The methods in translating gothic context in Poe`s ``The Masque Of The Red Death`` into ``Setan Merah``.
i ABSTRACT
PRASETYO, CHRISTIAN RAMA YUDHA. The Methods in Translating Gothic Context in Poe’s “The Masque of The Red Death” into “Setan Merah” Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University, 2014.
Translating a literary work is not easy. There are many methods and strategies. There are many words, phrases, and sentences that cannot be directly translated. A good method is needed to translate a text, because a method can influence the result of translation. Therefore, it can be assumed that a good method in translating will result a good translation which can be understood by the reader.
The thesis explores the readability of the Indonesian version of the gothic terms in “The Masque of The Red Death”. It also analyzes the methods applied the most in the translation of gothic terms based on Hervey and Higgins’ translation methods, they are exoticism, cultural borrowing, calque, communicative translation, and cultural transplantation.
The research is qualitative, conducting both field and library research to collect the data needed.
The researcher finds out that the average score of the readability of gothic terms in Poe’s short story is 1.35. It also discovers that the most method applied is communicative translation. It takes the highest percentage of 85% of the data. Communicative translation is the most suitable method to translate fiction work, because it is emphasizing more on the meaning. The form is structured in a way that it is readable to the reader. This method helped readers to understand more of the difficult terms in the literary works, because not all terms are familiar in Indonesian culture.
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ii ABSTRAK
PRASETYO, CHRISTIAN RAMA YUDHA. The Methods in Translating Gothic Context in Edgar Allan Poe’s “The Masque of The Red Death” into “Setan Merah”. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University, 2014.
Menerjemahkan sebuah karya sastra tidak mudah, ada banyak metode dan strategi. Banyak kata-kata, frase dan kalimat yang tidak dapat diterjemahkan secara langsung. Metode yang tepat dibutuhkan untuk menerjemahkan sebuah teks, karena metode dapat mempengaruhi hasil dari terjemahan, sehingga dapat di asumsikan bahwa dengan metode penerjemahan yang tepat dapat menghasilkan terjemahan yang baik dan mudah dipahami oleh pembaca.
Penelitian ini meneliti tingkat keterbacaan dari terjemahan istilah-istilah gotik dalam cerita “The Masque of The Red Death”. Penelitian ini juga menganalisis metode penerjemahan yang digunakan untuk menerjemahkan istilah-istilah gotik tersebut berdasarkan metode penerjemahan milik Hervey dan Higgins; yaitu exoticism, cultural borrowing, calque, communicative translation, dan cultural transplantation.
Penelitian ini adalah penelitian kualitatif, yang menggabungkan studi lapangan dan studi pustaka dengan tujuan mengumpulkan data yang dibutuhkan dalam penelitian.
Peneliti menemukan bahwa rata-rata tingkat keterbacaan istilah-istilah gotik pada terjemahan cerita pendek Poe adalah 1.35. Peneliti juga menemukan bahwa metode yang paling banyak digunakan adalah communicative translation dengan presentase tertinggi 85% dari seluruh data. Communicative translation adalah metode yang paling sesuai untuk menerjemahkan cerita fiksi, karena lebih menekankan pada makna. Bentuk kalimatnya disusun sedemikian rupa sehingga dapat diterima oleh pembaca. Metode ini membantu pembaca untuk lebih memahami istilah-istilah asing dalam karya sastra, karena tidak semua istilah tersebut sering digunakan atau akrab dalam kebudayaan Indonesia.
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i
THE METHODS IN TRANSLATING GOTHIC CONTEXT
IN
POE’S
“
THE MASQUE OF THE RED DEATH
”
INTO
“
SETAN MERAH
”
AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra
In English Letters
By
CHRISTIAN RAMA YUDHA PRASETYO Student Number: 104214035
ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS
FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA 2014
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vi
Yesterday is history, tomorrow is a mystery,
and today is a gift of God, which is why we
call it the present.
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vii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First of all, I would like to thank my Jesus Christ for his blessing on me in the whole process of my undergraduate thesis writing.
My grateful thanks are expressed to my great advisor, Harris Hermansyah S., S.S., M.Hum. who spent his time to help me finish this undergraduate thesis with his all bright suggestions. My grateful thanks are also expressed to Anna Fitriati, S.Pd., M.Hum. as my co-advisor during the second process of this thesis writing. I also want to thank all lecturers of English Letters Department USD for all knowledge they had given to me during my study period in Sanata Dharma University. This gratitude is also addressed to Faculty of Letters staff for helping me during this process.
Furthermore, I would like to give grateful thanks to my beloved parents and Irene Fitria Rosita Wardani for such great supports, prayers, care, and love; to my mother who always reminds me to pray for my success, and to my father who always gives supports and reminds me of this thesis. I also want to thank both of my sisters for their time and supports to me. And certainly, my great gratitude is addressed for all my friends, especially those from 2010 class for supporting me and becoming my discussion buddies during my undergraduate thesis writing. May God bless and give grace to us all.
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viii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE ... i
APPROVAL PAGE ... ii
ACCEPTANCE PAGE ... iii
LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYAILMIAH ... iv
STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY ... v
MOTTO PAGE ... vi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ... vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS ... viii
ABSTRACT ... x
ABSTRAK ... xi
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION... 1
A.Background of the Study ... 1
B.Problem Formulation ... 3
C.Objectives of the Study ... 4
D.Definition of Terms ... 4
CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF LITERATURE... 6
A. Review of Related Studies ... 6
B. Review of Related Theories ... 7
1. Theory of Translation ... 7
2. The Theory of Translation Methods ... 8
a. Translation method by Peter Newmark ... 8
b. Translation method by Sandor Hervey and Ian Higgins ... 9
i. Exoticism ... 10
ii. Cultural borrowing ... 11
iii. Calque ... 11
iv. Communicative translation ... 12
v. Cultural transplantation ... 12
3. Theory of Readability ... 13
C. Theoretical Framework ... 14
CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY ... 16
A. Areas of Research ... 16
B. Object of the Study ... 16
C. Method of the Study ... 16
D. Research Procedure... 17
1. Types of Data ... 17
a. Objective Data ... 17
b. Affective Data ... 18
2. Data Collection ... 18
3. Population and Sample ... 20
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ix
CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS ... 22
A. The Readability of The Gothic Terms in “Setan Merah” ... 23
1. Readable ... 23
2. Quite Readable... 32
3. Not Readable ... 36
B. The Method Applied in Translating Gothic Terms ... 38
1. Exoticism Method ... 38
2. Communicative Method ... 39
3. Calque ... 42
4. Cultural Transplantation ... 43
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION ... 45
BIBLIOGRAPHY ... 47
APPENDICES ... 49
Appendix 1: Table of Data ... 49
Appendix 2: Readability Assessment Questionaire ... 57
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x
ABSTRACT
PRASETYO, CHRISTIAN RAMA YUDHA. The Methods in Translating Gothic Context in Poe’s “The Masque of The Red Death” into “Setan Merah” Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University, 2014.
Translating a literary work is not easy. There are many methods and strategies. There are many words, phrases, and sentences that cannot be directly translated. A good method is needed to translate a text, because a method can influence the result of translation. Therefore, it can be assumed that a good method in translating will result a good translation which can be understood by the reader.
The thesis explores the readability of the Indonesian version of the gothic terms in “The Masque of The Red Death”. It also analyzes the methods applied the most in the translation of gothic terms based on Hervey and Higgins‟ translation methods, they are exoticism, cultural borrowing, calque, communicative translation, and cultural transplantation.
The research is qualitative, conducting both field and library research to collect the data needed.
The researcher finds out that the average score of the readability of gothic terms in Poe‟s short story is 1.35. It also discovers that the most method applied is communicative translation. It takes the highest percentage of 85% of the data. Communicative translation is the most suitable method to translate fiction work, because it is emphasizing more on the meaning. The form is structured in a way that it is readable to the reader. This method helped readers to understand more of the difficult terms in the literary works, because not all terms are familiar in Indonesian culture.
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xi
ABSTRAK
PRASETYO, CHRISTIAN RAMA YUDHA. The Methods in Translating Gothic Context in Edgar Allan Poe’s “The Masque of The Red Death” into
“Setan Merah”. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University, 2014.
Menerjemahkan sebuah karya sastra tidak mudah, ada banyak metode dan strategi. Banyak kata-kata, frase dan kalimat yang tidak dapat diterjemahkan secara langsung. Metode yang tepat dibutuhkan untuk menerjemahkan sebuah teks, karena metode dapat mempengaruhi hasil dari terjemahan, sehingga dapat di asumsikan bahwa dengan metode penerjemahan yang tepat dapat menghasilkan terjemahan yang baik dan mudah dipahami oleh pembaca.
