Conversational Code-Switching Single Word Code-Switching

2. Structural-Based Switching

Structural based switching is type of code-switching that is characterized by structural changing of an utterance Holmes, 2002 and McCormick, 1994. The code- switching is identified through structural unit. The integration of the other codes or languages is based on the structural unit such as syllables, words, and phrases. Structural-based switching consists of conversational code-switching, single-word code-switching, integrated loanword, and tag or emblematic switching McCormick, 1994 Holmes, 2002.

c. Conversational Code-Switching

In general, the occurrence of conversational code-switching in the sequel of 99 Cahaya di Langit Eropa movies was 58.62. There were 68 conversational code- switching cases in 99 Cahaya di Langit Eropa movies. There were some examples of the conversational code-switching in 99 Cahaya di Langit Eropa movies. Example 3 Setting: in the park-afternoon Marion was chatting with Hanum M : Tahukah kamu dimana itu “the city of light” ? H : No.. M : Jadi seniman dahulu menulis huruf arab tanpa tahu persis apa arti tulisan- tulisan itu. H : Iya karena mereka pikir itu cuma karya ornament biasa aja. Example 3 was the example of the occurrence of conversational code- switching in the lowest level which was the phrase level. Phrase is a group of related PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI words that does not contain a subject or a verb Azar, 1989. So the code-switching the city of light was in the phrase level Example 4 Setting: in the library-afternoon Stefan was talking with Khan S : Mereka menuntut apa? K : Sebenarnya mereka hanya menuntut hak mereka untuk beribadah S : Orang-orang seperti itu yang identic dengan kekerasan K : Kadang, excuse me. Kadang kekerasan di beberapa tempat lebih di dengarkan S : That’s terrorist K : Kamu bilang apa? The sentence in example 4 showed that the code switching occurred in clause level. Clause is a group of words that contains a subject and a predicate. The presence of that’s terorist among the Indonesian words showed that the switching happened in clause level. Example 5 Setting: in the campus hall-morning Stefan was talking with Rangga S : And then, aku gapaham, semenjak kamu deket dengan si curry man itu kamu berubah, Rangga R : No S : Hello, you are no longer free man R : I’m free man S : Kamu bukan Rangga yang sama, yang waktu dulu datang pertama kali dan tinggal lama di apartment aku dulu.You’ve changed R : No, I’m not. I am not change

d. Single Word Code-Switching

Single-word code-switching is a switching that occurs within the sentence in the form of a single word. This type is also known as lexical borrowing. Wardhaugh 2010, p. 42 also notes,”The type of this switching involves single word- mainly noun- and it i s motivated by lexical need.” It means that Indonesian language vocabulary cannot fulfill the speakers’ lexical need, so they insisted using English to make the conversation smooth and meaningful. In general, there were only 43 single word code switching in the sequel of 99 Cahaya di Langit Eropa movies, with the amount of 37.06 Example 6 Setting: in the library-morning S : Khan, I told you so. It’s happening again. Kenapa mereka harus memaksakan kehendak untuk beribadah disana. Tell me K : Kamu harus tahu dulu sejarahnya, gedung ini dulu apa, Stefan. Ini dulu masjid,. S : It’s cathedral now Based on the writer interpretation, the using of single word code-switching due to some conditions. In example 5, the speaker code-switched the word when she mentioned cathedral. Based on the context, the word cathedral means the big church. The speaker choose to simply called cathedral which is more familiar rather than big church.

e. Integrated Loanword