Reasons for Code Switching

c. Reasons for Code Switching

In this research, the writer combines reasons as the triggers of code switching based on Hoffman 1991 and Malik 1994. The writer used 3 theories from Malik 1994, they are mood of the speaker, habitual expressions, and to emphasize a point switching. There were added by the theories from Hoffman. Hoffman proposed 7 reasons of code switching into seven points, they are talking about particular topic, quoting someone‟s word, being emphatic about something, interjection, repetition used for clarification, intention of clarifying the speech content for interlocutor, expressing group identity. 1 Talking about a particular topic According to Hoffman 1991 people sometimes prefer to talk about a particular topic in one language rather than in another. Sometimes, a speaker feels free and more comfortable to express their emotions, excitements, or even anger in a language that is not their everyday language. Talking about a particular topic can conceal their feeling about something or someone. If the unwanted person come, the speakers try to change or code-switch their language which the person doesn‟t know nothing at all about that language. Moreover, the code-switching is caused by the linguistics deficiency that the speaker could not find the Indonesian possible translation. So the speaker tended to switch to English, which could accommodate the utterance significance. 2 Quoting someone’s word We need to code switch while quoting someone‟s word since Hoffman 1991 suggested that people sometimes like to quote a famous expression or saying of some well- known figures. They tend to quote someone‟s word because they think that those kind of words are worth showing of and can open the people‟s mind. Quoting someone‟s word can be taken from someone‟s wise word of their experience in love, life, and family. 3 Expressing feeling about something Usually, when someone who is talking using a language that is not his native tongue suddenly wants to be emphatic about something, as Hoffman 1991 stated “heshe, either intentionally or unintentionally, will switch from his second language to his first language. Heshe wants to express hisher feeling by code- switching to the first language. 4 Interjection Inserting sentence fillers or sentence connectors Code switching can also strengthen a command since the speaker can feel more powerful than the listener because heshe can use a language that not everybody can. Regarding the reason, Hoffman 1991 suggested that “language switching and language mixing among bilingual or multilingual people can sometimes mark an interjection or sentence connector. It may happen unintentionally or intentionally. People use interjection to give the command or show their anger. By using interjection in code-switching, it can make the instructions more clearly and aware of their feeling. 5 Repetition used for clarification While two persons are speaking, sometimes they cannot avoid a miscommunication that can happen. It happens because the language that they use is not synchronized. About this rea son, Hoffman 1991 said that “when a bilingual wants to clarify hisher speech so that it will be understood more by the listener, heshe can sometimes use both of the languages that he masters saying the same utterance the utterance is said repeatedly. One of the speaker, should code-switch hisher language so the addressee can understand what is heshe is talking about. After that, it can minimize the miscommunication. 6 Intention of clarifying the speech content for interlocutor. When a bilingual person talks to another bilingual as suggested by Hoffman 1991, it was mentioned that there will be lots of code switching and code mixing that occur. It means making the content of hisher speech runs smoothly and can be understood by the listener. The person choose the terms which are more familiar to listener. 7 Expressing group identity Code switching and code mixing can also be used to express group identity. The way of communication of academic people in their disciplinary groupings, are obviously different from other groups Hoffman, 1991. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 8 Mood of the speaker Malik 1994 claims that usually when bilinguals are tired or angry, code switching takes place with a new dimension. This means, when the speaker is in the right state of mind, heshe can find the appropriate word or expression in the base language. Very often heshe knows exactly the word in both the languages, but the native language may be more available at the point of time when the speaker has a disturbed mind. Such circumstances may create a hurdle in getting the appropriate word or phrase in the language in which the speaker may be more proficient if he is not mentally agitated. 9 Habitual expressions Acccording to Malik 1994, the fact that code switching often occurs in fixed phrases of greeting and parting, commands and request, invitation, expressions of gratitude and discourse markers such as O, yes listen and You know, etc. 10 To emphasize a point switching Switching is also used to emphasize a point. Gal 1979 reports several instances in which a switch at the end of an argument not only helps to end the interaction but may serve to emphasize a point. When the speakers tend to make the point more important, they try to emphasize it by using raising intonation.

B. Theoretical Framework