Penelitian ini meneliti tingkat keterbacaan dari terjemahan istilah-istilah gotik dalam cerita “The Masque of The Red Death”. Penelitian ini juga menganalisis metode penerjemahan yang digunakan untuk menerjemahkan istilah-istilah gotik tersebut berdasarkan metode penerjemahan milik Hervey dan Higgins; yaitu exoticism, cultural borrowing, calque, communicative translation, dan cultural transplantation.
Penelitian ini adalah penelitian kualitatif, yang menggabungkan studi lapangan dan studi pustaka dengan tujuan mengumpulkan data yang dibutuhkan dalam penelitian.
Peneliti menemukan bahwa rata-rata tingkat keterbacaan istilah-istilah gotik pada terjemahan cerita pendek Poe adalah 1.35. Peneliti juga menemukan bahwa metode yang paling banyak digunakan adalah communicative translation dengan presentase tertinggi 85% dari seluruh data. Communicative translation adalah metode yang paling sesuai untuk menerjemahkan cerita fiksi, karena lebih menekankan pada makna. Bentuk kalimatnya disusun sedemikian rupa sehingga dapat diterima oleh pembaca. Metode ini membantu pembaca untuk lebih memahami istilah-istilah asing dalam karya sastra, karena tidak semua istilah tersebut sering digunakan atau akrab dalam kebudayaan Indonesia.
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1
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the Study
Novel, short story, and poem are examples of literary works. Reading a literary work is interesting because people can easily learn about different cultures from other countries, but the problem is that most of literary works are written in foreign language. To read those literary works in our own language, we need to translate those literary works. Therefore, translation is an important thing to deliver the message from source language (SL) to target language (TL).
To deliver message from one language to another language, translation has a responsibility to disseminate many kind of literary works into another language. Specifically in literary work, translation deals with not only words, phrases, and sentences but also culture, society, and knowledge. Therefore, a translation process is not easy to be done.
To understand a story, a reader of fiction must know the meaning of the story. Therefore, as a translator, understanding and knowing the idea of the story and what the author wants to say through the story is a must. The translator may not forget to deliver the idea without reducing, or change the message of the text in the process of translating into another language.
There is an interesting issue in translating a text, especially a fiction that has complex sentences and specific terms. When translating a literary text, a translator has to pay attention to the linguistic, cultural differences, and the target readers.
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Because literary works are created artistically by increasing the difficulty and length of perception (Huang, 2011:14).
One of the American writers who usually use complex sentences and specific terms is Edgar Allan Poe. Edgar Allan Poe is well-known as a gothic writer. He wrote many short stories and poems, a text of play and a novel. His fiction is commonly an allusion from his own life. His experience about life which is complicated made his work full of terror, “provide with murky psychodrama and extreme conflict” (Miller, 1962: 372-373).
One of Edgar Allan Poe‟s short storiesis “The Masque of The Red Death” which has been translated into Indonesian as “Setan Merah”. In the story, there are many words, phrases, and sentences which describe gothic. Gothic are Poe‟s speciality to describe a horror or something terrible in his story. Poe‟s “The Masque of The Red Death” is an allegory about life, death and powerlessness of human to evade the grip of death. Based on the context of Poe‟s short story, the use of words or phrases such as the redness and the horror of blood is to give a feeling that the story is full of terror and horror. Translating a fiction story that uses specific terms will give positive effects, but sometimes it will make the reader confused because of their unfamiliarity.
To know how a fiction story with specific context is translated well in target language (TL), this thesis tries to analyze the translation methods that are applied in the Poe‟s short story “The Masque of The Red Death” into “Setan Merah”. A right method is needed to translate a text, because a method can influence the
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result of translation. Therefore, it can be assumed that a right method in translating will result a good translation which can be understood by the reader.
In order to get a same feeling from ST to TT, a translator have to know the cultural background, because gothic terms that appear in ST may not be translated into TT because of the cultures different. Gothic originally was applied to a tribe of Germanic barbarians, and this term became associated with ghost stories and horror novel because early gothic novels were associated with Middle Ages.
The gothic terms that appear in Poe‟s short story are interesting to analyze, because there are different perceptions when translating gothic terms to Indonesian culture with the “Gothic” in Western culture.
The differences between Indonesian cultures with Western cultures highlight the translation methods applied in translating the gothic terms into Bahasa Indonesia. Therefore, choosing the right method to make a close equivalent in translating a translation is an important thing, because it can avoid misunderstanding.
The readability of the translation gothic terms in Poe‟s “The Masque of The Red Death” into “Setan Merah” is also analyzed in this research in order to know how readable the translation is.
B. Problem Formulation
The problems are formulated as follows.
1. How is the readability of the translation gothic terms in Poe‟s “The Masque of The Red Death” into “Setan Merah”.
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2. What methods are applied the most in the translation of gothic terms in “The Masque of The Red Death”?
C. Objectives of Study
The first research problem is to find out the readability of the gothic terms in Poe‟s “The Masque of The Red Death” into “Setan Merah”. The second research problem is to find out the translation methods applied in the Indonesian translation “The Masque of The Red Death” to reveal what methods are applied in order to achieve equivalent effect in the translation process of “The Masque of The Red Death” from English to Indonesian.
D. Definition of Terms
Translation is defined translation as the expression in target language of what has been expressed in source language, preserving semantics and stylistics equivalence (Bell, 1991:5-6).
Translation Method/Strategies is the translator‟s overall “game-plan”, consisting of a set of strategic decisions taken after an initial reading of the ST, but before starting detailed translation of it (Hervey and Higgins, 2002:6).
Gothic according to Merriam–Webster, gothic is relating to a style in writing that describes strange or frightening events that take place in mysterious places.
(Merriam-Webster. http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/gothic). Based on the context of Poe‟s short story which happened in the Middle Ages, phrases, words, sentences which are describing strange thing or frightening events and origin from Middl Ages are called as gothic terms.
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According to Literary Terms and Definition, gothic became associated with ghost stories and horror novels because early gothic novels were often associated with the Middle Ages.
(Literary Terms and Definition. http://web.cn.edu/kwheeler/lit_terms_G.html.)
Readability, Dale and Chall said that “Readability is the sum total (including the ons) of all those elements within a given piece of printed material that affects the success a group of readers have with it” (Nababam, 1999:63).
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6
CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
This chapter covers the review of related studies and the review of related theories that shows the relevance of the writers‟s research. There are two related studies that discussed, the first is Yemima Anggraeni Pribadi in her undergraduate thesis “The Study of Translation Methods in Translating Wizardry Terms in J.K Rowling‟s Harry Potter and The Chamber of Secret (2013). The second is Yoana Gita Pradnya Lengari in her undergraduate thesis “The Accuracy, Acceptability, and Translation Strategies of Indonesian Metaphors Translation in Twilight”
(2012).
A. Review of Related Studies
Pribadi in her undergraduate thesis “The Study of Translation Methods in Translating Wizardry Terms in J.K Rowling‟s Harry Potter and The Chamber of Secret (2013) analysed the SL and TL text to find out whether the results of translation of J.K Rowling‟s Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secret are having equivalent effect or not. Then she also analyzed the methods used in translating the wizardry terms and clasify them.
The difference between Pribadi‟s undergraduate thesis and this research is the focus of the study, in this research the focus is on analyzing the method in translating the gothic terms and the readability of the gothic terms.
Lengari in her undergraduate thesis “The Accuracy, Acceptability, and Translation Strategies of Indonesian Metaphors Translation in Twilight” (2012)
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analysed how accurate and acceptable the translation of metaphors found in
Twilight translation, and also what strategies are applied in translating the metaphors in order to be accurate and acceptable by using Larson‟s theory. There are differences between Lengari‟s undergraduate thesis and this research, in this research, the researcher analyzed the readability in order to know how readable the translation of gothic terms, and also analyzed the methods used in translating gothic terms by using Hervey and Higgins‟ theory.
B. Review of Related Theories
To support the analysis, some theories are reviewed in this part. The theories are theory of translation, translation methods, and readability.
1. Theory of Translation
According to Newmark (1981:136) translation is demonstrably a science when one is handling terms of art that have accepted equivalent and terms where one has to find the nearest possible equivalent.
Hatim and Munday (2004:3) are also defined translation as the first sense focuses on the role of the translator in taking the original or source text (ST) and turning it into a text in another language (TT).
