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meaning-focused output, language-focused learning and fluency development. The following are principles for writing proposed by Nation 2009: 93-94.
a. Meaning-Focused Input
According to Nation 2009, in this principle learners should bring experience and knowledge to their writing. Thus, writing is successful and meaningful if
students are well prepared about what they are going to write. The preparation can be done through the choice of topic or through previous work.
b. Meaning-Focused Output
In this principle, Nation 2009 suggests that students should do lots of writing and lots of different kinds of writing. In addition, writing skills have many
elements which are peculiar to write, so students have to spend time to practice these elements.
c. Language-Focused Learning
In this following principle, Nation 2009 suggests that students should know about the parts of the writing process and have conscious strategies for dealing with
parts of the process. Moreover, where the first language uses a different script, the students should pay attention to clarity and fluency in producing the form of written
script. For that reason, students should pay attention on spelling and the teachers should provide and arrange for feedback to encourage and improve students in
learning writing skills.
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d. Fluency Development
Nation 2009 recommends that students should increase their writing speed, so they can write very simple material at a reasonable speed. In this case, students
may have a repetitive activity and working with easy, familiar materials.
To further explain this point the following includes other principles for designing writing technique stated by Brown 2000: 346-348.
e. Incorporate Practices of “Good” Writers
Brown 2000 guides various methods that efficient writers do in designing the technique and some practices are as follows:
a. Focus on a goal or main idea in writing b. Perceptively gauge their audience
c. Spend some time but not too much planning to write d. Easily let their first ideas flow onto the paper
e. Follow a general organizational plan as they write f. Solicit and utilize feedback on their writing
g. Are not wedded to certain surface structures h. Revise their work willingly and efficiently
i. Patiently make as many revisions as needed
f. Balance Process and Product
