,, in the middle of the sentence happened after and before the comma ,, or in the end of the sentence happened after the comma ,. The occurrence of tag or
emblematic switching did not influence or change the sentence meaning.
B. Reasons for Code-Switching
In this research, the writer combined the types of code-switching based on Hoffman 1991 and Malik 1994. Hoffman classified the types of code-switching in
7 types. They are talking about particular topic, quoting someone’s word, being
emphatic about something, interjection, repetition used for clarification, intention of clarifying the speech content for interlocutor, expressing group identity. The writer
integrated the types of code-switching based on Malik. There are 3 types of code- switching based on Holmes 1994, which are, mood of the speaker, habitual
expressions, and to emphasize a point switching. Table 4.3 showed the number of
possible reasons for code-switching cases that were found in the sequel of 99 Cahaya di Langit Eropa movies dialogues:
Table 4.3: Number of Reasons for Code-Switching in 99 Cahaya di Langit Eropa and 99 Cahaya di Langit
Eropa 2 Movies
Types of Code-Switching 99 Cahaya di
Langit Eropa Movie
99 Cahaya di Langit Eropa 2
Movie Total
Occurrences Percentage
Occurrences Occurrences
Talking about Particular Topic 6
30 35
30.17 Quoting Someone’s Word
2 2
1.72 Expressing Emphatic
1 2
3 2.58
Interjection Repetition use for Clarification
2 4
6 5.17
Intention of clarifying the speech content for interlocutor
2 2
1.72 Expressing Group Identity
Mood of The Speaker 5
4 9
7.75 Habitual Expressions
5 31
37 31.89
Emphasize a point switching 5
17 22
19 Total
26 90
116 100
Table 4.3 showed the occurrences of possible reasons for code-switching in the sequel of 99 Cahaya di Langit Eropa movies. The table showed in both movies
there were 35 code-switching due to talking about particular topic 30.17, 2 code- switch
ing due to quoting someone’s word 1.72, 3 code-switching due to expressing emphatic 2.58, 0 code switching due to interjection 0, 6 code
switching due to repetition use for clarification 5.1, 2 code switching due to intention of clarifying the speech content for interlocutor 1.72, 0 code switching
due to expressing group identity 0, 9 code switching due to mood of the speaker 7.75, 37 code switching due to habitual expressions 31.89, and 22 code
switching due to emphasize a point switching 19. The total code-switching occurrences was 116.
The next step explained the detail about the possible reasons for code- switching.
a.
Talking about particular topic
In chapter 2, the switching was easily explained that this reason would appeared if the new person came and tried to join over the conversation. The lack of
Indonesian translation is also the aspect why people chose to use code switching in order to talk about particular topic that rarely happened in Indonesian translation.
Due to this possible reason, the writer found 35 code-switching cases 30.17 in the sequel of 99 Cahaya di Langit Eropa movies. The examples of this
reason for code-switching were as follows:
Example 10 Setting: campus hall-afternoon
S : Hello, you are no longer free man
R : I’m free man
S : Kamu bukan Rangga yang sama, yang waktu dulu datang pertama kali dan
tinggal lama di apartment aku dulu
. You’ve changed R
: No, I’am not. I am not change Example 10 explained the conversation between Stefan and Rangga. Stefan
found the difficulty in finding the Indonesian translation of apartment. In Indonesian, it was commonly found that the people also pronounced apartment.
Example 11 Setting: bus station-morning
H
: Bagus, bagus, ini design-nya.
F : Aku ingin menjadi designer busana muslim agar bisa keliling duniadan
melihat sejarah peninggalan bangsa Islam di Eropa. Example 11
showed that Hanum and Fatma were talking about Fatma’s dream. Fatma had a desire to be a designer. We could see that the term design and
designer were lacking of Indonesian translation. Since Indonesian people are also called desain and desainer. The different thing is from the spelling but the
pronunciation is similar. b.
