Review of Related Studies Theoretical Framework

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CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURE

This chapter covers the review of related studies and the review of related theories that shows the relevance of the writers‟s research. There are two related studies that discussed, the first is Yemima Anggraeni Pribadi in her undergraduate thesis “The Study of Translation Methods in Translating Wizardry Terms in J.K Rowling‟s Harry Potter and The Chamber of Secret 2013. The second is Yoana Gita Pradnya Lengari in her undergraduate thesis “The Accuracy, Acceptability, and Translation Strategies of Indonesian Metaphors Translation in Twilight ” 2012.

A. Review of Related Studies

Pribadi in her undergraduate thesis “The Study of Translation Methods in Translating Wizardry Terms in J.K Rowling‟s Harry Potter and The Chamber of Secret 2013 analysed the SL and TL text to find out whether the results of translation of J.K Rowling‟s Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secret are having equivalent effect or not. Then she also analyzed the methods used in translating the wizardry terms and clasify them. The difference between Pribadi‟s undergraduate thesis and this research is the focus of the study, in this research the focus is on analyzing the method in translating the gothic terms and the readability of the gothic terms. Lengari in her undergraduate thesis “The Accuracy, Acceptability, and Translation Strategies of Indonesian Metaphors Translation in Twilight ” 2012 analysed how accurate and acceptable the translation of metaphors found in Twilight translation, and also what strategies are applied in translating the metaphors in order to be accurate and acceptable by using Larson‟s theory. There are differences between Lengari‟s undergraduate thesis and this research, in this research, the researcher analyzed the readability in order to know how readable the translation of gothic terms, and also analyzed the methods used in translating gothic terms by using Hervey and Higgins‟ theory.

B. Review of Related Theories

To support the analysis, some theories are reviewed in this part. The theories are theory of translation, translation methods, and readability.

1. Theory of Translation

According to Newmark 1981:136 translation is demonstrably a science when one is handling terms of art that have accepted equivalent and terms where one has to find the nearest possible equivalent. Hatim and Munday 2004:3 are also defined translation as the first sense focuses on the role of the translator in taking the original or source text ST and turning it into a text in another language TT. Bell 1991:5-6 defines translation as the expression in target language of what has been expressed in source language, preserving semantics and stylistics equivalence. It is replacement of a text in one language by representation of an equivalent text in a second language. Translation transfers sentences from source language into target language. Target language should have same meaning with the source language so that it does not lead to misunderstanding. Hatim and Munday 2004:40-41 state that the attitude to translatability and comprehensibility has given rise to dynamic equivalence or formal equivalence. Formal equivalence is a relation which involves the purely formal replacement of one word of phrase in the SL by another in the TL. Formal equivalence is not same as literal translation because literal translation tend to preserve formal features while a formal translation is formal features that preserved only the text carry contextual valuees that become part of overall text meaning.

