The Types of Code-Switching

b. The Types of Code-Switching

There are many types of code switching which is exist in this worldwide, in which have construct the different perspectives from the way we see. McCormick 1994 groups five types of code switching according to the length of juxtaposed utterances, which are situational code-switching, metaphoric code- switching, conversational code-switching, single-word code-switching, and integrated loanword. 1 Situational Code-Switching It happens when people switch from one code to another for reasons which can be identified and it happened only in one context and without any change of the topic McCormick, 1994. It also mentioned by Holmes 2001:36, situational code switching occurs when the language used changes according to the situation. It happened when people switch from one code to another for reasons which can be identified and it happened only in one context and without any change of the topic. People speak one language in one situation and another language in another situation. In this case, one variety is used in a situation. However, the changing from one language to another may be used immediately. Basically, the situation mainly influences the language switching which happens between bilinguals in conversation, for example: 1. People who are associated with a ceremonial religious moment, can change the code as they redefine the situation happens, from formal to informal, serious to humorous, politeness to solidarity. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 2. An English teacher may talk in English for the whole part of the explanatory speech of a present continuous tense to the first-grade students of Junior High School. Unfortunately, the students have not understood about the teacher‟s explanation about the 14 lesson, particularly how to use that tense. Then the teacher re-explains the lesson with Bahasa Indonesia. 2 Metaphoric Code-Switching According to McCormick 1994, this type of code-switching occurs in a conversation in which the role of relationship between the speakers may change. Hudson 1980:56 and Holmes 2001, pp 40-41 also state that people produce a different variety based on the matter which is under discussion. It occurs when the language that is used changes according to the topic in a conversation. The interesting point of it is that some topics may be discussed in either code but the choice of code adds a characteristics to the topic, which is said. The ability to use code switching operates like a metaphor to enrich the communication. The examples are some advertisements in radio and TV broadcaster. The commercial advertisements are made in several languages, Indonesian, English, and other languages. Wardhaugh 2010 adds that metaphorical code-switching has an affective dimension that you change the code as you redefine the situation- formal to informal, official to personal, serious to humorous, and politeness to solidarity. The example is when an English lecturer teaches seriously, heshe speaks English. Then when it turns into joking, sometimes the lecturer uses Indonesian or Javanese. Another example is, if there is a person goes to tax office to sort out her or his tax forms, and fortunately, the tax officer is her or his neighbor. Then, at first this person may greet the tax officer with their local language, their daily language, but then the person changes her or his language into the formal one to affirm her or his purpose to come to the tax office, which is to sort out her or his tax forms. At this point, the person changes the role of relationship from personal to official. 3 Conversational Code-Switching There are several terms for this type of code-switching, namely style shifting or code mixing. This type of code-switching can be a phrase, clause, or full sentence, which allows the speaker to juxtapose various lengths of foreign language elements within her or his utterances. Below are the examples of conversational code switching which forms in the form of phrase, clause, and full sentence. McCormick 1994 states that conversational code-switching happens in whole conversational turns, chunks or clause within a turn. The occurrence is not dependent on a change of interlocutor‟s topic or situation. It is to be found within conversations and not necessarily only between turns-a switch may take place within one speaker‟s turn McCormick 1994 1 Aku pulang dlu ya. See you tomorrow I will go home. See you tomorrow PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI Another example of conversational code-switching happens in a clause is, “Supirku sudah stand by di parkiran.” 2 Supirku sudah stand by di parkiran My driver has been waiting for me in parking area 4 Single Word Code-Switching Single-word code-switching is a switching that occurs within the sentence in the form of a single word It is also known as lexical borrowing. Wardhaugh 2010, p. 42 also says ,”The type of this switching involves single word- mainly noun- and it is motiva ted by lexical need.” It means that the target language language vocabulary cannot fulfill the speakers‟ lexical need, so they insisted using the original language to make the conversation smooth and meaningful. As an example, an Indonesian woman says ,”Aku mau spa dulu ya.” 3 Aku mau spa dulu ya I want to go to the spa The woman tends to use English terms, spa, rather than look for the Indonesian translation, which is difficult to find. 5 Integrated Loanwords This type of code –switching happens in a morpheme level McCormick, 1994. It means that a speaker may integrate a word from a foreign language with affixes of her or his native language to form a certain language expression. It is also supported by Hornby 1974, morpheme is the smallest thing meaningful part PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI into which a word can be divided. The example of this type of code-switching can be seen in this sentence, which involves Indonesia and English language. a Bagaimanakah cara meng-upload foto ke dalam situs ini? b Film ini di-dubbing oleh artis-artis terkenal ibukota. c Software-nya termasuk yang terbaik di situs tersebut. From the examples above, it can be seen that the speakers combine English words with Indonesian affixes. The first and the second example combine Indonesian prefixes and English words. Meng- and di- are Indonesian prefixes then combine with English words „upload‟ and„dubbing‟. The third example shows that English word „software‟ is combined with Indonesian suffix –nya. Holmes 1992 suggests four types of code-switching, which are emblematic switching or tag switching, situational switching, metaphorical switching, and lexical borrowing. 1 Emblematic Switching or Tag Switching Holmes 1992 states emblematic or tag switching is inserting an interjection, a tag, or sentence filler in another language. The examples of emblematic or tag switching is “By the way, habis ini mau kemana?” and “You know, tugas ini sulit dikerjakan.” 4 By the way, habis ini mau kemana? And you know, tugas ini sulit dikerjakan PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 5 Anyway, sepatu itu bagus banget yaaa.. but, harganya kelewat mahal 2 Situational Switching “When people switch from one code to another for reasons which can be identified, it is sometimes called situational switching.” Holmes, 1992, p. 36 As switching the language, the speaker does not change the topic. 3 Metaphorical Switching According to Holmes 1992, metaphorical switching can express the feelings about the topic discussed. For instance, in Yogyakarta, when a person shops in Malioboro, heshe tends to switch her language from Indonesian to Javanese while bargaining the price to get the cheaper price. 4 Lexical Borrowing This switching happens when people borrow another language to mention a name- usually a noun, which is triggered by lack of vocabulary Holmes, 1992. Holmes 1992 adds, “People may also borrow words from another language to express a concept or describe an object for which there is no obvious word available in language they are using.”Romaine 1989, in Stockwell, 2002 also proposes three types of code-switching: tag-switching, intersentential switch, and intrasentential switch. Intersentential switch is the switch occurs between the sentences, yet intrasentential occurs within a sentence. Intrasentential switch is actually similar to lexical borrowing. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

c. Reasons for Code Switching