Quoting Someone’s Word
In the movie, some speakers switch the languages due to this reason. There were only 2 code-switching cases 1.72 in the sequel of 99 Cahaya di Langit
Eropa movies. There were some examples of code-switching due to quoting someone’s word in those movies.
Example 12 Setting: backyard-night
H : Gimana sih kamu? Katanya dancer professional
R :Makan ikan asin sama sambal terasi aja banyak gaya,
“save the last dance for me, please?”
Example 12 contained the dialogue between Hanum and Rangga. Rangga quoted what Hanum said. Hanum requested Rangga to dance with her after the party.
c.
Expressing emphatic
Based on table 4.3, there were 3 conversations 2.58 expressing emphatic that could be found in the sequel of 99 Cahaya di Langit Eropa movies. The example
was given below.
Example 13
Setting: campus hall-morning R
: You wanna try this food?
S : Ga heran ya Prof Reinhard memuji disertasi kamu setinggi langit
R : Thank you.. try it..
S : No, I’ve ate it before
Based on example 13 above, the writer concluded that the conversation was categorized as an expressing empathic. It was shown by Rangga. In that conversation,
Rangga tried to offer Stefan some foods. By saying that, Rangga had proved that he cared with Stefan. He showed his empathy to Stefan.
d. Interjection
In chapter 2, it was clearly stated that people tended to use interjection code switching to show their anger or to strengthen commands. There were no
conversations cases 0 which triggered by interjection.
e. Repetition use for clarification
About this reason, Hoffman 1991 said that “when a bilingual wants to clarify hisher speech so that it will be understood more by the listener, heshe can
sometimes use both of the languages that he masters saying the same utterance the PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
utterance is said repeatedly. This repetition also had the purpose to avoid some miscommunications that might happen between the speakers.
There was 5.17 distribution of repetition use for clarification. The writer would like to give the example about this possible reasons.
Example 14 Setting:
K : I’m sorry Rangga. It’s just that Stephan calls me the curry man, Papa Curry.
R :
It’s a joke
K : A joke? Satu kampus panggil saya Curry Man, Papa Curry. Hi, Curry
Man, Papa Curry. You call that a joke, is that? Dan mungkin juga kamu belum tahu itu.. I hate curries.
In example 14, we could see that there were some repetition include in conversation. The conversation happened between Rangga and Khan. Rangga tried to
give the clear explanation to Khan in order to avoid a miscommunication between Khan and Stefan. In that conversation, we knew that Khan showed his bad feeling to
Stefan because Stefan always mocked him by saying curry papa, papa curry.
f. Intention of clarifying the speech content for interlocutor.
This cases happened in order to avoid some miscommunications that might occur. Based on the findings, this code switching reason was the most frequently
happened in the sequel of 99 Cahaya di Langit Eropa movies. There were 2 conversations 1.72 intention of clarifying the speech
content for interlocutor found in those movies. The examples were given below. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
Example 15
Setting: in the campus hall-afternoon S
: Woy woy.. puasa puasa buat apa? R
: Agar kita bisa belajar menahan nafsu, lapar, dan dapat pahala S
: Let me get the straight, kamu puasa untuk dapat pahala? R
: Yap S
: Gampang banget ya.. R
: Mau coba? S
: Sure Why not? It should be not hard right? Sampai jam berapa?
R : Jam 8 malam
In the example 15, there was conversation between Stefan and Rangga. Stefan were curious about fasting. He wanted to try that thing and he tended to give the
intention of clarification whether that fasting was difficult or not.