2. The Theory of Translation Methods

a. Translation method by Peter Newmark According to Newmark 1981, there are two methods of translation, first is communicative translation and second is semantic translation. There are wide differences between communicative translation and semantic translation. Communicative translation attempt to produce on its readers an effect as close as posible to that obtained on the readers of the original while semantic translation attempts to render, as cloesely as the semantic and syntactic structures of the SL. Not only that communicative translation try to make the thought of cultural content of the original easier to understand to the readers while the semantic translation remains within the original culture. Communicative translation is smoother, simpler, clearer, more direct, more conventional, conform to a particular register of language, more understandable. Semantic translation is more complex, awkward, detailed, concentrated, and pursue the thought-processes rather than the intention of transmitter. Most of non literary writing, journalism, informative articles and books, textbooks, reports, scientific and technological writing, propaganda, publicity, and popular fiction represent typical material for communicative translation. For semantic translation, is represented in contents such as philosophical, religious, political, scientific, technical and literary. Those contents are represented as semantic translation because it needs to be translated semantically Newmark,1981:44. Newmark also stated that a translation can be more or less semantic – more or less communicative – even a particular section or sentence can be treated more communicatively or less semantically 1981:40. b. Translation method by Sandor Hervey and Ian Higgins Some methods from Sandor Hervey and Ian Higgins will be used in this research. In their book, they explained about translation methods that related with the cultural term. They mention some various kinds of cultural transposition which can be alternative to analyze Source Language SL-biased literal translation. It means that as a translator tool, cultural transposition can suppress the cultural elements of the source text to make space for the cultural elements of the target text. Some degree of cultural transposition that involves the choice of features original to the Target Language TL and the target culture in preference to feature with their root in the source culture. The result is to reduce the „foreignness‟ or the specific term in the TL. In some extents, it is „naturalizing‟ into the TL and its cultural setting. 2002:33 The various degree of cultural transposition can be visualized as points along a scale. It starts between the extremes of exoticism which mostly based on source culture and the other part is cultural transplantation which is mostly based on on the target culture. Exoticism Cultural Borrowing Calque Communicative Translation Cultural Transplantation Hervey et al, 2002:33 i. Exoticism Exoticism is a part of literal translations which has the extreme option in indicating cultural foreignness in a TL. A TL is translated in exotic manner to convey the signals of the exotic source culture and its cultural strangeness. It is a choice to import the linguistic and cultural features from SL to TL. In this process, the adaptation is rarely used to maintain the cultural foreignness. The result here is that foreign features remained in the TL. The only possible advantage of the literal translation is its exoticism, but this advantage is cancelled by two things: the obscurity of the TL and the lack of contextual meaning. If there were good reasons for preserving the exoticism, one could diminish these advantages by indirectly signaling in the TL 2002:34. For example, I want to check this file which is translated into Saya ingin memeriksa file ini. The word file can also be translated into berkas but to give an exotic nuance, the word file is still translated into file. ii. Cultural borrowing The method is particularly to transfer a SL expression faithfully into the TL. The translator will choose it when it shows impossible to find a suitable TL expression of original for translating the SL expression. A vital condition of cultural borrowing is that the textual context of the TL should make the meaning of the borrowed expression clear. Cultural borrowing will be most frequent in text on history or social or political matters, where the simplest solution is to give a definition of term like „departement‟, or „pre-revolution‟ „parlement‟ and then to use the SL word in the TT Hervey et al, 2002:36. Furthermore, when the term of SL has already passed into the TL without significant change of meaning, the constituting standard conventional equivalents of the SL borrowed. In this case, the translator may use significant decision of the TL which equivalent to the SL. For example, demokrasi, bank, and gender . Those words are borrowed and sometimes are naturalized. iii. Calque Calque is an expression that consists of TL words and is acceptable as TL syntax, but is unidiomatic in the TL because it is modeled on the structure of an SL expression. In essence, calque is a form of literal translation. A bad calque is imitating ST features to the point of being ungrammatical in the TL, while a good calques manages to compromise between imitating a SL structure and not offending against the grammar of the TL. Furthermore, some calqued expressions become standard TL cultural equivalent of the SL. For example are French „poids mo ucche‟, calqued on English „flyweight‟; French-Canadian „bienvennue‟ calque in English „you‟re welcome‟. Like all forms of cultural borrowing, calque shows signs of a certain degree of exoticism, bringing into the TL the cultural foreignness and strangeness of the source cultures Hervey et al, 2002:35. Another example of calque, everytime I say good bye to you, I die a little which is translated into setiap kali aku mengucapkan sela mat tinggal kepadamu, aku mati sedikit. This translation is like word to word translation. iv. Communicative translation It is different from cultural borrowing since the translator may choose for communicative translation. This is often necessary to transfer culturally conventional principle where a literal rendering would be inappropriate. For example, many proverbs, idioms, and clichés have readily expressed communication equivalents in the TL. It can be assumed that communicative translation is appropriate in the context because it render the situational impact with the TL expression 2002:37. For example, it is raining cats and dogs which is translated into Hujan sangat lebat . v. Cultural transplantation Cultural transplantation is the opposite end of level from exoticism which is the extreme from of all translation, but more like adaptations. The whole part in SL is transplanted into the rewritten expressions of TL. However, on certain points of detail as long as they do not have the impact of the expression that make the TT strange, cultural transplantation maybe considered as a serious option. Normal translation seems avoid the two levels of exoticism and cultural transplantation. Hervey et al, 2002:34. For example, in Lafontaine‟s fable, fox is substituted as kancil , and keju is substituted as dendeng.