Bell (1991:5-6) defines translation as the expression in target language of what has been expressed in source language, preserving semantics and stylistics equivalence. It is replacement of a text in one language by representation of an equivalent text in a second language. Translation transfers sentences from source
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language into target language. Target language should have same meaning with the source language so that it does not lead to misunderstanding.
Hatim and Munday (2004:40-41) state that the attitude to translatability and comprehensibility has given rise to dynamic equivalence or formal equivalence. Formal equivalence is a relation which involves the purely formal replacement of one word of phrase in the SL by another in the TL. Formal equivalence is not same as literal translation because literal translation tend to preserve formal features while a formal translation is formal features that preserved only the text carry contextual valuees that become part of overall text meaning.
2. The Theory of Translation Methods a. Translation method by Peter Newmark
According to Newmark (1981), there are two methods of translation, first is communicative translation and second is semantic translation.
There are wide differences between communicative translation and semantic translation. Communicative translation attempt to produce on its readers an effect as close as posible to that obtained on the readers of the original while semantic translation attempts to render, as cloesely as the semantic and syntactic structures of the SL. Not only that communicative translation try to make the thought of cultural content of the original easier to understand to the readers while the semantic translation remains within the original culture.
Communicative translation is smoother, simpler, clearer, more direct, more conventional, conform to a particular register of language, more understandable.
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Semantic translation is more complex, awkward, detailed, concentrated, and pursue the thought-processes rather than the intention of transmitter.
Most of non literary writing, journalism, informative articles and books, textbooks, reports, scientific and technological writing, propaganda, publicity, and popular fiction represent typical material for communicative translation. For semantic translation, is represented in contents such as philosophical, religious, political, scientific, technical and literary. Those contents are represented as semantic translation because it needs to be translated semantically (Newmark,1981:44).
Newmark also stated that a translation can be more or less semantic – more or less communicative – even a particular section or sentence can be treated more communicatively or less semantically (1981:40).
b. Translation method by Sandor Hervey and Ian Higgins
Some methods from Sandor Hervey and Ian Higgins will be used in this research. In their book, they explained about translation methods that related with the cultural term. They mention some various kinds of cultural transposition which can be alternative to analyze Source Language (SL)-biased literal translation. It means that as a translator tool, cultural transposition can suppress the cultural elements of the source text to make space for the cultural elements of the target text. Some degree of cultural transposition that involves the choice of features original to the Target Language (TL) and the target culture in preference to feature with their root in the source culture. The result is to reduce the
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„foreignness‟ or the specific term in the TL. In some extents, it is „naturalizing‟ into the TL and its cultural setting. (2002:33)
The various degree of cultural transposition can be visualized as points along a scale. It starts between the extremes of exoticism which mostly based on source culture and the other part is cultural transplantation which is mostly based on on the target culture.
Exoticism
Cultural
Borrowing Calque
Communicative Translation
Cultural Transplantation
(Hervey et al, 2002:33) i. Exoticism
Exoticism is a part of literal translations which has the extreme option in indicating cultural foreignness in a TL. A TL is translated in exotic manner to convey the signals of the exotic source culture and its cultural strangeness. It is a choice to import the linguistic and cultural features from SL to TL. In this process, the adaptation is rarely used to maintain the cultural foreignness. The result here is that foreign features remained in the TL. The only possible advantage of the literal translation is its exoticism, but this advantage is cancelled by two things: the obscurity of the TL and the lack of contextual meaning. If there were good reasons for preserving the exoticism, one could diminish these advantages by indirectly signaling in the TL (2002:34). For example, I want to check this file which is translated into Saya ingin memeriksa file ini. The word file can also be
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translated into berkas but to give an exotic nuance, the word file is still translated into file.
ii. Cultural borrowing
The method is particularly to transfer a SL expression faithfully into the TL. The translator will choose it when it shows impossible to find a suitable TL expression of original for translating the SL expression. A vital condition of cultural borrowing is that the textual context of the TL should make the meaning of the borrowed expression clear.
Cultural borrowing will be most frequent in text on history or social or political matters, where the simplest solution is to give a definition of term like „departement‟, or „pre-revolution‟ „parlement‟ and then to use the SL word in the TT (Hervey et al, 2002:36). Furthermore, when the term of SL has already passed into the TL without significant change of meaning, the constituting standard conventional equivalents of the SL borrowed. In this case, the translator may use significant decision of the TL which equivalent to the SL.
For example, demokrasi, bank, and gender. Those words are borrowed and sometimes are naturalized.
iii. Calque
Calque is an expression that consists of TL words and is acceptable as TL syntax, but is unidiomatic in the TL because it is modeled on the structure of an SL expression. In essence, calque is a form of literal translation. A bad calque is imitating ST features to the point of being ungrammatical in the TL, while a good calques manages to compromise between imitating a SL structure and not
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offending against the grammar of the TL. Furthermore, some calqued expressions become standard TL cultural equivalent of the SL. For example are French „poids moucche‟, calqued on English „flyweight‟; French-Canadian „bienvennue‟ calque in English „you‟re welcome‟. Like all forms of cultural borrowing, calque shows signs of a certain degree of exoticism, bringing into the TL the cultural foreignness and strangeness of the source cultures (Hervey et al, 2002:35). Another example of calque, everytime I say good bye to you, I die a little which is translated into setiap kali aku mengucapkan selamat tinggal kepadamu, aku mati sedikit. This translation is like word to word translation.
iv. Communicative translation
It is different from cultural borrowing since the translator may choose for communicative translation. This is often necessary to transfer culturally conventional principle where a literal rendering would be inappropriate. For example, many proverbs, idioms, and clichés have readily expressed communication equivalents in the TL. It can be assumed that communicative translation is appropriate in the context because it render the situational impact with the TL expression (2002:37). For example, it is raining cats and dogs which is translated into Hujan sangat lebat.
v. Cultural transplantation
Cultural transplantation is the opposite end of level from exoticism which is the extreme from of all translation, but more like adaptations. The whole part in SL is transplanted into the rewritten expressions of TL. However, on certain points of detail as long as they do not have the impact of the expression that make
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the TT strange, cultural transplantation maybe considered as a serious option. Normal translation seems avoid the two levels of exoticism and cultural transplantation. (Hervey et al, 2002:34). For example, in Lafontaine‟s fable, fox is substituted as kancil, and keju is substituted as dendeng.
3. Theory of Readability
According to Sakri in Nababan (1999:62) readability is derajat kemudahan sebuah tulisan untuk dipahami maksudnya (the degree of facilitation of a written text to be understood and read, my translation) and a same definition also stated by Richard in Nababan (1999:62) “how easily written material can be read and understood”. But, on those statement there is no reader‟s participation, since to know that a translation is readable or not, it must be a reader who assess the text, so Dale and Chall in Nababan (1999:63) state that readability, the sum total (including the ons) of all those elements within a given piece of printed material that affects the success a group of readers have with it.
Participation of the readers to assess the readability of a text is an important thing, because the purpose of translating a text is to be read by the reader.
According to Nababan‟s in “Strategi Penilaian Kualitas Terjemahan” In Jurnal Linguistik Bahasa there are indicators of readability assessment that is used.
Table 2.1. Readability Indicator
Score Readability Indicators
1 The TT text is easy to understand.
2 The TT is not really understood, indicated by a dubious meaning. 3 The TT text cannot be understood.
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“M.R. Nababan, "Strategi Penilaian Kualitas Terjemahan", Jurnal Linguistik Bahasa. 54-65” (with Modification)
Table 2.2. Readability‟s Score Category Score Readability
Category 1-1.6 Readable 1.7-2.3 Quite readable 2.4 – 3 Not readable
“M.R. Nababan, "Strategi Penilaian Kualitas Terjemahan", Jurnal Linguistik Bahasa. 54-65” (with Modification)
The researcher used Nababan‟s indicators of readability because it is simple and easy to be applied. It is also suitable because it can be applied to measure the phrases or sentences. In readability, the respondent are just asked to choose the score between ranges 1-3, 1 is for readable translation, 2 is for a quite readable translation, and 3 is for not readable translation. The score range results from the average score obtained from the respondent.
C. Theoretical Framework
In this research, the researcher discussed two problems related to the theories and studies by using the theory of translation, translation methods and readability. The first problem formulation focuses on the readability of translation gothic terms in Poe‟s “The Masque of The Red Death”. The problem will be answered using the Nababan‟s theory of readability and it is completed by the studies on translation strategies from two undergraduate theses.