Example 16
Setting: in front of the library-morning S
: Are you Hanum? Sorry, are you Hanum, Rangga’s wife? H
: I am, you must be Stefan, right? S
:Yes, I am Stefan. Nice to meet you H
: Nice to meet you too, Rangga banyak cerita tentang kamu S
: Pasti dia bilang, aku ini menyebalkan, cerewet H
: No , he didn’t say that. Dia bilang justru kamu punya rasa ingin tahu yang
besar terhadap Islam. There was the conversation between Hanum and Stefan. It was presented that
Hanum was trying to clarify the misunderstanding. She tried to re-explain to Stefan that what he thought about Rangga was not true.
g. Expressing Group Identity
There were only few conversations of expressing group identity in 99 Cahaya di Langit Eropa and 99 Cahaya di Langit Eropa 2 movies. The amount of
number was 0 cases of code switching in expressing group identity. Since there were no groupings term in those movies.
h. Mood of the speaker
There were quite a lot of conversations for mood of the speaker that could be found in the sequel of 99 Cahaya di Langit Eropa movies. The amount of number
was 9 7.75 cases of code switching in mood of the speaker. The example were presented below:
Example 17
Setting: yard-morning R
: Is it your dog? S
: Cello R
: Di negaraku ada beberapa orang yang makan anjing seperti ini S
:
That’s crazy man Aku gamungkin makan daging anjingku sendiri.
Example 17 presented that Stefan show their mood or feeling by saying crazy. He didn’t believe that in Indonesia, the dog can be used as a food. He was surprised
about that and he shouted his feeling by saying those words.
Example 18 Setting: campus hall-afternoon
K : Kamu sudah lihat jadwal ujiannya?
R : Sudah
K : Gilak tu Prof Reinhard, what was he thinking?
Example 18 explained that Khan showed his anger. He couldn’t accept the
schedule that his professor made.
i. Habitual Expressions
This reason was the most-often met reason in code-switching cases in those movies. There were 37 code-switching cases 31.89 in the sequel of 99 Cahaya di
Langit Eropa movies which were triggered by habitual expressions. The writer would like to give the examples about this reason.
Example 19 Setting: bus station-morning
F : Kalian jadi ke Paris?
R : Yes, we plan to go
F : Aku ada sesuatu untuk Hanum. Ini untuk Hanum
R : Thank you, thank you so much, Fatma.. Mungkin kalo gak ada kamu, dia
udah balik ke Indonesia In example 19, there was conversation between Fatma and Rangga. The
habitual expressions was clearly stated by Rangga when he said thank you. The term thank you is a common answer if someone gave you a help. It was kind of habitual
expressions because it was used habitually.
j. To emphasize a point switching
There were 22 code-switching cases 19 in 99 Cahaya di Langit Eropa and 99 Cahaya di Langit Eropa 2 movies. Here, some examples of code-switching due to
emphasize a point switching in those movies.
Example 20 Setting: backyard-morning
S : Hey, Rangga.. I was waiting for you in cafeteria, what are you doing?
R : I’m eating
S : Are you on diet?
R : No, there is no chicken inside
S : Agama kamu ribet banget, daging babi di Eropa ini enak banget, udah
pernah nyoba?
You’ve try
R : Tidak, No laughing
That conversation were spoken by Stefan and Rangga. Stefan offered Rangga pork, but in Rangga’s religion, pork is a forbidden food. He refused Stefan to eat pork
but Stefan forced Rangga. It was found in the conversation above, when Stefan said “you’ve try”. Stefan tried to emphasize the point of switching by raising intonation
to strengthen his command.
49
CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Chapter V presents the conclusions of the research. The conclusions are the answer of the research questions which are 1 which the types of code
switching are found in the sequel of 99 Cahaya di Langit Eropa movies? and 2 which the reasons of code switching are used by actors and actresses in the sequel
of 99 Cahaya di Langit Eropa movies? In this chapter, the writer also presents some recommendations related to this topic.
A. Conclusions
In this following section, the writer presents the conclusion of the research questions answers.
1. The Types of Code-Switching in 99 Cahaya di Langit Eropa and 99 Cahaya
di Langit Eropa 2 Movies
The types of code-switching are divided into two categories namely meaning-based switching and structural-based switching. Meaning based-
switching is the switching which is characterized by the changing of meaning and speaking significances. Structural-based switching is a switching which is
characterized by the changing in the language structure. Structural-based switching can also change the meaning of the code switching cases. It was proved
in the table of appendices that the researcher categorized each conversation which PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
