14 Moreover, in everyday contexts among ordinary people, Yule 1996 says
that there are also “preconditions on speech act” p. 50. The first one is called general conditions on the participants. Yule 1996 defines general conditions as
conditions “where people can understand the language being used and they are not playing acting or being nonsensical” p. 50.
The second one is called content conditions. According to Yule 1996, content conditions are conditions where the content of the utterance must be in
accordance with the intended illocutionary force p. 50. For example, for both a promise and a warning, the content of the utterance must be about a future event.
The third one is called preparatory conditions. According to Yule 1996, preparatory conditions can be explained by observing the difference of
preparatory conditions used in promise and warning p. 51. In a promise, there are two preparatory conditions: first, the event will not happen by itself, and
second, the event will have beneficial effect. In a warning, the preparatory conditions are the audience doesn’t know whether the event will occur or not, the
speaker does think the event will occur, and the event will not have a beneficial effect.
Related to that condition, there is sincerity condition. According to Yule 1996, in sincerity condition, the speaker genuinely acts as in the condition of the
intended illocutionary force p.51. For example, in a promise, the speaker genuinely intents to carry out the future actions and in a warning, speaker
genuinely believes that the future event will not have a beneficial effect. Finally, there is an essential condition. According to Yule 1996, essential
conditions are conditions where the speaker’s state will change following the conditions created by the utterance p. 51. In a promise, the utterance changes
15 the speaker’s state from non-obligation to obligation. Same way with warning, by
uttering the warning, the speaker changes hisher state from non-informing a bad future event to informing.
2.1.2.4 Types of Speech Acts
Based on the functions performed by speech acts, Yule 1996 classifies five types of speech acts: declarative, representatives, expressive, directives, and
commissives p. 53. This classification is same with what Searle 1976 proposes in his work. However, Searle mentioned that it is a classification of illocutionary
acts not speech acts. Searle 1976 classifies five categorizes of illocutionary acts that’s also related to the Austin’s work: declarative, representative, expressive,
directives and commissives p. 10-13. Regarding to this difference, Yule 1996 has mentioned that the term ‘speech acts’ is “generally interpreted quite narrowly
to mean only the illocutionary force of an utterance” p. 49. 1. Declarative
The first type of speech acts is declarative. According to Yule 1996 Declarative is those kinds of speech acts that “change the world via their
utterances” p. 53, such as ‘I bet’, ‘I declare’, and ‘I resign.’ Others can be seen in example 8:
Example 8: a. I baptize this boy John Smith.
b. I hereby pronounce you man and wife. c. This court sentences you to ten years’ imprisonment.
In utterance 8a, the utterance changes nameless baby into one with a name. In utterance 8b, the utterance turns two singles into a married couple. In utterance
8c, the utterance puts the person into prison. In using a declaration, the speaker changes the world via words.
2. Representative PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
16 The second type is representative. Yule 1996 describes representative as
that kind of speech acts that “state what the speaker believes to be the case or not” p. 53, such as describing, clamming, hypothesizing, insisting and predicting.
That definition is also same with what Searle 1976 proposes that “the purpose of the member of representative class is to commit the speaker to something’s being
the case” p. 10. Additionally, he says that we have to emphasize the term ‘believe’ and ‘commit’ in representative because they are there intended to mark
dimension p. 10. Example 9:
a. The earth is flat. b. Chomsky didn’t write about peanuts.
c. It was a warm sunny day.
Those examples show us how the speaker represents the world as he or she believes it is. In using representative, the speaker makes the words fit the world
of belief. In utterance 9a, the speaker makes a hypothesis that the earth is flat. Without considering the fact that his statement scientifically proved or not, the
speaker expresses what he believes. In utterance 9b, the speaker claims that Chomsky didn’t write about peanuts. In hisher claim, the speaker believes that
Chomsky didn’t write about peanuts. In utterance 9c, the speaker describes that it was a warm sunny day. In hisher description, the speaker believes that it was a
warm sunny day because he can see and feel it. 3. Expressive
The next type of speech acts is expressive. According to Yule 1996, Expressive is that kind of speech acts that state what the speaker feels p. 53.