Nababan‟s instrument is used to measure how readable the translation of gothic terms in Poe‟s “The Masque of The Red Death”. After knowing the
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readability of gothic translation, this research focus on how the Newmark‟s methods or Hervey and Higgins‟ methods are applied in translating gothic terms from English into Indonesian. The theories of translation method are applied in this undergraduate thesis in order to analyze what methods are used in translating Poe‟s “The Masque of The Red Death”.
The review of related studies provides the source to the researcher about the researches that have been done before, which is related to the topic that the researcher uses in this study.
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16
CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
A. Areas of Research
The area of this research is text analysis and translation. The analysis of translated texts involves the textual comparison of a translation with its original (Williams and Chesterman, 2002:6). The focus on this research is the analysis of readability and the methods of translation in translating the gothic terms. The readability analysis is used to examine how readable translation text of gothic terms. Analyzing the methods of translation applied in translating the gothic terms are used to know what kind of methods that are used by translator to translate the gothic terms.
B. Object of the Study
The object of this study is gothic term from Poe‟s short story titled “The Masque of The Red Death” and the Indonesian translation “Setan Merah”.
The focus of this analysis is the gothic terms appearing in the story. Gothic term could be word, phrase, or sentences. First part of the analysis will be about the readability of the Indonesian translation “Setan Merah”, in order to determine the terms are readable or not. Second part of the analysis will be about the translation methods that are used by translator to translate Poe‟s short story “The Masque of The Red Death” into “Setan Merah”.
C. Method of the Study
The library research and field research were employed. The library research is needed to obtain extra information about the theories and concept that could
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support the analysis in this thesis. The field research is used to find out the readability of the translation through the questionnaire and analyze the method of translation. Respondents are needed to assess the readability of the translation. D. Research Procedure
1. Types of Data a. Objective Data
Objective data are taken from the source text (ST) and target text (TT). This thesis has two data as its objects. The first is gothic terms taken from Tales of Edgar Allan Poe published by Random House Of New York. The book contains of twenty seven Poe‟s stories and 561 pages. The story that is used as source text in this research is “The Masque of The Red Death”. “The Masque of The Red Death” contains 8 pages. There are 37 data that are collected from Poe‟s short story “The Masque of The Red Death”. The second object is the gothic terms taken from Kisah - Kisah Tengah Malam which ispublished by Gramedia Pustaka Utama in 2010. The book contains of fourteen translated story of Edgar Allan Poe, one of them is “Setan Merah” which is used as target text..
The data of gothic terms consist of words, phrases, or sentences. Based on the context of Poe‟s short story which happened in the Middle Ages, phrases, words, sentences which are describing strange thing or frightening events are called as gothic terms. The data from ST are listed and compared with Indonesian translation or target text (TT), then the data from TT is used to make a questionnaire that will be given to the respondent. The data is stated in complete sentence and then analyzed to find out the method that came along with it.
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b. Affective Data
Affective data are taken from the readers, respondents or both. These data might be garnered from the questionnaires, interviews, observation, and focused group discussion.
The survey research was used in this thesis to collect the affective data from respondent. The data were used to keep validity of the data. People who like reading a novel or short story or prose, especially Edgar Allan Poe‟s work was chosen to assess the readability of the translation. There were nine respondents that assessed the readability questionnaire. The respondents were the students of English Letters Department, Sanata Dharma University who were in 8 semesters or year of 2010. Since there were four classes in the year of 2010, 2 students of each class were selected to assess the questionnaires. One respondent was selected from the tutors of structure class. The respondents were chosen because they have a good grade of the course in literature and linguistics.
2. Data Collection
The data in this thesis were taken from the text and questionnaires. The data of gothic terms in “The Masque of The Red Death” were chosen as the main source. The data were taken from all pages in “The Masque of The Red Death” from the whole story randomly. The main data were the words, phrases or sentences that related with gothic terms. All the gothic terms in “The Masque of The Red Death” and “Setan Merah” were highlighted to help the writer highligting the data. The data in the sentences that have been highlighted were listed in a column titled source text (ST) and target text (TT). All the data from ST
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and TT would be analyzed in the next part. This could be useful in the analysis because the translation of those words and the differences can be seen clearly.
Code Source Text Code Target Text
3/ST/TMOTRD
The scarlet stains upon the body especially upon the face of the victim were pest ban which shut him out from the aid and from the sympathy of this fellow men.
3/TT/SM
Merah darah
menodai tubuh dan wajah para korban, seolah menjadi tanda khusus agar mereka dikucilkan oleh masyarakat umum, tidak diberi pertolongan sama sekali.
In which:
3 : The number of data ST : Source Text
TMOTRD : The Masque of The Red Death TT : Target Text
SM : “Setan Merah”
The data which were collected were also used to assess the the readability of translation. The questionnaires were open-ended, meaning that the respondent did not only choice some options but also were given opportunity to give comments.
No Code Target Text
Score 1 2 3 1. 1/TT/SM Tidak ada wabah penyakit lain yang
lebih fatal, ataupun lebih mengerikan. Komentar:
Several respondents were chosen to give their score and suggestion or opinion to each data that was presented in the table.
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3. Population and Sample
The population of the data was gothic terms that consist of words, phrases or sentences in Poe‟s works “The Masque of The Red Death” or its translation “Setan Merah”. From 8 pages in “The Masque of The Red Death”, 37 data that were collected were related to gothic terms. Those data were used to assess the readability and to find the methods applied in translating “The Masque of The Red Death” into “Setan Merah”. Since there were only 37 data, no samples were taken. All the population were analyzed.
4. Data Analysis
The affective data from the questionnaire assessed by respondents were accumulated in order to get the total score. After getting total score, the average score of the data is counted in order to get the final score of the readability.
The assessment on the readability of “Setan Merah” involved nine respondents who are the students of English Letters Department of year 2010, Sanata Dharma University. Here are the examples of the analysis.
No Code Target Text Score
3. 3/TT/SM
Merah darah menodai tubuh dan wajah para korban, seolah menjadi tanda khusus agar mereka dikucilkan oleh masyarakat umum, tidak diberi pertolongan sama sekali.
1.3
The data 3/TT/SM is considered as readable, whereas some respondents considered it as quite readable. Some respondents think that the use of the word “Merah Darah” is confusing because can give two different interpretation. “Merah
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darah” can be interpreted as a blood which is stain upon the body or a color of red which like a blood stain upon the body.
Code Source Text Target Text Translation Method 20/TT/
SM
Be sure they were
grotesque.
Pastikan karakter kalian
mengerikan.
Communicative translation
The term „grotesque‟ according to Oxford dictionary means „ugly or absurd in offensive way‟. Because Poe‟s works are well-known with a gothic, the translator is trying in his or her language to make it feel same with the original by translating the word „grotesque‟into mengerikan rather than translate it into aneh
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22
CHAPTER IV
ANALYSIS RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
In this chapter, the problems formulated in chapter I are discussed. As stated in chapter I, there are two problems analyzed and discussed. The first part discussed the readability of gothic terms in “Setan Merah”. The research moved into second part that discussed the methods applied in translating gothic terms in Poe‟s short story “The Masque of The Red Death” into “Setan Merah”. The result of the data collection is discussed and analyzed in this chapter.
The readability analysis of gothic terms in “Setan Merah” is examined by distributing the questionnaires to the selected TT readers. It is done to find out the readability of each data and the whole data. The result of each data is elaborated to find the translation of gothic terms in “Setan Merah” is readable or not by displaying the readability rating and analyzing the data before the elaboration of the data itself.
In the second step, the analysis based on the gothic terms and the translation methods applied in translating gothic terms in “The Masque of The Red Death” as the ST and “Setan Merah” as the TT. To analyze the methods applied in translating “The Masque of The Red Death” into “Setan Merah” the translation method by Newmark and Hervey and Higgins are used here. The result of the analysis in the readability and the methods applied in translating the text is elaborates to find the methods applied in translating the text is easy to understand or not.
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A. The Readability of The Gothic Terms in “Setan Merah”
The first discussion of the analysis is to answer the first problem, which is how readable the translation of gothic terms in Poe‟s “The Masque of The Red Death” into “Setan Merah”. As explained in method of the study, the assessment of readability involved nine respondents who are the students of English Letters Department, Sanata Dharma University. The score of each data which was given by respondents were accumulated in order to get the total score. The average score of each data was counted in order to get the final score of the data.
The instrument that was used to assess the readability is a modification of Nababan‟s indicators. There were 1-3 scale options in the readability instrument. Each scale was indicated by some criteria. The indicators can be seen in the chapter II.
