The Distribution of the Types of Code-Switching The Reasons for Code-Switching

B. Theoretical Framework

To complete this research, the writer should look for the suitable theoretical framework to assist the writer to answer the research problems.

1. The Distribution of the Types of Code-Switching

In order to answer the first research problem, the writer combined the types of code-switching theories from McCormick 1994 and Holmes 1992. According to McCormick 1994 in Asher, 1994 the types of code-switching are situational code-switching, metaphoric code-switching, conversational code- switching, single-word code-switching, and integrated loanword. While Holmes 1992 mentioned Holmes four types of code-switching, which are emblematic switching or tag switching, situational switching, metaphorical switching, and lexical borrowing.

2. The Reasons for Code-Switching

The second research problem dealt with reasons for code-switching. The writer would use the reasons for code-switching proposed by Hoffman 1991 and Malik 1994. Hoffman 1991 proposed seven reasons for code-switching namely talking about particular topic, quoting someone‟s word, being emphatic about something, interjection, repetition used for clarification, intention of clarifying the speech content for interlocutor, expressing group identity. While Malik 1994 mentioned three reasons of code switching there are mood of the speaker, habitual expressions, and to emphasize a point switching. 22

CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY

This chapter provides the research methodology which is used by the researcher to conduct the topic. It consists of six sections, namely the research methodology, research setting, research subjects, research instrument and data gathering techniques, data analysis technique, and research procedure. A. Research Methodology The aim of this research is to find out the code-switching cases that happens in 99 Cahaya di Langit Eropa and 99 Cahaya di Langit Eropa 2 movies, so this research uses sociolinguistics analysis. Sociolinguistics studies the relation between language and society Holmes, 1992. Trudgill 1974 also notes that sociolinguistics is the field that studies between the uses of language and the social structures in which the users of language live. In conclusion, sociolinguistics analysis is the analysis of language used by the society. In the research methodology, there are two kinds of research that can be used to doing a research: qualitative and quantitative. Fowler 1998 defines a quantitative approach as numeric description of some fraction of the populations. While, Creswell says that qualitative approach is descriptive in which process, meaning, and understanding gain through words or picture.