3. Theory of Readability

According to Sakri in Nababan 1999:62 readability is derajat kemudahan sebuah tulisan untuk dipahami maksudnya the degree of facilitation of a written text to be understood and read, my translation and a same definition also stated by Richard in Nababan 1999 :62 “how easily written material can be read and understood”. But, on those statement there is no reader‟s participation, since to know that a translation is readable or not, it must be a reader who assess the text, so Dale and Chall in Nababan 1999:63 state that readability, the sum total including the ons of all those elements within a given piece of printed material that affects the success a group of readers have with it. Participation of the readers to assess the readability of a text is an important thing, because the purpose of translating a text is to be read by the reader. According to Nababan‟s in “Strategi Penilaian Kualitas Terjemahan” In Jurnal Linguistik Bahasa there are indicators of readability assessment that is used. Table 2.1. Readability Indicator Score Readability Indicators 1 The TT text is easy to understand. 2 The TT is not really understood, indicated by a dubious meaning. 3 The TT text cannot be understood. “M.R. Nababan, Strategi Penilaian Kualitas Terjemahan, Jurnal Linguistik Bahasa. 54-65 ” with Modification Table 2.2. Readability‟s Score Category Score Readability Category 1-1.6 Readable 1.7-2.3 Quite readable 2.4 – 3 Not readable “M.R. Nababan, Strategi Penilaian Kualitas Terjemahan, Jurnal Linguistik Bahasa. 54-65 ” with Modification The researcher used Nababan‟s indicators of readability because it is simple and easy to be applied. It is also suitable because it can be applied to measure the phrases or sentences. In readability, the respondent are just asked to choose the score between ranges 1-3, 1 is for readable translation, 2 is for a quite readable translation, and 3 is for not readable translation. The score range results from the average score obtained from the respondent.

C. Theoretical Framework

In this research, the researcher discussed two problems related to the theories and studies by using the theory of translation, translation methods and readability. The first problem formulation focuses on the readability of translation gothic terms in Poe‟s “The Masque of The Red Death”. The problem will be answered using the Nababan‟s theory of readability and it is completed by the studies on translation strategies from two undergraduate theses. Nababan‟s instrument is used to measure how readable the translation of gothic terms in Poe‟s “The Masque of The Red Death”. After knowing the readability of gothic translation, this research focus on how the Newmark‟s methods or Hervey and Higgins‟ methods are applied in translating gothic terms from English into Indonesian. The theories of translation method are applied in this undergraduate thesis in order to analyze what methods are used in translating Poe‟s “The Masque of The Red Death”. The review of related studies provides the source to the researcher about the researches that have been done before, which is related to the topic that the researcher uses in this study. 16

CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY

A. Areas of Research

The area of this research is text analysis and translation. The analysis of translated texts involves the textual comparison of a translation with its original Williams and Chesterman, 2002:6. The focus on this research is the analysis of readability and the methods of translation in translating the gothic terms. The readability analysis is used to examine how readable translation text of gothic terms. Analyzing the methods of translation applied in translating the gothic terms are used to know what kind of methods that are used by translator to translate the gothic terms.

B. Object of the Study

The object of this study is gothic term from Poe‟s short story titled “The Masque of The Red Death” and the Indonesian translation “Setan Merah”. The focus of this analysis is the gothic terms appearing in the story. Gothic term could be word, phrase, or sentences. First part of the analysis will be about the readability of the Indonesian translation “Setan Merah”, in order to determine the terms are readable or not. Second part of the analysis will be about the translation methods that are used by translator to translate Poe‟s short story “The Masque of The Red Death” into “Setan Merah”.

C. Method of the Study

The library research and field research were employed. The library research is needed to obtain extra information about the theories and concept that could