kinds of data collected in this study: primary and secondary data. The primary data is the 2005 Stanford University commencement speech by Steve Jobs. The primary data was taken from http:news.stanford.edu20050614jobs-061505. The secondary data were some documents or books on linguistic such as pragmatics, speech acts and books on public speaking. In order to do the research, there were three main steps or procedures that were used: data gatheringcollecting, data organizing and data analysis. In data gatheringcollecting, the data was collected by observing the transcript of the speech. Transcript was used in order to observe and analyze the data easily. After that, the data was organized into a table. By using the table, the researcher analyzed each utterance in the speech in order to find what kind of speech acts performed by the utterances. 7

CHAPTER II DISCUSSION

This chapter consists of the review of related literature, the finding, and also the discussion or interpretation of the findings.

2.1 Review of Related Literature

This section aims to review other studies and theories related to the topic being studied. This section consists of three subsections: pragmatics, speech acts, and public speaking. There are some reasons why the discussion is focused on those three theories. The discussion is focused on speech act is because this study focuses on the analysis of speech acts in the speech by Steve Jobs. Moreover, speech act is one of the branches of pragmatics study. So it is important to discuss pragmatics briefly.

2.1.1 Pragmatics

Regarding the topic of this study which is speech acts as a branch of pragmatics study, in this section researcher discusses what pragmatics is. Researcher uses some definitions of pragmatics according to Yule 1996. 1. Definition of Pragmatics According to Yule 1996 Yule 1996 defines pragmatics into four areas, which are “study of speaker meaning”, “study of contextual meaning”, “study of how more gets communicated then is said”, and “study of the expression of relative distance” p. 3.

a. Pragmatics is the study of speaker meaning

In this area, Yule 1996 defines pragmatics as a study of meaning “…as communicated by a speaker or writer and interpreted by a listener or reader” 8 p. 3. It has, consequently, more to do with the analysis of what people means by their utterances than what the words or phrases in those utterances might mean by themselves. b. Pragmatics is the study of contextual meaning In this area, according to Yule 1996, pragmatics is an interpretation of what people intend to say in a particular context and how the context influences what is said p. 3. Furthermore, he says that “it requires a consideration of how speakers organize what they want to say in accordance with who they are talking to, where, when, and under what circumstances” p.3 c. Pragmatics is the study of how more gets communicated then is said In this area, Yule 1996 says pragmatics also necessarily explores “how listeners can make inferences about what is said in order to arrive at an interpretation of the speaker’s intended meaning” p. 3. This type of study explores how a great deal of what is unsaid is recognized as a part of what is communicated. Furthermore, he says that we might say that it is “the investigation of invisible meaning” p. 3. d. Pragmatics is the study of the expression of relative distance. Yule 1996 says that the third area raises the question of what determines the choice between the “said” and the “unsaid” p. 3. The basic answer is tied to the notion of distance. He says that “Closeness, whether it is physical, social, or conceptual implies shared experience” p. 3. He concludes that “on the assumption of how close or distant the listener is, speakers determine how much need to be said” p. 3.