From 8 pages in “The Masque of The Red Death” there were 37 data that were collected related to gothic terms. The score showed that from 37 data there were 27 data which were readable, 9 data which were quite readable and 1 data which was not readable. The overall average score for the data collection on readability assessment was 1.35 that was categorized as readable. Here is the discussion of the data.
1. Readable
The score of readable refers to Nababan‟s instrument is 1.0 to 1.6. It means that all data which have score 1.0 to 1.6 are categorized as readable. From twenty seven data showed that there were twelve data scored 1.0, two data scored 1.1,
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five data scored 1.2, five data scored 1.3, 2 data scored 1.4, and 1 data scored 1.6. Here is the chart of the readable data.
The discussion of readable data is explained in the following.
No Code Target Text Score
4. 4/TT/SM
Namun Pangeran Prospero adalah orang yang ceria, tak kenal rasa takut, dan
bijaksana.
1.0
The data 4/TT/SM has score 1.0 which means all respondents give score 1, all of the respondents can understand clearly because the phrase and the word
ceria, tak kenal rasa takut dan bijaksana is so familiar. It is common in our perception that a prince has characters like that.
No Code Target Text Score
6. 6/TT/SM Gereja itu dikelilingi dinding tebal dan
kuat. 1.0
12
2
5 5 2
1 0
5 10 15
1 1,1 1,2 1,3 1,4 1,5 1,6
Readable
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A church which has a strong and lofty wall is so familiar. Therefore the words tebal and kuat in this sentence is clear enough to be understood. All of the respondents can understand this sentence easily.
No Code Target Text Score
12. 12/TT/SM Pesta topeng itu sungguh memukau. 1.0
This sentence shows that the masquerade is amazing. The word memukau is an expression of being amazed. So the expression memukau in this sentence is appropriated and can be understood clearly by the respondents.
No Code Target Text Score
17. 17/TT/SM
Tapi ketika gema suara dentang jam hilang sama sekali, tawa ringan serta-merta mengisi keheningan dalam pesta itu; para musisi saling menatap satu sama lain dan melempar senyum lega
seraya membisikkan janji bahwa nanti saat jam berdentang lagi mereka takkan menunjukkan reaksi gugup yang sama.
1.0
The phrase melempar senyum lega is a common expression that is used by people. There is no difficulty to understand the phrase. Therefore all respondents in this data give score 1.0.
No Code Target Text Score
23. 23/TT/SM Lalu, tiba-tiba jam dinding berwarna
hitam itupun berdentang. 1.0
All of the respondents can easily understand the phrase jam dinding berwarna hitam and the word berdentang. It is understood that a clock especially
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an antique/old clock can result a sound. Therefore, all of respondents give score 1.0 to this data.
No Code Target Text Score
33. 33/TT/SM
“Siapa yang berani?” tanyanya pada para peserta pesta di sekitarnya –siapa yang berani melakukan penghinaan ini
terhadap kita semua?
1.0
The phrase penghinaan ini in the data 33/TT/SM is clearly understood by the respondents. Penghinaan is an act that does not show a respect to someone, so all of the respondents can understand the meaning.
No Code Target Text Score
35. 35/TT/SM
Ia menarik sebilah pisau dari balik sabuk dan melangkah lebih dekat ke arah sosok berjubah hitam yang memunggunginya.
1.0
Melangkah lebih dekat ke arah sosok berjubah hitam in the data 35/TT/SM has scored 1.0. It means that all of respondents can understand the meaning of that phrase. Even the respondents did not know who is meant in the phrase sosok berjubah hitam, the respondents still can understand the context that it is a “strange thing”.
No Code Target Text Score
10. 10/TT/SM Tanpa si “Setan Merah” 1.1 The score 1.1 on data 10/TT/SM is the average score that is given by the respondents. But one of the respondents thinks that the phrase Setan Merah can give more than one interpretation, for example, it can be interpreted as Setan yang Jahat or Ghost, and Si Jago Api or a Fire.
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No Code Target Text Score
26. 26/TT/SM
Di dalam ruangan penuh manusia berkostum dan bertopeng aneh, tentunya penampilan serupa takkan menarik perhatian mereka.
1.1
The translation is readable based on the score given which is 1.1. But there is a respondent who gives score 2, the respondent thinks that the word manusia is more appropriate if it is changed into orang-orang. It sounds unsual and not polite, because it is usual when we said disana berkumpul orang-orang rather than disana berkumpul manusia.
No Code Target Text Score
1. 1/TT/SM Tidak ada wabah penyakit lain yang
lebih fatal, ataupun lebih mengerikan. 1.2
The phrase lebih fatal can be understood by the reader, but it is more readable if the phrase fatal changes into mematikan, because word „fatal’ based on Oxford‟s Dictionary has meaning causing or ending in death or based on Echols and Sadily English-Indonesian, fatal can be translated into yang menimbulkan kematian. In KBBI, fatal means mematikan, while the word mematikan based on KBBI means menyebabkan mati or causing death which has same meaning with „fatal‟. So, the translation of „fatal‟ also can be translated into mematikan.
However, the data 1/TT/SM is considered as readable by the respondents.
No Code Target Text Score
11. 11/TT/SM
Sekitar lima atau enam bukan sejak mereka menutup pintu gereja dari dunia luar, sementara wabah mematikan itu mulai menjajah negara negara asing, Pangeran Prospero memutuskan untuk
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menghibur seribu teman-temanya dengan
mengadakan pesta topeng yang megah.
There are two of the respondents who give score 2. They give score 2 on this data because they think that phrase pesta topeng yang megah can give two meanings, which is a luxurious party using mask or a party using fine mask
No Code Target Text Score
20. 20/TT/SM Pastikan karakter kalian mengerikan. 1.2
The word mengerikan is better if change into menakutkan. However, the word mengerikan and menakutkan based on KBBI (Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia) has close meaning. Mengerikan has a meaning give rise to sense of horror or a feel of fear with something, while menakutkan has a meaning arouse a feeling of fear or to make someone feels of fear. So, in the context the word
menakutkan is more appropriate because the context is to make someone feels of fear by seeing their character.
No Code Target Text Score
32. 32/TT/SM
Ketika Pangeran Prospero melihat sosok tersebut (ia melakukannya pelan-pelan,
seolah ingin mengamati lebih jelas, menyeruak di antara para peserta pesta)
ia segera kejang-kejang, lalu gemetar tak keruan, dihantui teror tak
berkesudahan; sesaat kemudian, wajahnya memerah karena marah.
1.2
The data is readable even there is a word which is weird. The word is
segera, based on KBBI, it means tergesa-gesa or being rush. It is better if that word is removed and changed into menjadi, because based on KBBI, it means
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berubah keadaan lain or change into something else. So it can be more readable if the word segera is changed into menjadi.
No Code Target Text Score
34. 34/TT/SM
Pada saat ini, dengan amarah meledak-ledak, Pangeran Prospero yang malu karena tadi sempat ketakutan, buru-buru melalui keenam kamar dengan urutan yang sama tanpa ada yang mengikuti karena takut terjadi sesuatu yang tidak diinginkan.
1.2
On the data 34/TT/SM the phrase dengan amarah meledak-ledak is better if in that data is added conjunction yang because it can emphasize the word
-meledak-ledak. So the phrase becomes dengan amarah yang meledak-ledak.
No Code Target Text Score
3. 3/TT/SM
Merah darah menodai tubuh dan wajah para korban, seolah menjadi tanda khusus agar mereka dikucilkan oleh masyarakat umum, tidak diberi pertolongan sama sekali
1.3
Three respondents think that the use of the word Merah Darah is confusing because it can give two different interpretations, Merah darah can be interpreted as a blood which is stain upon the body or a color of red which like a blood stain upon the body.
No Code Target Text Score
22. 22/TT/SM
Selain itu juga ada para peserta yang mengenakan kostum bergaya sama dengan yang dikenakan sang pangeran.
1.3
In the Data 22/TT/SM there is a word that can be removed to make it more readable. The word is dikenakan, the word dikenakan is reversing the word
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mengenakan so it is better if the word dikenakan is removed because, without that word, the readers already get the meaning. Then the phrase could be …
mengenakan kostum bergaya sama dengan sang pangeran.
No Code Target Text Score
30. 30/TT/SM
Tapi semua ini masih bisa ditoleransi oleh para peserta, andai sosok itu tidak mendandani dirinya seperti si Setan Merah
1.3
Most of respondents give score 1 but three of them give score 2. They think that Setan Merah has several meanings. It can be interpreted as Setan yang Jahat
or a Ghost, and Si Jago Api or a Fire.
No Code Target Text Score
31. 31/TT/SM
Jubah hitamnya menampakkan bercak darah dan alis di atas topeng yang ia kenakan juga terpercik darah.
1.3
One of the respondents gives score 3 on this text, means that rewrite and restructuring is needed. The word menampakkan is not appropriate, the translation of the text that can be more understood is Bercak darah terlihat pada jubah hitamnya dan alis diatas topeng… However the data 31/TT/SM is still considered as readable because the total score is 1.3.
No Code Target Text Score
37. 37/TT/SM Kegelapan, kematian, dan Setan Merah
menguasai alam semesta. 1.3
The respondents can understand the text, but three of them give score 2 because they think that the word menguasai should be replaced with a metaphor
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No Code Target Text Score
9. 9/TT/SM
Tindakan antisipasi semacam ini membuat mereka yang tinggal di dalamnya merasa tenang takkan tertular wabah mematikan yang merebak dimana-mana.
1.4
On the data 9/TT/SM the word dimana-mana could be rewrited because it makes confusion. To make it more clear and easy to understand, between a conjunction yang and a word merebak, can be added word sedang. Based on those suggestions, the phrase on this data could be changed into tertular wabah mematikan yang sedang merebak.
No Code Target Text Score
25. 25/TT/SM
Keberadaan sosok ini pun kemudian menjadi berita gosip yang disampaikan lewat bisikan dari satu orang ke orang berikutnya, menciptakan suasana baru, di antara para peserta sebelum akhirnya
mereka menunjukkan reaksi ngeri, takut, dan jijik.
1.4
On data 25/TT/SM 4 of respondents give score 2. They think that the words
ngeri and takut have closed meaning, it sounds weird if those words are used in same phrase. It is better if only use one of them, ngeri or takut.
No Code Target Text Score
16. 16/TT/SM
Tetapi di kamar terakhir yang
bernuansa hitam, cahaya batu bara yang menyeruak di antara dekorasi ruangan yang pekat, melalui lapisan kaca berwarna merah darah, justru
menghadirkan bayangan mengerikan, membuat siapa saja yang berkunjung kedalamnya tertegun bisu, jantung mereka berdebar hebat, hingga hanya segelintir orang saja yang berani masuk kesana.
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In this data, 5 of the respondents give score 2. They think that there is problem in the phrase kamar terakhir bernuansa hitam, it can be interpreted into two meanings, the first is a room painted with black color and the second is a horror room. Also the words tertegun and bisu have a closed meaning. Based on KBBI tertegun means terdiam which means no sound or not do anything while
bisu based on KBBI also has a meaning no sound. So, the word bisu in phrase
tertegun bisu is better removed because the word tertegun already gives the meaning of bisu or silent. If tertegun and bisu appear in one phrase, the meaning is reversing. When someone tertegun of course he/she will not do anything even speaks, in this case he/she will silent.
2. Quite Readable
The average score of the data from 1.7 to 2.3 based on the Nababan‟s instrument is considered as quite readable. From nine quite readable data showed that there were four data scored 1.7, three data scored 1.8, two data scored 1.9. Here is the chart of the quite readable data.
The discussion of quite readable data is explained in the following. 4
3 2
0 5
1,7 1,8 1,9 2 2,1 2,2 2,3
Quite Readable
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No Code Target Text Score
2. 2/TT/SM
Darah adalah simbol sekaligus segelnya, merahnya yang menyala, sekaligus meneror
1.7
On the data 2/TT/SM there is a problem in understanding the text by the readers or respondents. The use suffix –nya in words segel and merah is confusing. In the sentence, blood is a seal, but when the suffix –nya is added in word merah it can be interpreted as a blood or a thing which is sealed.
No Code Target Text Score
15. 15/TT/SM Dari situ terciptalah beragam bentuk
bayangan fantastis. 1.7
The word fantastis in phrase beragam bentuk bayangan fantastis is not clear, if fantastis means unsual, the phrase would be better beragam bentuk bayangan aneh. The score of the data is 1.7 so the data is considered as quite readable.
No Code Target Text Score
18. 18/TT/SM Ia tidak mengacuhkan popularitas gaya
hidup yang diadopsi masyarakat umum 1.7
The phrase tidak mengacuhkan is not appropriate in the sentence. A phrase
tidak memedulikan is more appropriate and clear to be understood by the readers or respondents. The word mengacuhkan which is derived from acuh is not a common word. People in their daily mostly used word peduli rather than acuh. For example, aku tidak peduli and aku tidak acuh, people in their daily rarerly used the sentence aku tidak acuh they are commonly used aku tidak peduli. So, the phrase of tidak memedulikan is better and easy to be understood.
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No Code Target Text Score
19. 19/TT/SM
Rencananya selalu mengandung unsur keberanian serta amarah, dan setiap desainnya menunjukkan hawa nafsu binatang meletup-letup.
1.7
Six of respondents give score 2 on this data, they are confused with the meaning of phrase hawa nafsu binatang meletup-letup, is the desire of animal which is very high or the animal itself which aggressive. The translation would be better if hawa nafsu yang meletup-letup seperti seekor binatang.
No Code Target Text Score
5. 5/TT/SM
Ketika setengah dari populasi manusia di daerah kekuasaannya menjadi korban wabah mematikan tersebut, ia memanggil seribu teman yang bertubuh sehat serta berhati riang dari antara para kesatria dan putri kerajaan. Dikelilingi oleh tubuh-tubuh sehat, ia akhirnya beristirahat di dalam gereja yang berbentuk seperti istana.
1.8
The phrase manusia di daerah kekuasaanya is confusing, is the people or the area which has been owned. And also the phrase gereja yang berbentuk seperti istana has a meaning that it is a church which looks like a castle, but in the whole sentences, it is about princess and knights, it is not really related with a church. It is better if the phrase become istana yang berbentuk seperti gereja.
No Code Target Text Score
8. 8/TT/SM
Mereka tidak membawa barang-barang lain yang bisa memicu sikap depresi atau kondisi mental lainnya.
1.8
On this data, the phrase kondisi mental lainnya actually can be understood, but it sounds unfamiliar because kondisi mental lainnya has many meanings such
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as unconfident, paranoid, phobias and etc. It can more clear if it is replaced with one of those word.
No Code Target Text Score
24. 24/TT/SM
Kamar-kamar tersebut (kecuali kamar bernuansa hitam) terkesan ramai padat, dan ditengah semua itu berdetaklah jantung kehidupan yang gemetar.
1.8
There is a word which is confusing on the data 24/TT/SM the word is
gemetar in phrase berdetaklah jantung kehidupan yang gemetar, it is confusing because jantung can not shake, berdetaklah jantung kehidupan is already give the meaning. The word gemetar is not needed in this phrase or can be removed.
No Code Target Text Score
14. 14/TT/SM
Namun, didalam istana ini, bentuk kamar itu sungguh berbeda, sesuai dengan kecintaan sang pangeran terhadap apa-apa saja yang bersifat aneh.
1.9
The phrase apa-apa saja sounds unfamiliar. It is better if the phrase apa-apa saja replaced by segala sesuatu, so the reader can understand the meaning of the text easily.
No Code Target Text Score
21. 21/TT/SM
Maka para peserta pun mengaplikasikan efek ini-itu untuk menjadi bintang tamu paling unik di sana, sementara mereka saling menatap satu sama lain, dari ujung kepala hingga kaki, kostum-kostum antic bertebaran di mana-mana, memukau, kemilau, menghasilkan efek ilusi seperti yang ditampilkan dalam pertunjukkan drama berjudul Hernani.
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The phrase mengaplikasikan efek ini-itu is not clear, mengaplikasikan is better replaced by memberi, and ini-itu is better replaced by berbagai macam. So the phrase becomes member berbagai macam efek. However, the data is considered as quite readable.
3. Not Readable
The average score of the data from 2.4 to 3 based on the Nababan‟s instrument is considered as not readable. There was only one data which was considered as not readable. Here is the chart of not readable category.
The discussion of quite readable data is explained in the following.
No Code Target Text Score
7. 7/TT/SM
Sementara mereka yang diundang ke dalamnya diminta membawa perangkat gas dan memasak, berikut palu besar, sebelum menyolder gembok pintu gereja.
2.4
The data 7/TT/SM is the only data which is considered as not readable. Most of respondents give score 2 even 3 on this data. The phrases membawa perangkat gas and menyolder gembok pintu gereja are hard to understand by the most of respondents. Perangkat gas and menyolder are something that only exist in
1
0 0,5 1 1,5
2,4 2,5 2,6 2,7 2,8 2,9 3
Not Readable
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modern era, while the setting of the story is classic. It would be understood if the phrases become membawa peralatan memasak, and mengunci gembok pintu gereja.
Here is the chart of readability assessment, from 37 data, there are 27 data readable, 9 data quite readable, and 1 data not readable.
From the readability score of each translation item, the number of translation readability of gothic terms in Poe‟s short story “The Masque of Red Death” can be calculated as follows:
X‟ =
Average score of total respondents Total respondents
X‟
=
Mean (the average score) of the assessment of readability X‟ =1.43 + 1.49 + 1.41 + 1.24 + 1.54 + 1.27 + 1.3+ 1.3 + 1.19 9
X‟
=
1.35The average score of the translation gothic terms in Poe‟s short story “The Masque of The Red Death” is 1.35 out of 3. Based on Nababan‟s readability
27
9
1 0
20 40
Readable Quite Readable Not Readable
Readable Quite Readable Not Readable
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indicator, the translation gothic terms are considered as readable. The readers are understood the meaning or the message easily.
B. The Method Applied in Translating Gothic Terms 1. Exoticism Method
Exoticism method is a method that used to give “exotic” nuance to the translation. It is found in the translation of the word „fatal‟ and „fantastic‟. The translator translated that word by using exoticism method because he/she wants to give “original” nuance to the translation.
No Code Source Text Code Target Text
1 1/ST/TMOTRD No pestilence had ever been so fatal,
or so
hideous.
1/TT/SM Tidak ada wabah penyakit lain yang lebih fatal, ataupun
lebih mengerikan.
The word „fatal‟ is translated into fatal in TL. Actually, in Indonesian based on KBBI fatal has meaning mematikan, or in English, causing or ending in death. The translator translated the word „fatal‟into fatal because he/she wants to make the reader feels like the original. The word „fatal‟ can also be translated into
mematikan but the translation of fatal is still readable because it carries the meaning of the SL. The word is rooted of Latin fatalis „ordained by fate‟, from fatum „sense of causing death‟ (http://www.etymonline.com)
Word “hideous” which is translated into mengerikan of course is not an exotic method. The word “hideous” here can be classified to communicative method because based on Shadily and Echols‟ English-Indonesian Dictionary,
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“hideous” means seram or mengerikan. It is already emphasized on the message meaning. The focus of this data is on the word “fatal” which is translated into
fatal because the exotic nuance is shown in that word, it keeps the originality of the word.
No Code Source Text Code Target Text
15 15/ST/TMOTRD And thus were produced a multitude of gaudy and fantastic appearances.
15/TT/SM Dari situ terciptalah
beragam bentuk bayangan fantastis.
The word „fantastic‟ formally means imaginative or fanciful; remote from reality. This word is root of Latin word phantasticus „imaginary‟
(http://www.etymonline.com). The word „fantastic‟ is translated into fantastis in TL. Based on KBBI fantastis has meaning tidak nyata, tidak masuk akal, sangat luar biasa. Here, the translator again wants to give the original nuance from SL to the TL. The word fantastis is still carries the meaning of „fantastic‟ in the SL, the
meaning is closed related, it can be understood by the reader even the word is translated to fantastis.
2. Communicative Method
The method of communicative is emphasized on the message meaning. This method is used to translate words or phrases that can make the reader confused or not understand to the context. The semantic translation by Newmark is involved in this category because the type produces the contextual meaning in TL which is
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equivalent with the SL meaning. It is similar with communicative translation which render the message of SL into TL as close as possible to the original. Here the analysis will be explained by 6 data:
No Code Source Text Code Target Text
2 2/ST/TMOTRD Blood was its avatar and its seal –the redness and
the horror of blood
2/TT/SM Darah adalah symbol sekaligus segelnya,
merahnya yang menyala, sekaligus meneror. 25 25/ST/TMOTRD And the rumor of this
new presence having spread itself whispering around, there arose at length from the whole company a buzz,or murmur, expressive of disapprobation and surprise then, finally, of terror, of horror, and of disgust.
25/TT/SM Keberadaan sosok ini pun kemudian menjadi berita gossip yang disampaikan lewat bisikan dari satu orang ke orang
berikutnya, menciptakan suasana baru, di antara para peserta sebelum akhirnya mereka menunjukkan reaksi ngeri, takut, dan jijik.
„Horror of the blood‟ is translated into meneror, and based on KBBI meneror
means do a cruel thing to make someone fear or scared. „Horror‟ is also translated into takut, andbased on KBBI takut means feels of fear. The translator attempts to communicate the message that horror is a situation that can make someone feels of fear or there is something cruel that makes someone feels of fear in this context is blood. This method results the effect in readers‟ understanding to the original context and the translation is clearer and readable.
The phrases „the redness‟, „expressive of disapprobation and surprise‟ „of terror‟ and „of disgust‟ which are translated into merahnya yang menyala, menunjukkan reaksi ngeri and jijik are using a communicative method in
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translating those phrases. By translating „redness‟ into merahnya yang menyala, „expressive of disapprobation and surprise‟ into menunjukkan reaksi ngeri, and „of disgust‟ into jijik the translator tries to emphasize the message meaning.
No Code Source Text Code Target Text
3 3/ST/TMOTRD The scarlet stains upon the body especially upon the face of the victim were pest ban which shut him out from the aid and from the sympathy of these fellow men.
3/TT/SM Merah darah menodai tubuh dan wajah para korban, seolah
menjadi tanda khusus agar mereka
dikucilkan oleh masyarakat umum, tidak diberi
pertolongan sama sekali.
31 31/ST/TMOTRD His vesture was dabbled in blood–and his broad brow, with all the features of the face, was be sprinkled with the
scarlet horror.
31/TT/SM Jubah hitamnya
menampakkan bercak darah dan alis di atas topeng yang ia
kenakan juga terpercik
darah.
„Scarlet‟ based on Oxford Dictionary means a bright red colour, and based on Shadily and Echols‟ English-Indonesian Dictionary means merah tua. „Scarlet‟ is
translated into merah darah and darah. Merah darah based on KBBI means a colour of red which looks like a blood while darah means the red liquid flowing through the bodies of humans. In this translation, the word „Scarlet‟ is translated into darah. The aim of the translator is clear in the translation that darah is a symbol that represent to horror things. The message is transferred to the target reader as well as the original. The effect in the SL is also experienced in the TL.
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No Code Source Text Code Target Text 20 20/TT/SM Be sure they were
grotesque.
20/TT/SM Pastikan karakter kalian
mengerikan.
The term grotesque according to Oxford dictionary means ugly or absurd in offensive way. Because Poe‟s works are well-known with gothic, the translator is trying in his or her language to make it feel same with the original by translating the word grotesque into “mengerikan” rather than translate it into “aneh” or
“jelek”.
No Code Source Text Code Target Text
12 12/TT/SM It was voluptuous
scene that masquerade.
12/TT/SM Pesta topeng itu sungguh
memukau.
The word „voluptuous‟ according to Oxford‟s Dictionary means full of sexual promise or pleasure and according to Shadily and Echols‟ it means
menggairahkan. Translating the word “voluptuous” into memukau rather than
menggairahkan the translator tries to create a sense that the masquerade is attractive or amazing.
3. Calque
A calque is a method which translates idiomatic expression from ST into TT. Translating using this method sometimes can make the readers feel “strange” while they are reading the translation. A calque does not translate words, but sentence or phrase. A calque is found in the translation
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No Code Source Text Code Target Text 19 19/TT/SM His plans were bold
and fiery, and his conceptions glowed with barbaric luster.
19/TT/SM Rencananya selalu mengandung
unsurkeberanian serta amarah,
dan setiap desainnya
menunjukkan hawa nafsu binatang meletup-letup.
The phrase „glowed with (something)‟ is an idiom that means to display some quality such as pride, pleasure, rage, health. In this text is “glowed with barbaric luster” which means to display some quality of the barbarian. (http://idioms.thefreedictionary.com/glowed). Barbaric based on the Oxford‟s Dictionary means brutal, cruel or like a barbarian which is primitive. The translator wants to emphasize the meaning from SL to the TL therefore the translation is translated into menunjukkan hawa nafsu binatang meletup-letup. it can be understood that menunjukkan hawa nafsu binatang meletup-letup is a cruel act and it is like a primitive.
4. Cultural Transplantation
Cultural transplantation is the adaptation of the source culture. Source culture is substituted into target culture. In the literary translation, the plot, the theme, and the message are maintained, but the setting and the characters are substituted into local setting and characters. For example Mr.Smith substituted with Pak Sumito. In this data the adaption is shown in the translation of „Red Death‟ into Setan Merah.
No Code Source Text Code Target Text
10 10/ST/TMOTRD Without was the “Red Death”
(1)
66 13 In many places,
however, such suites form a long and straight vista, while the folding doors slide back nearly to the walls on either hand, so that the view of the whole extent is
scarcely impeded.
Di dalam istana-istana
lain, kamar seperti ini memiliki bentuk panjang dan lurus, dengan pintu lipat yang bias digeser ke belakang menuju dinding dari sisi kanan maupun kiri, sehingga ketujuh kamar itu bisa sambung menyambung membentuk ruangan besar.
1.0
Communica tive Translation
14 Here the case was very different; as might have been expected from the
duke‟s love of the bizzare
Namun, didalam istana ini, bentuk kamar itu sungguh berbeda, sesuai dengan kecintaan sang pangeran terhadap apa-apa saja yang bersifat aneh.
1.9
Communica tive Translation
15 And thus were produced a multitude
of gaudy and fantastic appearances.
Dari situ terciptalah
beragam bentuk bayangan
fantastis. 1.7
Communica tive Translation 16 But in the western, or
block chamber the effect of the fire light that streamed upon the dark hangings through the blood – tinted panes was
ghastly in the extreme, and the produced so wild a look upon the
countenances of those who entered, that there were few of the company bold enough to set foot its precincts at all.
Tetapi di kamar terakhir yang bernuansa hitam, cahaya batu bara yang menyeruak di antara dekorasi ruangan yang pekat, melalui lapisan kaca berwarna merah darah, justru
menghadirkan bayangan mengerikan, membuat siapa saja yang
berkunjung kedalamnya
tertegun bisu, jantung mereka berdebar hebat, hingga hanya segelintir orang saja yang berani masuk kesana.
1.6
Communica tive Translation
(2)
67 17 But when the echoes
had fully ceased, a light laughter at once pervaded the
assembly; the musicians look at each other and smiled as if their own
nervousness and folly
and made whispering vows, each to the other, that the next chiming of the clock should produce in them no similar emotion.
Tapi ketika gema suara dentang jam hilang sama sekali, tawa ringan serta-merta mengisi keheningan dalam pesta itu; para musisi saling menatap satu sama lain dan
melempar senyum lega
seraya membisikkan janji bahwa nanti saat jam berdentang lagi mereka takkan menunjukkan reaksi gugup yang sama.
1.0
Communica tive Translation
18 He disregarded the decora of mere fashion.
Ia tidak mengacuhkan
popularitas gaya hidup yang diadopsi masyarakat umum.
1.7
Communica tive Translation 19 His plans were bold
and fiery, and his conceptions glowed with barbaric luster.
Rencananya selalu mengandung unsur keberanian serta amarah, dan setiap desainnya
menunjukkan hawa nafsu binatang meletup-letup.
1.7 Calque
20 Be sure they were
grotesque
Pastikan karakter kalian
mengerikan. 1.2 21 There were much
glare and glitter and piquancy and
phantasm –much of what has been since
seen in “Hernani”
Maka para peserta pun
mengaplikasikan efek ini-itu untuk menjadi bintang tamu paling unik di sana, sementara mereka saling menatap satu sama lain, dari ujung kepala hingga kaki, kostum-kostum antic bertebaran di mana-mana, memukau, kemilau, menghasilkan efek ilusi seperti yang ditampilkan dalam pertunjukkan drama berjudul Hernani
1.9
Communica tive Translation
(3)
68 22 There were delirious
fancies such as
madman fashion
Selain itu juga ada para peserta yang mengenakan kostum bergaya sama dengan yang dikenakan sang pangeran.
1.3
Communica tive Translation 23 And, anon, there
strikes the ebony clock which stands in the hall of the velvet.
Lalu, tiba-tiba jam dinding berwarna hitam itupun
berdentang. 1.0
Communica tive Translation 24 But these other
apartments were densely crowded, and in them beat
feverishly the heart of life.
Kamar-kamar tersebut
(kecuali kamar bernuansa hitam) terkesan ramai padat, dan ditengah semua itu berdetaklah jantung kehidupan yang gemetar.
1.8
Communica tive Translation
25 And the rumor of this
new presence having spread itself
whispering around, there arose at length from the whole company a buzz,or murmur, expressive of disapprobation and surprise then, finally, of terror, of horror, and of disgust.
Keberadaan sosok ini pun kemudian menjadi berita gosip yang disampaikan lewat bisikan dari satu orang ke orang
berikutnya, menciptakan suasana baru, di antara para peserta sebelum akhirnya mereka
menunjukkan reaksi ngeri, takut, dan jijik.
1.4
Communica tive Translation
26 In an assembly of
phantasm such as I have painted, it may well be supposed that no ordinary
appearance could have excited such sensation.
Di dalam ruangan penuh
manusia berkostum dan bertopeng aneh, tentunya penampilan serupa takkan
menarik perhatian mereka. 1.1
Communica tive Translation
27 There are chords in
the hearts of the most reckless which cannot be touched without emotion.
Tidak semua orang bisa
diajak bercanda, atau bisa
ditakut-takuti seenaknya. 1.0
Communica tive Translation
(4)
69 28 The figure was tall
and gaunt, and
shrouded from head to foot in the
habiliments of the grave.
Sosoknya tinggi dan kurus, terbungkus kain hitam dari kepala sampai
kaki. 1.0
Communica tive Translation
29 The mask which concealed the visage was made so nearly to resemble the countenance of a stiffened corpse that the closest scrutiny must have a difficulty in detecting the cheat
Topeng yang ia kenakan
tak ubahnya wajah mayat
yang pucat dan kaku.
1.0
Communica tive Translation
30 But the murmur had gone so fat as to assume the type of the Red Death
Tapi semua ini masih bisa ditoleransi oleh para peserta, andai sosok itu tidak mendandani dirinya seperti si Setan Merah
1.3
Cultural Transplantat
ion
31 His vesture was
dabbled in blood–
and his broad brow, with all the features of the face, was be sprinkled with the
scarlet horror.
Jubah hitamnya
menampakkan bercak darah dan alis di atas topeng yang ia kenakan juga terpercik darah.
1.3
Communica tive Translation
32 When the eyes of Prince Prospero fell upon this spectral image (which, with a slow, and solemn movement, as if more fully to sustain its role, stalked to and fro among the
waltzers) he was seen to be convulsed, in
the first moment with a strong shudder either of terror or distaste; but, in the next, his brow reddened with rage.
Ketika Pangeran Prospero
melihat sosok tersebut (ia melakukannya pelan-pelan, seolah ingin mengamati lebih jelas, menyeruak di antara para peserta pesta) ia segera kejang-kejang, lalu gemetar tak keruan, dihantui teror tak berkesudahan; sesaat kemudain, wajahnya memerah karena marah.
1.2
Communica tive Translation
(5)
70 33 “Who dares” –he
demanded hoarsely of the courtiers who stood near him –who dares insult us with this blasphemous mockery?
“Siapa yang berani?”
tanyanya pada para peserta pesta di sekitarnya
–siapa yang berani
melakukan penghinaan ini
terhadap kita semua?
1.0
Communica tive Translation
34 It was then, however, that the Prince
Prospero, maddening with rage and the shame of his own momentary cowardice, rushed hurriedly through the six chambers while none followed him on account of deadly terror that had seized upon all.
Pada saat in, dengan amarah meledak-ledak, Pangeran Prospero yang malu karena tadi sempat ketakutan, buru-buru melalui keenam kamar dengan urutan yang sama tanpa ada yang mengikuti karena takut terjadi
sesuatu yang tidak diinginkan.
1.2
Communica tive Translation
35 He bore a loft a drawn dagger, and had approached, in rapid impetuosity to within three or four feet or the retreating figure, when the latter, having attained the extremity of the velvet apartment, turned suddenly and confronted his pursuer.
Ia menarik sebilah pisau dari balik sabuk dan
melangkah lebih dekat ke arah sosok berjubah hitam yang
memunggunginya.
1.0
Communica tive Translation
36 And one by one dropped the revelers in the blood–
bedewed halls of their revel, and died each in the
despairing posture of his fall.
Dan satu demi satu menjatuhkan para peserta pesta di dalam ruangan berdinding darah tempat
mereka sebelumnnya berdansa dan tertawa, masing-masing dari mereka terbaring di atas lantai ruangan.
1.4
Communica tive Translation
(6)
71 37 And Darkness and
decay and the Red Death held illimitable dominion ever all.
Kegelapan, kematian, dan Setan Merah menguasai
alam semesta. 1.3
Communica tive Translation