Integrated Loanword Emblematic Tag Switching

d. Single Word Code-Switching

Single-word code-switching is a switching that occurs within the sentence in the form of a single word. This type is also known as lexical borrowing. Wardhaugh 2010, p. 42 also notes,”The type of this switching involves single word- mainly noun- and it i s motivated by lexical need.” It means that Indonesian language vocabulary cannot fulfill the speakers’ lexical need, so they insisted using English to make the conversation smooth and meaningful. In general, there were only 43 single word code switching in the sequel of 99 Cahaya di Langit Eropa movies, with the amount of 37.06 Example 6 Setting: in the library-morning S : Khan, I told you so. It’s happening again. Kenapa mereka harus memaksakan kehendak untuk beribadah disana. Tell me K : Kamu harus tahu dulu sejarahnya, gedung ini dulu apa, Stefan. Ini dulu masjid,. S : It’s cathedral now Based on the writer interpretation, the using of single word code-switching due to some conditions. In example 5, the speaker code-switched the word when she mentioned cathedral. Based on the context, the word cathedral means the big church. The speaker choose to simply called cathedral which is more familiar rather than big church.

e. Integrated Loanword

In those movies, this switching was the mixture of the English words and Indonesian affixes. In some cases in this movie, the switching was also the mixture of English words and Indonesian grammar. There were only few integrated loanword that could be found in the sequel of 99 Cahaya di Langit Eropa movies. The distribution of integrated loanword in the sequel of 99 Cahaya di Langit Eropa movies was 1.72. In order to give the clear explanation about integrated loanword, the writer provided some examples of integrated loanword in the sequel of 99 Cahaya di Langit Eropa movies. Example 7 Setting: in the bus station-evening Rangga and Stefan were talking about insurance R : Sebulan bayar asuransi berapa? S : 80 Euro R : Mahal S : My friend, karena di dunia ini gak ada yang gratis. R : Kamu takut, kalau ada apa-apa sama kamu, dan kamu masuk RS dan tidak ada yang peduli, asuransi akan meng-cover semuanya, ya kan? Example 7 was the example of integrated loanwords. The integrated loanwords were created by adding Indonesian affixes into English word. In example 13, Rangga added the Indonesian suffix meng- , into English word, cover. The purpose was to make the nouns become action verbs. By saying meng-cover, he want to explain that he would cover everything if the accident happens to him. The writer found that there were some reasons of using integrated loanwords. The first reason was he had lack knowledge of English grammar so he tended to mix the English word with Indonesian suffix. Second, using integrated loanwords by mixing Indonesian grammar with and English word, was easier to state the action verb.

f. Emblematic Tag Switching

In the sequel of 99 Cahaya di Langit Eropa movies, there were some English interjections, tags, or sentence fillers inserted in Indonesian utterances. Tag or emblematic switching occurred 2.6 in the sequel of 99 Cahaya di Langit Eropa movies. The examples of tag or emblematic switching were as follows: Example 8 Setting: campus hall-afternoon M : Chronicles of The World Sudah sejauh mana? By the way, aku tadi habis dari kantornya Prof. Reinhard dan kita tadi ngomong. R : Kalau tentang pesta aku gabisa. M : Bukan, bukan masalah goldence. Proposalku akhirnya diterima R : Bagus-bagus Example 9 Setting: class-morning S : Hay, Rangga aku bawain makanan buat kamu, tenang aja dagingnya chicken kok R : Aku gabisa, hari ini puasa, gak makan, saya pamit dulu S : Woy woy, puasa buat apa? R : Agar kita bisa belajar nahan nafsu, laper, dan dapat pahala. S : Let me get the straight, kamu puasa untuk dapat pahala? R : Yap In examples 8 and 9, the writer could clearly see that there were structural characteristic which could be found in those 2 dialogues. Tag or emblematic switching usually occurred in the beginning of the sentence followed by the comma PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI ,, in the middle of the sentence happened after and before the comma ,, or in the end of the sentence happened after the comma ,. The occurrence of tag or emblematic switching did not influence or change the sentence meaning.

B. Reasons for Code-Switching

In this research, the writer combined the types of code-switching based on Hoffman 1991 and Malik 1994. Hoffman classified the types of code-switching in 7 types. They are talking about particular topic, quoting someone’s word, being emphatic about something, interjection, repetition used for clarification, intention of clarifying the speech content for interlocutor, expressing group identity. The writer integrated the types of code-switching based on Malik. There are 3 types of code- switching based on Holmes 1994, which are, mood of the speaker, habitual expressions, and to emphasize a point switching. Table 4.3 showed the number of possible reasons for code-switching cases that were found in the sequel of 99 Cahaya di Langit Eropa movies dialogues: